75 years ago, on January 12, 1943, Soviet troops began a relief operation near Leningrad (Operation Iskra). After powerful artillery preparation, the shock groups of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, the 67th and 2nd shock armies, went on the offensive.
General situation in the Leningrad direction
By the beginning of 1943, the situation in Leningrad, surrounded by German troops, remained extremely difficult. The troops of the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Fleet were isolated from the rest of the Red Army. Attempts to relieve the siege of Leningrad in 1942 - the Lyuban and Sinyavin offensive operations - were unsuccessful. The shortest route between the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts - between the southern coast of Lake Ladoga and the village of Mga (the so-called Shlisselburg-Sinyavinsky ledge, 12-16 km), was still occupied by units of the 18th German Army.
On the streets and squares of the second capital of the Union, shells and bombs continued to explode, people died, buildings collapsed. The city was under constant threat of air raids and artillery shelling. By November–December 1942, the city was severely depopulated. As a result of mass mortality, evacuation and additional conscription into the army, the population of Leningrad decreased by 2 million in one year and amounted to 650 thousand people. The vast majority of the remaining population was employed in various works. The lack of land communications with the territory under the control of Soviet troops caused great difficulties in the supply of fuel and raw materials for factories, and did not allow us to fully satisfy the needs of troops and civilians for food and basic necessities.
However, the situation of Leningrad residents in the winter of 1942-1943. it was still significantly better than the previous winter. Some Leningraders even received an increased food ration compared to the all-Union one. Electricity from the Volkhov hydroelectric power station was supplied to the city via an underwater cable laid in the fall, and fuel was supplied to the city via an underwater pipeline. The city was supplied necessary products and goods on the ice of the lake - “Road of Life”, which resumed work in December. In addition, in addition to the highway, a 35-kilometer railway line was built right on the ice of Lake Ladoga. Day and night, multi-meter piles were continuously driven, which were installed every two meters.
Soldiers of the Volkhov Front on the offensive during the breakthrough of the siege of Leningrad
Strengths of the parties
USSR. The operation involved troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, part of the forces of the Baltic Fleet and long-range aviation. By the end of 1942, the Leningrad Front under the command of Leonid Govorov included: the 67th Army - commander Lieutenant General Mikhail Dukhanov, the 55th Army - Lieutenant General Vladimir Sviridov, the 23rd Army - Major General Alexander Cherepanov, 42- I Army - Lieutenant General Ivan Nikolaev, Primorsky Operational Group and 13th Air Army - Colonel General of Aviation Stepan Rybalchenko.
The main forces of the LF - the 42nd, 55th and 67th armies, defended themselves at the line Uritsk, Pushkin, south of Kolpino, Porogi, the right bank of the Neva to Lake Ladoga. The 67th Army operated in a 30 km strip along the right bank of the Neva from Porogi to Lake Ladoga, having a small bridgehead on the left bank of the river, in the area of Moscow Dubrovka. The 55th Rifle Brigade of this army defended from the south the highway that ran along the ice of Lake Ladoga. The 23rd Army defended the northern approaches to Leningrad, located on the Karelian Isthmus. It should be noted that the situation on this section of the front was stable for a long time, even a soldier’s saying appeared: “There are three (or “there are three neutral”) armies in the world - Swedish, Turkish and the 23rd Soviet." Therefore, units of this army were often transferred to other, more dangerous directions. The 42nd Army defended the Pulkovo line. The Primorsky Operational Group (POG) was located on the Oranienbaum bridgehead.
Lieutenant General of Artillery Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov at his desk. Leningrad Front
The actions of the LF were supported by the Red Banner Baltic Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Vladimir Tributs, who was based at the mouth of the Neva River and in Kronstadt. It covered the coastal flanks of the front, supported the ground forces with its aviation and naval artillery fire. In addition, the fleet held a number of islands in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, thereby covering the western approaches to the city. Leningrad was also supported by the Ladoga military flotilla. The air defense of Leningrad was carried out by the Leningrad Air Defense Army, which interacted with aviation and anti-aircraft artillery of the front and navy. The military highway on the ice of the lake and the transshipment bases on its shores were protected from Luftwaffe attacks by formations of the separate Ladoga air defense region.
The troops of the Leningrad Front were separated from the troops of the Volkhov Front by a 15-kilometer corridor by the Shlisselburg-Sinyavinsky ledge, which closed the ring of the blockade of Leningrad from land. By the beginning of 1943, the Volkhov Front under the command of Army General Kirill Meretsky included: the 2nd Shock Army, the 4th, 8th, 52nd, 54th, 59th Armies and the 14th Air Army. But the following took direct part in the operation: the 2nd Shock Army - under the command of Lieutenant General Vladimir Romanovsky, the 54th Army - Lieutenant General Alexander Sukhomlin, the 8th Army - Lieutenant General Philip Starikov, the 14th Air Army - General - Aviation Lieutenant Ivan Zhuravlev. They operated in a 300 km strip from Lake Ladoga to Lake Ilmen. On the right flank from Lake Ladoga to the Kirov Railway there were units of the 2nd Shock and 8th Armies.
For the offensive, strike groups of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts were formed, which were significantly reinforced by artillery, tank and engineering formations, including from the reserve of the Supreme High Command Headquarters. In total, the strike groups of the two fronts numbered 302,800 soldiers and officers, about 4,900 guns and mortars (76 mm caliber and above), more than 600 tanks and 809 aircraft.
Germany
The German high command, after the failure of attempts to take the city, was forced to stop the fruitless offensive and order the troops to go on the defensive. All attention was focused on Stalingrad, bleeding, turned into ruins, but not surrendering. In the fall of 1942, the outflow of troops to the Stalingrad direction began from Army Group North. The 8th Air Corps was transferred to the Stalingrad area. Manstein, who was supposed to take Leningrad before, left with his headquarters. The 12th tank, 20th motorized and several infantry divisions were taken from the 18th German Army. In return, the 18th Army received the 69th Infantry, 1st, 9th and 10th Airfield Divisions.
