According to the ownership of capital and, accordingly, control over the enterprise, national, foreign and joint (mixed) enterprises are distinguished.
National enterprise- an enterprise whose capital belongs to entrepreneurs of their country. Nationality is also determined by the location and registration of the main company.
Foreign enterprise- an enterprise whose capital belongs to foreign entrepreneurs, wholly or to a certain extent ensure their control.
Foreign enterprises are formed either by creating a joint stock company or by purchasing controlling stakes in local firms, leading to the emergence of foreign control. The last method was received in modern conditions the most widespread, since it allows the use of existing equipment, connections, clientele and market knowledge of local firms.
Mixed enterprises- enterprises whose capital belongs to entrepreneurs of two or more countries. Registration of a mixed enterprise is carried out in the country of one of the founders on the basis of the legislation in force there, which determines the location of its headquarters. Mixed enterprises are one of the types of international interweaving of capital. Enterprises mixed in capital are called joint ventures in cases where the purpose of their creation is implementation of joint entrepreneurial activities. The forms of companies mixed in capital are very diverse. Most often, international associations are created in the form of mixed companies: cartels, syndicates, trusts, concerns.
Multinational enterprises- enterprises whose capital belongs to entrepreneurs from several countries are called multinational. Multinational companies are formed by merging the assets of the merging firms different countries and issuing shares of the newly created company. Other forms of formation of companies mixed in capital are: exchange of shares between companies that retain legal independence; Creation joint companies, the share capital of which belongs to the founders on a parity basis or is distributed in certain proportions established by the legislation of the country of registration; acquisition foreign company a stake in a national firm that does not give it control rights.
In modern conditions the largest industrial firms place emphasis on creating joint manufacturing enterprises, as well as enterprises for scientific and technical cooperation, including the joint use of patents and licenses, as well as the implementation of agreements on cooperation and specialization of production. Especially numerous joint ventures in new and rapidly growing industries that require huge one-time investments, - in oil refining, petrochemicals, chemical industry, production of plastics, synthetic rubber, aluminum, in nuclear energy. Joint ventures are also created as temporary associations to carry out large contracts for the construction of ports, dams, pipelines, irrigation and transport facilities, power plants, railways, etc.
Organizational goals
Complex organizations, as a rule, have not one goal, but a set of interrelated goals, the implementation of which is ensured as a result of the interaction of various parts of the organization.
The key goal inherent in any really operating organization is its own reproduction. If an organization's goal of self-reproduction is lost or deliberately suppressed, then it may cease to exist. An organization that does not have an internal orientation towards survival can survive only under the influence of sufficiently powerful external forces. But in this case, reproduction will require much more effort.
- Characteristics of the “planning” function.
Planning is purposeful.
· Planning is done to achieve the desired goal of the business.
· The creation of goals must have universal acceptance, otherwise individual efforts and energy will be misdirected and misdirected.
· Planning determines the actions that will lead to the desired goal quickly and economically.
· It provides a sense of direction in various types activities. For example, Maruti Udhyog is trying to regain the championship in Indian automotive market, launching diesel models.
Planning looks forward.
·
· It must look into the future, analyzing and predicting it.
· Thus, the basis of planning is forecasting.
· The plan is a synthesis of forecasts.
· It is a mental predisposition to things that will happen in the future.
Planning is an intellectual process.
· Planning is a mental exercise involving creative thinking, common sense and imagination.
· This is not just guesswork, this is a rotation of thinking.
· A manager can prepare sound plans only if he has common sense, foresight and imagination.
· Planning is always based on goals and facts.
Planning involves making choices and decisions.
· Planning essentially involves choosing between different alternatives.
· Therefore, if there is only one possible course of action, there is no need for planning because there is no choice.
· Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning.
· The manager is surrounded by alternative solutions, but he must choose the best depending on the requirements and resources of the enterprises.
Planning is the main function of management.
· Planning lays the foundation for other management functions.
· It serves as a guide for the organization, staffing table, management and control.