The formation of airfield divisions, due to large losses in the ground forces, began on the initiative of Goering in September 1942. Airfield divisions did not have a regimental level and consisted of 4 rifle battalions and an artillery division, staffed by personnel from the ground services of the Air Force and anti-aircraft artillery who had no experience in combined arms combat. They had various weapons, including Soviet captured ones. Thus, the German group near Leningrad decreased not only in quantity, but also deteriorated in terms of quality.
The Red Army was opposed by the German 18th Army under the command of Georg Lindemann (Lindemann), which was part of Army Group North. It consisted of 4 army corps and up to 26 divisions. The German troops were supported by the 1st Air Fleet of Air Force Colonel General Alfred Keller. In addition, on the northwestern approaches to the city opposite the 23rd Soviet Army there were 4 Finnish divisions from the Karelian Isthmus task force.
The Germans had the most powerful defense and dense grouping of troops in the most dangerous direction - the Shlisselburg-Sinyavinsky ledge (its depth did not exceed 15 km). Here, between the city of Mga and Lake Ladoga, 5 German divisions were stationed - the main forces of the 26th and part of the divisions of the 54th Army Corps. They consisted of about 60 thousand people, 700 guns and mortars, about 50 tanks and self-propelled guns. There were 4 divisions in the operational reserve.
Tank Pz.Kpfw. III Ausf. N, tactical number 116 from the 1st company of the 502nd separate battalion of heavy tanks of the Wehrmacht, knocked out in the Sinyavin area in the period from January 12 to February 5, 1943
Each village was turned into a strong point, prepared for all-round defense; the positions were covered with minefields, barbed wire barriers and fortified with pillboxes. On the Leningrad side, the defense was held by the 328th Infantry Regiment of the 227th Infantry Division of General von Scotti, the 170th Infantry Division of General Sander in full force and the 100th Regiment of the 5th Mountain Division, which had up to 30 tanks, about 400 mortars and guns The German defensive line ran along the left bank of the Neva, the height of which reaches 12 meters. The shore was artificially iced, heavily mined, and had almost no convenient natural outlets. The Germans had two powerful units of resistance. One - structures of the 8th hydroelectric power station, brick houses of the 1st and 2nd towns; the second is the numerous stone buildings of Shlisselburg and its outskirts. For every kilometer of the front there were 10-12 bunkers and up to 30 guns and mortars, and full-profile trenches stretched along the entire bank of the Neva.
The middle defensive line passed through workers' settlements No. 1 and No. 5, Podgornaya and Sinyavino stations, workers' settlement No. 6, and the Mikhailovsky village. There were two lines of trenches, a Sinyavinsky resistance center, cut-off positions, and strongholds. The enemy used destroyed Soviet tanks, turning them into stationary firing points. They bordered the Sinyavinsky heights - the approaches, the base and the western slopes, as well as the Krugloya grove. From the Sinyavinsky Heights, the southern coast of Lake Ladoga, Shlisselburg, the 8th Hydroelectric Power Station and workers' settlement No. 5 were clearly visible. This line was the position of the divisional reserves (up to one regiment) of the German group. The entire space was under flanking fire from neighboring strong points and resistance centers. As a result, the entire ledge resembled one fortified area.
The 227th Infantry Division (minus one regiment), the 1st Infantry Division, the 374th Regiment of the 207th Security Division and the 425th Regiment of the 223rd Infantry were defending against the two armies of the Volkhov Front. The enemy's defensive line ran from the village of Lipka through workers' village No. 8, Kruglaya Grove, Gaitolovo, Mishino, Voronovo and further south. Along the front edge of the defense there was a continuous trench, covered with minefields, gouges and wire fences; in some areas a second trench was dug. Where the swampy terrain did not allow going deeper into the ground, the Germans erected ice and embankments and installed double-row log fences. Lipka, workers' village No. 8, Kruglaya Grove, and the villages of Gaitolovo and Tortolovo were turned into particularly powerful centers of resistance.
The situation for the attacking side was aggravated by the wooded and swampy terrain in the area. In addition, there was a large area of Sinyavinsk peat mining, which was cut by deep ditches and additionally reinforced with wood-earth, peat and ice ramparts. The territory was impassable for armored vehicles and heavy artillery, and they were needed to destroy enemy fortifications. To overcome such a defense, powerful means of suppression and destruction were required, as well as a huge strain of forces and means of the attacking side.
Soviet officers inspect heavy German guns that shelled Leningrad. These are two 305-mm M16 mortars made by the Czech company Skoda.
A heavy 305mm Czech-made M16 mortar captured by Soviet soldiers. Leningrad area
Operation plan
Back on November 18, 1942, the commander of the Leningrad Fleet, General Govorov, sent a report to the Supreme Command Headquarters, in which it was proposed to carry out two operations east and west of Leningrad - Shlisselburg and Uritskaya in order to “lift the blockade of Leningrad, ensure the construction of a railway along the Ladoga Canal and thereby organize normal communication Leningrad with the country, ensuring freedom of maneuver for the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts. The headquarters, having considered this proposal, demanded that all attention be focused on breaking through the German defense in only one direction - the Shlisselburg direction, which would lead to the achievement of the goal by the shortest route.
On November 22, the commander of the LF presented a revised operation plan to Headquarters. It provided for counter strikes - Leningradsky from the west, Volkhovsky - from the east in the general direction of Sinyavino. Headquarters approved the presented plan on December 2. The coordination of the actions of both fronts was entrusted to the marshal Soviet Union K.E. Voroshilov. It was planned to prepare the operation by January 1, 1943. Specific tasks for the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts were defined in Directive No. 170703 of the Supreme High Command Headquarters dated December 8, 1942. It demanded, through the joint efforts of the two fronts, to defeat the enemy group in the Lipka, Gaitolovo, Moskovskaya Dubrovka, Shlisselburg and , thus, “break the siege of the mountains. Leningrad, complete the operation by the end of January 1943.” After this, moving on to a strong defense at the turn of the river. Moika, village Mikhailovsky, Tortolovo, ensure communications of the Leningrad Front and give the troops a 10-day rest. In the first half of February 1943, it was prescribed to prepare and carry out an operation to defeat the enemy in the Mga area and clear the Kirov railway with access to the Voronovo, Sigolovo, Voitolovo, Voskresenskoye line.
Soviet soldiers in the attack near Leningrad during the beginning of the breaking of the blockade
Preparing the operation
To carry out the operation, two strike groups were formed: on the VF - the 2nd shock army of Lieutenant General V. Z. Romanovsky, on Leningradsky - the 67th army of Major General M. P. Dukhanov. The LF strike group had to cross the Neva across the ice, break through the defenses in the Moskovskaya Dubrovka, Shlisselburg sector, defeat the enemy dug in here, connect with the troops of the VF and restore the connection between Leningrad and the mainland. In the future, it was planned that the formations of the 67th Army would reach the river line. Washing. The VF strike group was supposed to break through the defenses in the Lipka, Gaitolovo sector (12 km wide) and, delivering the main blow to Sinyavino, capture the line of Rabochiy Poselok No. 1, Sinyavino, defeat the Sinyavino-Shlisselburg enemy group and join forces with the LF troops. Securing the left flank of the 2nd Shock Army was entrusted to the 8th Army of General F.N. Starikov, which with its right-flank formations was supposed to advance in the direction of Tortolovo, the village. Mikhailovsky. Air support and cover for the troops was provided by the 13th and 14th Air Armies of the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts and the aviation of the Baltic Fleet (about 900 aircraft in total). Long-range aviation, coastal and naval artillery of the fleet (88 guns) were also involved in the operation.
The conduct of the operation of the strike group of the Volkhov Front, by decision of the Supreme High Command Headquarters, was entrusted to the commander of the 2nd shock army under the direct supervision of the deputy front commander, Lieutenant General I.I. Fedyuninsky. The operation of the strike group of the Leningrad Front was to be carried out by the commander of the 67th Army under the direct supervision of the front commander, Lieutenant General L.A. Govorova. Representatives of the Supreme Command Headquarters for coordinating the actions of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts were Marshals G.K. Zhukov and K.E. Voroshilov.
The basis of the LF strike group was the 67th Army, built in two echelons before the offensive. The first echelon consisted of the 45th Guards, 268th, 136th, 86th Rifle Divisions, 61st Tank Brigade, 86th and 118th Separate Tank Battalions. The second echelon consisted of the 13th, 123rd rifle divisions, 102nd, 123rd, 142nd rifle brigades, and the army reserve - 152nd and 220th tank brigades, 46th rifle division, 11th , 55th, 138th rifle, 34th and 35th ski brigades. The offensive was supported by artillery of the army, front and Baltic Fleet - a total of about 1,900 guns and mortars and the 13th Air Army with 414 aircraft.
The shock group of the Volkhov Front consisted of the 2nd shock army, part of the forces of the 8th army. The first echelon of the 2nd Shock Army consisted of the 128th, 372nd, 256th, 327th, 314th, 376th Rifle Divisions, 122nd Tank Brigade, 32nd Guards Breakthrough Tank Regiment, 4 separate tank battalions. The second echelon included the 18th, 191st, 71st, 11th, 239th rifle divisions, 16th, 98th and 185th tank brigades. The army reserve consisted of the 147th Infantry Division, 22nd Infantry, 11th, 12th and 13th Ski Brigades. On the left flank of the offensive, part of the forces of the 8th Army operated: the 80th, 364th Infantry Divisions, the 73rd Marine Brigade, the 25th Separate Tank Regiment and two separate tank battalions. The offensive was supported by the artillery of the front and two armies with approximately 2,885 guns and mortars and the 14th Air Army with 395 aircraft.
In preparation for the operation, the commanders of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, using their reserves and regroupings of formations from other directions, significantly strengthened the 67th and 2nd shock armies, decisively concentrating forces in the breakthrough areas. Soviet troops outnumbered the enemy here in infantry by 4.5 times, in artillery by 6-7 times, in tanks by 10 times, and in aircraft by 2 times. In the 67th Army, 1909 guns and mortars of 76-mm caliber and more were concentrated in the 13-kilometer breakthrough section, which made it possible to increase the artillery density to 146 guns and mortars per 1 km of front. On the Volkhov Front in the direction of the main attack in the breakthrough section 327- 1st Rifle Division (width 1.5 km) the density of guns and mortars per 1 km of the front was 365 units, in the breakthrough area of the 376th Rifle Division (width 2 km) - 183, and in the auxiliary direction - 101 guns and mortars per 1 km front.
Artillery preparation for the attack was planned to last 2 hours 20 minutes, support for the attack was planned using the method of a barrage of fire to a depth of 1 km, and then the method of sequential concentration of fire. In addition, it was planned to place barrage fire 200-250 m from the first enemy position when the attacking troops entered the ice. All tank units (in the LF - 222 tanks and 37 armored vehicles, in the VF - 217 tanks) were planned to be used for direct support of the infantry. For air defense of strike groups, the following were involved: in the Air Force - three anti-aircraft artillery divisions, six separate anti-aircraft divisions and two separate anti-aircraft railway batteries; on the LF - an anti-aircraft artillery division, an air defense regiment, six separate anti-aircraft artillery divisions, two separate anti-aircraft railway batteries, as well as four anti-aircraft artillery and four fighter aviation regiments from the Leningrad Air Defense Army.