· All management functions are carried out within the framework of laid out plans.
· Therefore, planning is the main function of management.
Planning is a continuous process.
· Planning is a never-ending function due to the dynamic business environment.
· Planning is prepared for a specific period, during the period and at the end of that period, the plans are re-evaluated and revised taking into account new requirements and changing conditions.
· Planning never comes at the end of a particular venture as there are many issues and problems during that venture and they need to be resolved through effective planning.
Planning is all-pervasive.
· This is necessary at all levels of management and in all departments of the enterprise.
· Of course, the amount of planning may differ from one level to another.
· The top level may be more concerned with planning the organization as a whole, while intermediate level may be more specific in departmental plans and the lower level implementing the same plans.
Planning is designed to improve efficiency.
· Planning leads to the accompishment of goals at minimal cost.
· This avoids wastage of resources and ensures adequate and optimal use of resources.
· A plan is worthless or even useless if it does not value the expenses incurred in its preparation.
· Therefore, planning should result in saving time, effort and money.
· Planning results in the proper use of men, money, materials and machines.
Planning is flexible.
· Planning is carried out for the future.
· Since the future is unpredictable, planning must provide enough space to cope with changes in customer demand, competition, government, politics, etc.
· In changed circumstances, the original plan of action must be reviewed and updated to continually make it more practical.
- Choice of strategy.
The choice of a company's strategy is carried out by management based on an analysis of key factors characterizing the state of the company, taking into account the results of an analysis of the product portfolio, as well as the nature and essence of the strategies being implemented.
Main key factors which must first be taken into account when choosing a strategy are the following.
Industry strengths and strengths companies can often play a decisive role in choosing a company's growth strategy. Leading, strong firms must strive to maximize the opportunities generated by their leadership position and to strengthen this position. At the same time, it is important to look for opportunities to expand business in industries that are new to the company and have great potential for growth. Leading firms, depending on the state of the industry, must choose different growth strategies. So, for example, if an industry is declining, then one should rely on diversification strategies, but if the industry is rapidly developing, then the choice of growth strategy should fall on a concentrated growth strategy or an integrated growth strategy.
Weak firms should behave differently. They should choose those strategies that can lead to an increase in their power. If there are no such strategies, then they should leave this industry. For example, if attempts to become stronger in a fast-growing industry through concentrated growth strategies do not lead to the desired state, the firm must implement one of the downsizing strategies.
A. Thompson and A. Strickland proposed the following matrix for choosing a strategy depending on the dynamics of product market growth (equivalent to industry growth) and the competitive position of the company (Fig. 5.1).
Company goals give uniqueness and originality to the choice of strategy in relation to each specific company. The goals reflect what the company strives for. If, for example, the goals do not imply intensive growth of the company, then appropriate growth strategies cannot be chosen, even though there are all the prerequisites for this both in the market, in the industry, and in the company’s potential.
Slow market growth
Note: Strategies are listed in possible order of preference
Rice. 5.1. Thompson and Strickland Matrix
Top management interests and attitudes play a very important role in choosing a company's development strategy. Management may like to take risks, or, on the contrary, they may strive to avoid risk by any means. And this attitude can be decisive in choosing a development strategy. Personal likes or dislikes on the part of managers can also greatly influence the choice of strategy.
Financial resources of the company also have a significant impact on the choice of strategy. Any changes in the behavior of the company, such as entering new markets, developing a new product and moving into new industry, require large financial costs.
Qualification of workers, as well as financial resources, is a strong limiting factor when choosing a company’s development strategy. Without sufficiently complete information about the qualification potential, management cannot make the right choice of company strategy.
Firm's obligations According to previous strategies, they create a certain inertia in the development of the company. It is not possible to completely abandon all previous commitments in connection with the transition to new strategies. Therefore, when choosing new strategies, it is necessary to take into account the fact that for some time the obligations of previous years will remain in force, which, accordingly, will constrain or adjust the possibilities for implementing new strategies
- Principles of management (A. Fayol).