The peculiarity of the operation was that almost a month was allocated for preparation. Throughout December, the troops of the 2nd Shock and 67th armies were intensively preparing for the upcoming operation. All formations were supplemented with personnel, military equipment And . The troops accumulated from 2 to 5 rounds of ammunition, depending on the gun and mortar systems. The most labor-intensive work was preparing the starting areas for the front's strike groups. It was necessary to increase the number of trenches and communication passages, shelters for personnel, to open and equip firing positions for artillery, mortars, tanks, and to arrange ammunition depots. The total volume of excavation work on each front amounted to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters. All work was carried out only manually, in dark time days, without violating the normal behavior of the troops occupying the defense, in compliance with camouflage measures. At the same time, sappers built roads and column tracks, roads and log roads through the swamps that abounded in the original areas, cleared minefields, and prepared passages in the barriers. Thus, engineering units built 20 km of column tracks in the military rear, strengthened bridges and built new ones, and made passages in minefields (one per company).
In addition, the LF also needed to produce means to overcome the high bank of the Neva and areas of damaged ice cover. For this purpose, hundreds of board shields, assault ladders, hooks, ropes with hooks, and “cats” were made. After considering a number of options (including creating a channel in the ice of the Neva with the subsequent construction of a pontoon bridge, or reinforcing the ice by freezing cables into it), they decided to transport tanks and heavy artillery across the Neva on wooden “rails” laid on sleepers.
Special attention was devoted to training troops, commanders and staffs. Under the leadership of the army commanders, training camps and command and staff games were held. For each division in the rear, a terrain similar to that where the defense was to be broken through was selected. Here, training fields and towns were set up similar to enemy strongholds, where units and units learned to storm fortified positions and conduct offensive battles in the forest. Thus, the Leningraders at the Toksovsky training ground created a defense line similar to the one that was to be broken through. Regimental live-fire exercises were held here; the infantry was trained to follow the barrage of fire at a distance of 100 meters. In sections of the Neva within the city limits, they practiced methods of overcoming damaged sections of ice and storming a steep, icy bank fortified with bunkers. Troops on the Volkhov Front underwent similar training. Finally, live-fire exercises took place. The maps were carefully refined using aerial photography. All commanders, including companies and batteries, received photographic diagrams and corrected maps. In the divisions and units allocated for the breakthrough, assault detachments and barrier groups were created to make passages and destroy the most durable defensive structures. The VF formed 83 assault detachments, including sappers, machine gunners, machine gunners, flamethrowers, artillery crews and escort tanks. Particular attention was paid to developing techniques for storming wood-earth barriers, peat, snow and ice ramparts.
Great importance was attached to operational camouflage. The regrouping of troops was carried out exclusively at night or in bad weather. For reconnaissance in force and night searches, only those units and units that were in direct contact with the enemy were involved. To hide preparations for a breakthrough from him, reconnaissance activities were intensified along the entire front, right up to Novgorod. North of Novgorod they imitated vigorous activity, indicating the concentration of a large mass of troops and equipment. A limited number of people participated in the development of the operation plan. All these measures played their role. The enemy only managed to establish shortly before the start of the operation that Soviet troops were preparing for an attack, but he was unable to determine the time and force of the attack. The commander of the 26th Army Corps, General Leiser, taking this into account, proposed to the commander of the 18th Army, General Lindemann, to withdraw troops from Shlisselburg. But this proposal was not accepted.
Soviet soldiers in the attack near Leningrad, during the operation to break the blockade of Leningrad. Photo source: http://waralbum.ru/
On December 27, 1942, the command of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts asked Stalin to postpone the start of the offensive to January 10-12. They explained this proposal by extremely unfavorable weather conditions, which led to a prolonged thaw and, in connection with this, to insufficient stability of the ice cover on the Neva and poor passability of the swamps.
At the beginning of January 1943, a joint meeting of the military councils of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts took place. It clarified the issues of interaction between front troops in the operation, the simultaneity of occupying the starting position, the beginning of artillery and aviation preparation, the time of attack of infantry and tanks, the conditional line of meeting of front troops - Workers' settlements No. 2 and 6, etc. It was also agreed that if the troops If one of the fronts, having reached the intended line, is not met by the troops of the other front, then they will continue the offensive until the actual meeting.
Before the start of the operation, on January 10, 1943, Army General G.K. arrived at the headquarters of the VF. Zhukov to see on the spot whether everything has been done for the success of the operation. Zhukov got acquainted with the state of affairs in the 2nd shock and 8th armies. On his instructions, some shortcomings were eliminated. On the night of January 11, the troops took up their starting position.
B. V. Kotik, N. M. Kutuzov, V. I. Seleznev, L. V. Kabachek, Yu. A. Garikov, K. G. Molteninov, F. V. Savostyanov. Diorama of the museum-reserve “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad”, dedicated to the turning point in the defense of Leningrad - Operation Iskra (Kirovsk, Kirovsky district, Leningrad region)
To be continued…
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With. Sandy
The lesson of courage “Siege of Leningrad” was dedicated to the memorable date of the 75th anniversary of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad. It was held for schoolchildren by cultural workers from the village club. Peschanoye Barkalova V.M. and Chavychalova E.V.
The great feat of the Leningraders, their perseverance, endurance and patriotism were discussed during the lesson. The battle for Leningrad was the longest during the Great Patriotic War. The presenters also spoke about our fellow countryman, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Pyotr Pavlovich Reshetnikov. At that time he was a private miner of the 125th Special Miner Battalion. For his participation in the defense of Leningrad, he was awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” and “For Courage.”
In conclusion, all participants of the event, in tribute to memory, honored all the victims of the siege of Leningrad with a minute of silence.
With. Caravan
January 18 marked 75 years since the siege of Leningrad was broken. Librarian N.A. Tolstova conducted a lesson in courage for 8th grade students at the Karavannensky school, “The Unfading Pain of the Siege,” during which she spoke about Operation Iskra, during which the siege of Leningrad was broken.