Management concept
Thus, we find a description of various elements of entrepreneurial behavior in the Code of Hammurabi, in ancient Indian, ancient Hebrew, ancient Chinese and early Christian texts. In the book of the prophet Ecclesiastes it is written: “And if God gave wealth and property to a man, and gave him the power to use and take from them your share and enjoy your labors, then this is a gift from God.”
Modern Orthodoxy, which adheres to the second direction, for example, views entrepreneurship as a godly cause, based not on the selfishness of business entities, but on their responsibility to people. The selfish principles and private property instincts of entrepreneurs are limited by the ethical standards of Christian economics.
Kandalintsev V.G. Systemic understanding of economics based on Christian values // Christian principles of economic ethics M., 2001.P.39
See: Weber M. Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism // Weber M. Selected works. M.: Progress. 1990.
The entrepreneur himself is considered as an “economic man”. This is a person whose actions are subject, first of all, to economic motivation and the influence of economic interests. These actions extend to the areas of production, purchase and sale, credit, money turnover, hiring and dismissal from work, conclusion and execution of contracts, creation, development and liquidation of a business, etc.
Irish by birth, British citizen R. Cantillon was a professional entrepreneur with extensive interests in the areas of banking business, commercial activities, in particular, transactions on the international stock market. A significant part of his business took place in France, where he conducted the most successful business.
WITH light hand B. Franklin, such expressions as “time is money”, “to the one who pays accurately, the wallet of others is open”, “money gives birth to money”, etc. have come into everyday use.
See the translation of this book into Russian: Say J.-B. Treatise of Political Economy. M.: Soldatenkov. 1896.
The first edition of this book was published in 1912, the second edition, considered a classic, was published in 1926.
Mileikovsky A.G., Bomkin A.I. Joseph Schumpeter and his "Theory" economic development» // Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 1982. P.8. The authors of the preface to the first publication of this work in Russian rightly noted: “If in general we talk about the place and significance of J. Schumpeter in bourgeois political economy, then in a generalized form it should be formulated as follows: there is no such school in bourgeois political economy of the end XIX and the first half of the twentieth century, which would not have been reflected in the work of the present author, and there is not a single major modern movement, the ideas of which were not, to one degree or another, foreseen by Schumpeter and which would not have been influenced by him.”
It presents elements of various industries modern science– economic theory, psychology, ethics, management, sociology, cultural studies, philosophy, marketing. But entrepreneurship theory is not a conglomeration of pieces of knowledge.
It was in this external state of covetous people and “swindlers” that professional entrepreneurs (merchants, factory owners, factory owners, etc.) were usually presented in works of fiction and other works of art imbued with anti-bourgeois pathos. Even more disgusting were the generalized images of entrepreneurs and their “typical class features” in fiction of the Soviet period.
Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 1982. P.189. With. 192 Being such, the entrepreneur experiences a love for the hardships of labor, as well as indifference and even hostility to idle pleasures. “The typical entrepreneur never asks himself whether every effort he makes will bring him sufficient compensation in the form of an “increase in pleasure,” wrote J. Schumpeter. – He cares little about the hedonistic results of his work. He works without knowing peace, because he cannot do otherwise; the purpose of his life is not to receive pleasure from what he has achieved. If such a desire arises in him, then this is not a stop on the way, but a symptom of paralysis, not the achievement of a goal, but a harbinger of physical death... In this light, the motto of an entrepreneur of our type is -plus ultra(even more)."
“The joy and pride of a capitalist entrepreneur from the knowledge that with his participation many people were “given work”, that he contributed to the economic “prosperity” of his hometown in the sense oriented towards quantitative growth of population and trade that capitalism puts into the concept of prosperity - all this certainly is component that specific and undoubtedly “idealistic” joy of life that characterizes representatives of modern entrepreneurship,” he emphasized.
See, for example: Say J.-B. Treatise of Political Economy. M.: Soldatenkov. 1896. P.24.
Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 1982. pp. 169-170.