The head of the circles, Ivanchenko M.M., conducted an hour of information on “Siege Memory of the Page” among grades 3-5.
Stories about the war and its consequences always interest the children, and this time they listened to the presenter with bated breath. Presentations: “From the memories of siege survivors” and “Children and the siege” made many children cry, and a video about besieged Leningrad showed how hard it was for people during those terrible 900 days. At the end of the event, the guys honored the memory with a minute of silence.
With. Flow-through
January 18 in the library of the House of Culture. Protochnoye hosted an hour of interesting message “We are faithful to this memory”, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the defeat of the Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad.
Librarian N.I. Filonova told the children new historical facts about the Battle of Stalingrad, its heroic defenders, fellow front-line soldiers, the feeling of patriotism and love for the Motherland.
In the heat, factories, houses, train stations.
Dust on the steep bank.
The voice of the Fatherland told him:
– Don’t hand over the city to the enemy. –
Russian soldier faithful to the oath,
He defended Stalingrad.
The presenter introduced the children to the exhibition “For Peace and Life on Earth.”
On January 26, employees of the House of Culture with. Protochnoe held: a history hour dedicated to the Day of Lifting the Siege of Leningrad “Siege Memory of the Page” and a historical hour dedicated to Holocaust Remembrance Day “Remember and Never Forget” for primary school students.
The students were told about the events of those terrible days in the Great Patriotic War, about the horrors that adults and children suffered during the period of systematic persecution and extermination of millions of victims by the Nazis. An exhibition of literature was presented to the schoolchildren. A presentation “Remember and Never Forget” was also shown, about people who survived the siege of Leningrad.
With. Zenzeli
On January 20, the children of grade 4 “a” visited rural library, where the hour of courage “The Girl from the Siege City” took place. The event was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad. The children listened to the presenter with great interest and watched film and photo chronicles of the war years. When they were told about the Leningrad girl Tanya Savicheva, many had tears in their eyes. The children honored the memory of the fallen Leningraders with a minute of silence.
Such events are necessary; they instill patriotism and love for the Motherland in children.
January 27 is International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Library staff spent an hour in class 3 “B” useful information"Children are victims of the Holocaust." We introduced the children to the concept of “Holocaust”. During the event, they talked about the tragedy of the Jewish people, about death camps, about mass executions of people. It was especially difficult for children. They were required to work like adults, 14 to 16 hours a day, receiving 270 grams of bread per day. One day in the courtyard of the houses where the workers lived fur factory, trucks drove in. The adults were at the factory. The police checked every nook and cranny. However, the children went to meet their executioners themselves: they believed that they were being taken for a medical examination. In Krakow they were taken to a German hospital, where some had their blood taken and others had their skin removed from their faces for the wounded and burned. At the end of the event, the children's attention was focused on how important it is to remember the victims of the Holocaust.
With. Mikhailovka
On January 18, the head of the model library with. Mikhailovka L.N. Bubnova together with the artistic director of the House of Culture T.V. Makarova, as part of the Days of Remembrance and Glory of the Frontline “In the name of the memory of the departed, in the name of the conscience of the living,” held a historical hour “And every man of the war remembers the great battles,” dedicated to the beginning of breaking the siege of Leningrad, with students of the Mikhailovsky School.
“No one is forgotten - nothing is forgotten,” we repeat like an oath, speaking about the Great Patriotic War. But in order not to forget, we must remember. And in order to remember, you need to know.
On this day we remember one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War - the Siege of the city of Leningrad
Against the background of the music “Holy War,” the presenters told how on the second day of the war the first air raid warning was announced in the city, and on July 10 the battle for Leningrad began.
On September 8, Shlisselburg fell, the ring around Leningrad closed. Hitler's plans for Leningrad were inhumane. Being in terrible conditions, when there was not enough food, water, firewood, heat and clothing, people experiencing the blockade did not lose humanity, trust and respect for each other.
Much was said about the “road of life” through Lake Ladoga, the heroism and resilience of the children of Leningrad. At the age of twelve to fifteen they became machine operators, assemblers, and produced ammunition and weapons for the front.
Students watched a presentation about Tanya Savicheva and got acquainted with books about the siege of Leningrad.
With. Yandyki
January 27 at the school museum in the village. Yandyka cultural and library workers held an hour of history “In the ring of fire of the blockade.”
During the event, the presenters introduced 5th grade students to the history of the siege of the city. They talked about the “Road of Life”, which connected Leningraders with the Big Earth, about the diary of the girl Tanya Savicheva, and read an excerpt from the book “The Road of Life” by N. Khodz. The students showed interest in this topic and concluded that it is very important to know these dates and the history of their country.
January 27 - the date of breaking the blockade of Leningrad coincides with the date dedicated to Holocaust Remembrance Day. During the conversation “Remember and Never Forget the Holocaust,” students were told about the day of remembrance of six million Jews who were killed simply because they were born Jews, about people of different nationalities who died at the hands of the Nazis and their accomplices. This date is celebrated in Russia and the world in accordance with the UN resolution “In memory of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps.”
With. Fishing
Cultural workers Promyslovka taught a lesson on patriotism “Blockade. 900 days in the life of Leningraders."
The presenters told schoolchildren about the Siege of Leningrad, about 900 days of people’s struggle for own life, the fight against hunger, cold and the battle for Leningrad. The presenters told about schoolchildren - teenagers who stood at machines in factories day and night, making weapons and shells without rest. They also talked about the diary and the tragic fate of the girl from the siege, Tanya Savicheva, the story did not leave anyone indifferent. The video “Children of Siege Leningrad” was shown to those present. The guys honored the memory of the fallen Leningraders with a minute of silence.