“We associate this concept (entrepreneur) with a function and with all those individuals who carry it out at any social formation. The above applies to the governing body of a socialist society, and to the landowner, and to the leader of a primitive tribe... The entrepreneurial function is organically intertwined with other elements of the general leadership function, as is the case, for example, with the leader of a primitive tribe or the central body of a communist society...” ( Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 170, 185).
“Entrepreneurship is not about grabbing a loose $10 bill that someone has already found lying in someone's hand, but about realizing that it is in someone's hand and can be grabbed... – says I. Kirzner. “The function of the entrepreneur is... to notice...” Mises L. Von. Human activity. M., 2000. P. 274.
In this theory, income was divided into purely entrepreneurial profit from industry and proprietary profit from capital. See: Say J.-B. Treatise of Political Economy. M.: Soldatenkov. 1896. P.58.
It seems to us that it is legitimate to include the following grounds among them:
At an early stage of development market economy it was important to emphasize the significant differences between functioning entrepreneurs and landowners, feudal lords and slave owners, in whose figures the eras of the past were personified;
In the process of solving the problem of correlating entrepreneurs and owners, the institution of inheritance of property has always been of no small importance, not to mention the reproduction of family names by subsequent generations;
Both at the early stage of the development of a market economy, and later, it was very important to separate the practice of entrepreneurship from actions specifically aimed exclusively at the exploitation of people, and, consequently, the business entities themselves - from the class of exploiters extracting surplus value and generally living on illegitimate incomes;
It was also important to present entrepreneurship as a set of activities carried out on the basis of not only economic egocentrism (the frantic pursuit of profit), but also high standards ethics of human relations, moral principles, innovative transformations, ultimately aimed at the benefit of progress.
This happened after K. Marx identified and demonstrated, on a broad contemporary empirical basis, the various vices of a society in which such a capitalist has the possibility of socio-economic and political dominance over other parts of society.
K. Marx not only created a very coherent and logical - for his time and within the framework of the methodology he adopted - the concept of private capitalist exploitation, based precisely on private capitalist property.
In Marxist theory, surplus value is the portion of value created by the unpaid labor of workers hired by the owner-entrepreneur.
“Entrepreneurial profit is not rent, i.e. not income generated by the special advantages of permanent elements of this enterprise. It is also not a return on invested capital... It is a value expression of what an entrepreneur creates, just as wages there is a value expression for what the worker creates. Neither one nor the other can be called profit derived from exploitation.” Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 1982. pp. 303-304.
It includes various forms of leasing movable and immovable property, including leasing, brand rental (franchising), credit business, as well as such modern forms, like renting performers in show business or in sports business(for example, loan of football players).
“...We do not call entrepreneurial activity “work,” J. Schumpeter emphasized. – Of course, we could do this, but then it would be work, both in its nature and in the function performed, qualitatively different from any other, including management work, and even more so from “mental” work and from everything that an entrepreneur does, in addition to carrying out his entrepreneurial activities. But since the entrepreneurial function is the work of a private business person, it is not identical to any leadership, the object of which may be the economic sphere... The specific “entrepreneurial” character of private leadership in the economy - both in behavior and in type - is given by the special conditions of this activity." Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development. M.: Progress. 1982. pp. 185-186.
See: Knight F. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Chicago . 1921 (Knight F.H. Risk, uncertainty and profit. M.: Delo. 2003).
One of the most detailed classifications identifies the following approaches:
The concept of “business” is much broader than the concept of entrepreneurship, since it covers relations between all economic entities without exception;
The concept of “entrepreneurship” is much broader than the concept of “business”, since business is the activity of organizing production in conditions of market competition, associated with the ownership of property, meanwhile, entrepreneurs are not only businessmen, but also heads of state enterprises;
There are significant differences between “business” and “entrepreneurship” in economic and legal terms;
- “entrepreneurship” represents the intellectual activity of energetic, enterprising people to implement important and difficult projects, and “business” - commerce, trade, business activity;
- “business” and “entrepreneurship” are no different from each other.
See: Orlov V.I. Business philosophy in transitional societies. Minsk: Econompress. 2004. P.25.