With. Olya
January 27 at the House of Culture in the village. Olya, cultural workers held a day of remembrance “And the globe is proud of Leningrad!” It is impossible without tears and shudders to remember the events of the Great Patriotic War, which became a victorious, heroic and tragic page in the history of our people.
One of these events was the blockade of Leningrad. The children learned how courageously the city besieged by the enemy fought, about the resilience of its inhabitants, and learned about the tragic events of that time: a 40-kilometer strip along Lake Ladoga, as it was called the “Road of Life,” connecting besieged Leningrad with Soviet food bases. They had special feelings for the fate of the little girl Tanya Savicheva. Her diary became one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War. The guys, together with cultural workers, designed an exhibition of drawings “We will forever remember the road of life.” On the same day, an information hour “Buchenwald Alarm” was held, dedicated to the day in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. The children were introduced to the horrors of Buchenwald, Babyn Yar, and Khatyn. The guys actively expressed their attitude towards this terrible tragedy and condemned the actions of the fascist monsters. The presenters began the hour with the question, “Do you guys know what the Holocaust is?” They didn't answer right away. Then some of the guys remembered that they had heard about it on TV, but could not tell in detail. They understood: the Holocaust is something very terrible. Leading by Fedyashina L.V. and Shatskaya T.N. Tatyana Nedelskaya’s song “We Remember” was performed.
With. Budarino
January 26 at school with. Budarino, cultural and library workers held an hour of history “Unconquered Leningrad”.
The children were told about the difficult trials that befell the residents of besieged Leningrad. About hunger and cold, about children and women who worked equally with men in factories. A great impression was made by the story about the diary of eleven-year-old schoolgirl Tanya Savicheva, about the ration of bread during the siege. The guys learned about the “road of life”, which helped people survive during the blockade. The event was accompanied by a presentation on “900 Days of Courage.”
With. Lesnoye
“An Evening of Remembrance for the Victims of the Holocaust”, under this name the event was held at the House of Culture in the village. Lesnoye January 27. In the hall there was a photo exhibition of WWII participants, “They Fought for the Motherland.” The event was opened by presenter M.A. Dozhdeva.
On January 27, 1945, Soviet troops liberated the next one from the concentration camps. And the UN General Assembly proclaimed January 27 as the day of the liberation of Auschwitz - International Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Holocaust.
The song "Buchenwald Alarm" was sung accapella by the vocal group "Sudarushka".
The Holocaust is a catastrophe for European Jewry. The extermination by the Nazis of almost a third of the Jewish people and representatives of other minorities in crematoria, Nazi concentration camps, and death camps. The mass extermination of Jews began on Hitler's orders in 1933; the last prisoner was released by Soviet troops in 1945. Between these two dates, millions were tortured, died from back-breaking work, strangled in gas chambers, shot by the Essians, and died from medical experiments. The number of victims among the Jewish population in the territory controlled by the National Socialists reaches from 5 to 6 million people. The guys honored all those who died and died with a minute of silence.
On January 27, a lesson in courage “Stand and Win” was held for the children, dedicated to the liberation of the siege of Leningrad.
Presenter M.A. Dozhdeva told the children about the participants of the Second World War Silchenko A.P., Abramov P.I., Makarov.B.P., who took part in breaking the Leningrad blockade, about their military path. I would like to note that the guys know about the war. Alisa Kurdyukova spoke about her great-grandfather I.N. Shtepin, who went missing in 1941. Olya Kocherovskaya spoke about a girl from Leningrad, Tanya Savicheva, who kept a diary.
With. Tower
The Day of Military Glory of Russia, celebrated annually on January 27, is inscribed in the history of the state as the end of one of the most brutal confrontations near the northern capital of our state. Dozens of documentaries and feature films have been made and books have been written about what was happening in the city at this time - with its inhabitants, streets, history.
January 27 at the club with. HSE, together with the librarian, held an event dedicated to this day. The children learned about how little Leningraders in the besieged city fought against hunger, cold, and death, and how from the first days of the war they tried to help adults: they stood at work in place of their parents who had gone to the front, built defensive fortifications, and cared for the wounded. More than five thousand Leningrad teenagers were awarded medals for the defense of Leningrad for their courage and heroism during the days of the siege.
The library conducted a literature review: “Childhood scorched by war.”
At the end of the event, the schoolchildren came to the conclusion that the feat of the children of the siege teaches courage, perseverance and boundless love for the Motherland.
Liman village, TsMB
The central model library houses exhibitions: “The Battle of Stalingrad: Calendar of the Great Battle”, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Stalingrad and “900 days of glory and immortality”, a book exhibition dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad.
With. Yar-Bazar
On the day of the complete lifting of the blockade of Leningrad in the club with. Yar-Bazar artistic director of the club O.V. Badmagoryaeva held an hour of courage “Children of Leningrad”, at which the children were presented with the memories of the little girl Anya, who was with her mother in the city of Leningrad during the blockade. Krotikova Anna Mikhailovna, a resident of the village of Liman, left us in 2016, but all her memories and parting words to the younger generation O.V. Badmagoryaeva recorded on paper and film. The children listened in silence, almost without breathing. Anna Mikhailovna, already retired, was always afraid of only two things: hunger and loud cotton sounds. Therefore, in her yard there were 2 very deep basements, in which there was always large number food products. And also in the village. Yar Bazar is home to Tatyana Ivanovna Grigorieva, who also survived besieged Leningrad in her early childhood. And every year members of the “Heirs of Victory” squad of the club with. Yar-Bazar congratulate her on the Great Victory Day, with handmade gifts, poems and songs. At the Hour of Courage, her memories of those difficult years were also presented.
On January 27, the artistic director of the club O.V. Badmagoryaeva held a Holocaust remembrance hour for children. The children remembered the history of the Belarusian village of Dolginovo, where about 5,000 Jews lived. And of which only 218 people survived, thanks to Nikolai Kiselev, because it was he who saved them, taking them beyond the front line, far from their native village. Children, in memory of the victims of the fascist genocide of peoples, tied multi-colored ribbons to a tree near the club.
On January 27 at 20:00 a reconstruction of the Leningrad fireworks display of 1944 will be held on the Champ de Mars, and then at 21:00 the first salvos will be fired at the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress. According to tradition, the festive event for the Day of Complete Liberation from the Nazi Siege will end with fireworks: at 21:00 an artillery salute will thunder at the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and the sky above the city will be painted with thousands of bright sparks.
A salute in honor of the 74th anniversary of the complete liberation of the hero city of Leningrad from the fascist blockade will be given by artillerymen of the Western Military District (WMD) on January 27 from four points in St. Petersburg, Colonel Igor Muginov, head of the press service of the Western Military District, told RIA Novosti on Wednesday.
According to him, more than 500 military personnel of the district, twelve 85-mm D-44 guns of the St. Petersburg Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy and 20 salute installations of the Moscow Guards Division of the Western Military District will be involved in the artillery salute.
Anniversary of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad in 2018: The siege of Leningrad, which began on September 8, 1941, lasted almost 900 days
After breaking the blockade on January 18, 1943, the siege of the city continued for another year. In January–February, Soviet troops carried out the Leningrad-Novgorod operation, as a result of which the enemy was thrown back more than 200 km from the city. On January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was completely lifted.
St. Petersburg State University will host a solemn celebration of the 74th anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad by Soviet troops from the siege of its fascist German troops.
Program
13:00 Opening of an exhibition dedicated to the activities of the St. Petersburg State University search team “Ingria”
13:00–14:00 Registration of participants and distribution of gifts
14:00 Laying flowers at the Memorial
14:00 Gala concert
Anniversary of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad in 2018: 75 years ago, Soviet troops liberated Leningrad
The only route ─ the “Road of Life” along which food was delivered to the city was laid along the ice of Lake Ladoga. The blockade was broken on January 18, 1943, but before it was completely lifted ─ January 27, 1944, Leningraders had to wait another whole year. During the years of the blockade, according to various sources, from 400 thousand to 1.5 million people died. At the Nuremberg trials, the number of 632 thousand people appeared. Only 3% of them died from bombing and shelling, the rest died of starvation.
The siege of Leningrad began on September 8, 1941. The city was surrounded by German, Finnish and Spanish troops, they were supported by volunteers from Europe, Italy and North Africa. Leningrad was not ready for a long siege - the city did not have sufficient supplies of food and fuel.
Lake Ladoga remained the only route of communication with Leningrad, but bandwidth this transport route - the famous "Road of Life" - was not enough to satisfy the needs of the city.
Because of frosty winters Water pipes froze and houses were left without water. There was a catastrophic shortage of fuel. There was no time to bury people - and the corpses lay right on the street.
At the very beginning of the blockade, the Badayevsky warehouses, where the city’s food supplies were stored, burned down. Residents of Leningrad, cut off from the rest of the world by German troops, could only count on a modest ration, consisting of practically nothing but bread, which was issued by ration cards. During the 872 days of the siege, more than a million people died, mostly from starvation.
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On this day 75 years ago, January 18, 1943, Soviet troops broke the enemy blockade of Leningrad. It took another year of stubborn fighting to completely eliminate it. The day of breaking the blockade is always celebrated in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region. Today the President of Russia will visit the residents of both regions Vladimir Putin, whose father fought and was seriously wounded in the battles on Nevsky Piglet.
The breaking of the blockade was the result of Operation Iskra, which was carried out by troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, which united south of Lake Ladoga and restored the land connection between Leningrad and the “Mainland”. On the same day, the city of Shlisselburg, which “locks” the entrance to the Neva from Ladoga, was liberated from the enemy. The breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad became the first in military history release example large city simultaneous attack from outside and inside.
The strike forces of the two Soviet fronts, which were supposed to break through the enemy’s powerful defensive fortifications and eliminate the Shlisselburg-Sinyavinsky ledge, included more than 300 thousand soldiers and officers, about 5 thousand guns and mortars, more than 600 tanks and more than 800 aircraft.
source: regnum.ru
On the night of January 12, the positions of the German fascists were subjected to an unexpected air raid by Soviet bombers and attack aircraft, and in the morning massive artillery preparation began using large-caliber guns. It was carried out in such a way as not to damage the ice of the Neva, along which the infantry of the Leningrad Front, reinforced with tanks and artillery, soon moved on the offensive. And from the east, the 2nd Shock Army of the Volkhov Front went on the offensive against the enemy. She was given the task of capturing numbered workers' settlements north of Sinyavino, which the Germans had turned into fortified strongholds.
During the first day of the offensive, the advancing Soviet units, with heavy fighting, managed to advance 2-3 kilometers deep into the German defense. The German command, facing the threat of dismemberment and encirclement of its troops, organized an urgent transfer of reserves to the site of the breakthrough planned by the Soviet units, which made the battles as fierce and bloody as possible. Our troops were also reinforced with a second echelon of attackers, new tanks and guns.
On January 15 and 16, 1943, troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts fought for individual strong points. On the morning of January 16, the assault on Shlisselburg began. On January 17, Podgornaya and Sinyavino stations were taken. As former Wehrmacht officers later recalled, control of the German units in the areas of the Soviet offensive was disrupted, there were not enough shells and equipment, the single line of defense was crushed, and individual units were surrounded.
source: regnum.ru
The Nazi troops were cut off from reinforcements and defeated in the area of workers' settlements; the remnants of the defeated units, abandoning their weapons and equipment, scattered through the forests and surrendered. Finally, on January 18, the troops of the shock group of the Volkhov Front, after artillery preparation, went on the attack and linked up with the troops of the Leningrad Front, capturing workers’ villages No. 1 and 5.