The legal capacity of people is understood as their ability by their actions to acquire and exercise civil rights, as well as create civil responsibilities for themselves and carry them out in relation to other entities. business relations. This ability arises in full, according to the Civil Code of Russia, with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen.
The content of the legal capacity of subjects of professional entrepreneurship lies in their ability to own property; inherit and bequeath it; engage in any activity not prohibited by law entrepreneurial activity; create and participate in entrepreneurial firms; carry out any transactions and actions that do not contradict the law; freely choose your place of residence; have the rights of authors of works of science, literature, art and other results of intellectual activity.
As part of this justification, we often use concepts such as “doing business”, “doing business”, “participating in business processes”, “evaluating business”, etc.
As part of this justification, we often use concepts such as “business relations”, “business communications”, “business entities”, “subjects of business relations”, etc.
By engaging in the process of professional activity, entrepreneurs independently realize their professional competencies and turn into subjects of professional entrepreneurial business. Similar to this in the implementation process professional competencies people who decide to transfer labor to principal employers on a paid basis become professional employees.
By analogy with sports activities, it is legitimate to talk, for example, about professional entrepreneurship and amateur entrepreneurship. Despite the fact that entrepreneurship as a special type of occupation is not presented in qualification reference books, entrepreneurial activity becomes professional in cases where the people conducting this activity
Carry out a set of actions that distinguish this profession from any other;
They strive to meet the socially recognized level of professionalism in their activities, strive to gain recognition as professionals in their field;
They engage in it regularly (constantly), or systematically, in an order organized by themselves;
They carry it out rationally and purposefully, focusing on pre-planned results, comparing the planned results of their actions with the planned costs, and the actual results with the actual costs;
They engage in it for the sake of generating income, profit, reproduction and development of their lives, as well as the lives of their loved ones.
For example, cooperation between different entrepreneurs operating within the same industry is not only a joining of efforts for the sake of increasing business efficiency. By collaborating, entrepreneurs pursue goals determined by the realities of competition. On the one hand, by entering into an alliance, they unite against common rivals, seeking to jointly secure competitive advantages over them. On the other hand, by agreeing with each other, they neutralize each other as potential rivals in the struggle for a common clientele and are able to focus their efforts on other competitors. The phenomenon of cooperative solidarity as a strategy for competitive behavior is discussed in more detail in our course “Theory and Practice of Entrepreneurial Competition.”
We often talk about technologies in the plural, paying only tribute to tradition - it is correct to speak not about technologies as such, but about technological elements (links) or technological tools of entrepreneurial business.
These are
Creative resources: business ideas and business projects,
Various types of real estate (land, its subsoil, structures, industrial, warehouse, office and other premises, etc.), used as means of production,
Various types of movable property (raw materials, components, spare parts, vehicles, equipment, machines, tools, communications, computer equipment, etc.) used as means of production,
Finished products to be sold
Financial, including monetary and investment resources,
Labor force of hired workers (human resources),
Various moral rights (copyrights, patents, know-how, trade names, trademarks, licensing and quota rights, information resources),
The status of entrepreneurs in society, their power and administrative powers,
Business reputation of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial image.
The category “ownership” most often refers to the ownership of property (for example, ownership of land, real estate, means of production, money, copyrights, etc.). It is in this meaning this concept, as well as related concepts “property”, “disposal”, “use” are usually used as economic and legal terms.
The Civil Code, nor other regulatory and legislative documents of the Russian Federation do not contain a universal concept that should be applied to various types of entrepreneurial business organization. Such a general concept becomes “ entrepreneurial firm" The law does not prohibit its use to determine business entities that have the right to own a business and conduct their own affairs. A type of entrepreneurial firm can be called entrepreneurial company (from now on we will simply call it a company), which is an entrepreneurial firm created by two or more founders
Civil Code of the Russian Federation; Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”; Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”; Federal Law “On Additional Liability Companies”; Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations”; Federal Law “On Public Associations”; Federal Law “On Political Parties”; Federal Law “On the peculiarities of the legal status of joint-stock companies of employees (national enterprises)”; Federal Law “On Production Cooperatives”; Federal Law “On credit consumer cooperatives of citizens”; Federal Law “On Housing Savings Cooperatives”; Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”; etc.