The blockade of Leningrad was broken. On the same day, Shlisselburg was completely liberated, and the entire southern shore of Lake Ladoga came under the control of the Soviet command, which soon made it possible to connect Leningrad with the country by road and railway and save hundreds of thousands of people who remained in the city besieged by the enemy from starvation.
According to historians, the total combat losses of the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts during Operation Iskra amounted to 115,082 people, of which 33,940 were irrecoverable. Soldiers and officers of the Red Army sacrificed themselves to save Leningraders who did not surrender to the enemy from painful death. Militarily, the success of Operation Iskra meant the final loss of the enemy's strategic initiative in the northwestern direction, as a result of which the complete lifting of the blockade of Leningrad became inevitable. It happened a year later, on January 27, 1944.
“Breaking the blockade eased the suffering and hardships of Leningraders, instilled confidence in victory in all Soviet citizens, and opened the way to the complete liberation of the city,” recalled the speaker of the upper house, Valentina Matvienko, today, January 18, in her blog on the website of the Federation Council. - Residents and defenders of the city on the Neva did not allow themselves to be broken, they withstood all the tests, once again confirming that greatness of spirit, courage and dedication are stronger than bullets and shells. In the end, it is not force that always triumphs, but truth and justice.”
Exactly 75 years ago on this day, January 18, 1943, as a result of Operation Iskra, troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts broke through the blockade ring, which shackled the city on the Neva for a long 872 days. Thanks to this operation, a land corridor was freed, through which as soon as possible was laid railway. On February 7, 1943, after a year and a half break, the first train from the “Mainland” arrived in Leningrad.
The history of the defense of Leningrad is one of the brightest pages in the chronicle of the Great Patriotic War. Serious and difficult trials then befell the firefighters, who from the first days of the war began to prepare the city for fire defense. From the very beginning, the city's fire department was militarized and became one of the MPVO services.
In August 1941, the Komsomol Fire Regiment was created. It was formed from students, high school students, and working youth. In total, there were about a thousand people in its ranks. By the beginning of September industrial enterprises About six thousand fire brigades were created and more than two thousand in households. Throughout the war, women fought shoulder to shoulder with fire along with men. Of the nearly ten thousand personnel, a quarter were women.
The first massive attack on Leningrad took place on Monday, September 8, 1941. The raid began at 18:55. In two hours, the Nazis dropped 6,327 incendiary and high-explosive bombs on the city. 178 fires broke out. On the same day, the city fire department suffered its first losses...
Later, orders from the fascist command became known, requiring that artillery fire be opened at the first smoke and glow of the fire in order to make it difficult to extinguish it, in order to destroy the city by any means. Thus, while extinguishing the fire at the Krasny Vyborgets plant, the enemy brought down more than 30 fighters on the fighters fighting the fire. shells, at the Krasny Neftnik oil depot - 126, at the Kirov plant - more than 140 shells. Firefighters died in fires almost every day. Nikolai Tikhonov wrote: “They silently buried their dead, bandaged the wounded, knowing no rest, worked day and night, saving Leningrad from destruction by fire.”
Under artillery and mortar fire, tormented by painful hunger, suffering terrible losses, firefighters never left their combat post and eliminated 1,152 major fires and 16 thousand fires in the besieged city.
Moreover, it was then that new methods of fighting fires were born: creating fire breaks, using snow for extinguishing, introducing cold air to give the flame the desired direction. For example, the fire that started on the night of January 12, 1942 in Gostiny Dvor was extinguished without water, covered with snow and sand. To stop the fire, hungry, exhausted people dismantled the building's structures.
In the history of frantic resistance to fire, there is a fact that speaks more eloquently than volumes of historical research - during the entire period of the blockade of the city, only individual buildings were lost, and there was not a single case in which an entire industrial or residential block was destroyed by fire.
In addition to extinguishing fires, fire department workers performed a number of other functions. When there was mass mortality in the city, they dug trenches to bury the dead. During the summer months, personnel repaired stoves, cleaned chimneys, and repaired street water mains. Also, Leningrad firefighters took part in the construction of defensive structures on the outskirts and in the city itself; some fighters were seconded to the construction of the “Road of Life”. Due to the lack of electricity in the city, firefighters were entrusted with supplying water to bakeries and baths.
During the war years, the fire department of the city on the Neva lost two-thirds of its personnel, which is 2067 people, 1070 of them died from hunger and exhaustion. The Leningrad garrison lost 53% of its combat vehicles, thousands of meters of hoses and several fire brigade buildings. More than 30 kilometers of fire communication lines were destroyed.
In July 1942, for the exemplary preparation of the fire defense of the city of Leningrad, for the valor and courage shown by personnel in eliminating fires, the Leningrad fire department was awarded the Order of Lenin. More than a thousand firefighters were awarded medals and orders. This is the only case of such a high award for firefighters during the entire period of the Great Patriotic War.
The combat work of the personnel of the Moscow Air Defense Forces of the city of Leningrad was also appreciated. On November 2, 1944, the city's MPVO (the only one in the country) was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Squares, streets, and houses served as the battlefield for MPVO fighters. Their responsibilities included eliminating the consequences of air raids and shelling, providing first aid to the population and defusing unexploded bombs, and ensuring the normal functioning of the city. In accordance with the tasks, each MPVO unit included companies: emergency recovery, medical and sanitary, fire, chemical protection, sapper, as well as a control platoon. The fighters of this service have worked in more than 30,000 affected areas, provided assistance to thousands and thousands of Leningraders, defused tens of thousands of mines and shells, and hundreds of kilometers of restored roads.
“The profession of firefighters is considered one of the most dangerous professions on the ground. In both peacetime and war, firefighters are constantly in a combat situation on the brink between life and death. But what the Leningrad firefighters did during the 900 days of the brutal blockade of the city on the Neva was a huge human feat.”
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