Thirteen basic principles of professional business administration:
1. Entrepreneurs maintaining commanding heights in business, focusing on the main thing and separating this main thing from the daily routine.
2. Combining the implementation of routine activities with the innovative nature of administering your business.
3. Simultaneous administration of intra-company and inter-company aspects of your business.
4. The combination of analytical thinking and entrepreneurial intuition in the process of making administrative decisions.
5. Focused on achieving ultimate and long-term success of your mission.
6. Achievement and maintenance by entrepreneurs of procedural adequacy of the company's behavior.
7. Information and technological adequacy of business administration.
8. Legal adequacy of business administration.
9. Ethical adequacy of business administration.
10. Attention to the factor of luck (luck).
11. Multilevel nature of entrepreneurial administration.
12. Energy mobilization in the process of entrepreneurial administration.
13. The principle of the business game.
14.
In countries where corruption is widespread in government and administrative bodies, and law enforcement practice is not rooted in the system of business relations, there is a disregard for the rules of law, in replacement of which “ life according to concepts" - unwritten rules and agreements. It is compliance with concepts, and not the law, that is interpreted as compliance with the principle of ethical adequacy, and it is with non-compliance with concepts, and not the law, that the use of the term “lawlessness”, already known to us, is associated.
Under entrepreneurial strategy is understood as an attitude towards achieving the entrepreneurial ideal and achieving ultimate success in business, which determines the direction of movement towards it in the long term, sometimes throughout the entire life of the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial tactics is a set of techniques business conduct, during which entrepreneurs interact with their environment, as well as a set of ways to establish, maintain, develop and terminate business relationships. On situational level professional entrepreneurial administration (it is also defined as the opportunistic level of entrepreneurship or simply as opportunistic entrepreneurship), all administrative decisions are influenced by the characteristics of specific situations.
The traditional Russian term “business entity” is often translated into English language How " actor ", the same root word " action " - "action". Meanwhile, " actor ”, in turn, is also translated into Russian as “actor” - the subject of theatrical play. In some publications in Russian, you can also come across the term “actor” as a synonym for “subject” (for example, a business entity).
Passionarity (a term proposed by L.N. Gumilev, from lat. passio – passion) is a special energetic state of a person who is able to force himself to work under any circumstances, reaching the point of violence against himself in order to advance his mission.
In what follows, for simplicity, we will use the category “professional entrepreneurship.”
This applies to the following character traits: determination, will, perseverance, courage, suspiciousness, rancor, curiosity, and such emotional signs of state and behavior as enthusiasm, enthusiasm, enthusiasm.
For more information on the differences between professional competencies and personal competencies of people, see: Globalization of education: competencies and credit systems. Edited by Rubin Yu.B. M.: Market DS. 2005. pp. 329-333.
The relationship between the employees of the company and the employer-principal should become a relationship of intra-company cooperation. Such cooperation, as a rule, is not based on turning the entire business into general business team of employees of the company, but only for the principal to transform the professional and personal competencies of hired workers into tools own business taking into account the employees' own interests. The highest form of this approach is the “company - one family” principle, which is widespread in the Japanese national business system.
Using the energy of mobilization, the most enterprising business owners force huge teams to work for their companies, who work enthusiastically and with great enthusiasm. This is especially important in the process of establishing any new business and bringing firms out of crisis.
The word “rationality” is a strict scientific term, the use of which in the process of considering key entrepreneurial competencies should always be based on the provisions of the theory of rational choice (theory of rational behavior).
Within the framework of the theory of rational choice, which has become widespread in Western sociology, starting from the end XIX century, and in the twentieth century influenced the development of economic sociology, institutionalism, and other areas of science around the world, the nature of rational behavior of people is explored.
Modern ideas about the degree of rationality of human behavior are based on the well-known typology of Max Weber, who identified
Affective behavior caused by a person’s emotional state, his immediate feelings and sensations;
Traditional behavior, which is based on long-term habits, customs or other imperatives of behavioral characteristics, set from the outside;
Value-based and rational behavior, which is based on goals determined by faith in “true” values (ideological, ethical, religious, etc.);
Goal-oriented behavior based on fully independent goal-setting (putting forward and formulating goals) and on subordinating conditions and methods of behavior to them, which become means of achieving these goals
This interpretation of the rational nature of business activity is discussed in detail in the work: Rubin Yu.B. Competition: orderly interaction in professional business. M.: Market DS. 2006. pp. 44 – 50.
Ideas about the limited nature of the rationality of actions and the term “bounded rationality” itself were first formulated by Herbert Simon (see, for example: Simon G. Rationality as a process and product of thinking. – THESIS, 1993, issue 3). The term " non-profit organizations", used in the Russian practice of regulating business activities, seems less justified than the term " non-profit organizations» (« non-profit organizations »). Main disadvantage This term is that “commerce” is generally understood throughout the world as trade. Consequently, those business entities that can engage in everything in the world except trade should be recognized as non-profit. Meanwhile, the content of the concept of “non-profit organizations” is given a completely different meaning, which inevitably introduces confusion into the system of definitions used to regulate modern business.offshore”, which literally means “beyond the shore”, “beyond the border”. The emergence of “coastal” terminology reflects the fact that the first offshore zones arose precisely on the coastal territories of certain states.
Offshore zones or, as they are sometimes called, “tax havens” can be divided into three groups according to territorial principle:
Europe . This group includes the British-owned Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Cyprus, Malta, the Portuguese island of Madeira, the Netherlands, and Ireland.
Atlantic And Caribs . This group includes Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Guyana, Barbados, Panama; Sometimes this group includes the already mentioned American state of Delaware, on whose territory special conditions for registering business firms apply - however, the authorities of the state of Delaware itself categorically object to this.
Asia/Pacific . This group includes Hong Kong, Cook Islands, Nauru, Vanuatu, Labuan, and Singapore.
In May 2003, the European Commission adopted new criteria for identifying micro, small and medium-sized businesses, however, the new standards came into force on January 1, 2005.
Micro-enterprises – less than 10 employees, turnover and balance limit – 2 million;
Small enterprises – 10-49 employees, turnover and balance limit – 10 million;
Medium-sized enterprises - for them the limit is set from 50 to 249 employees, with a turnover of up to 50 million and with a company balance of up to 43 million euros.
It is assumed that usually such an institution is created by a single owner to carry out his chosen type of non-profit activity.
With regard to these organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship, the Civil Code of Russia contains direct entries on the possibility of establishing each of them by one individual.
Both named organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship relate to non-profit organizations, and by law each of them can be established by individuals and/or legal entities. The law, however, does not directly speak about the possibility of their creation by a single founder, as a result of which registration authorities often have the habit of refusing to register funds and autonomous non-profit organizations created by a single founder due to the fact that the law supposedly excludes such a possibility.
Such issues are changes to the charter of the cooperative, admission and expulsion of its members, approval of annual reports and balance sheets of the cooperative, formation and abolition of the supervisory board of the cooperative, decisions on the reorganization and liquidation of the cooperative. Such detailed regulation of what needs to be written in the charter production cooperative, and how such a cooperative should be managed pursues completely understandable goals - to provide legislative guarantees for the development of the form of collective entrepreneurship in question, to put a barrier to possible abuses and the transformation of cooperative property into a screen for hidden private entrepreneurship.
At the time of registration of the company, the authorized capital of a limited liability company must be paid by its participants in at least half. Remaining unpaid portion authorized capital the company is subject to payment by its participants during the first year of the company’s activity.
If the nominal value of the share of a participant in a limited liability company in the authorized capital of the company, paid for by a non-monetary contribution, is more than 200 RMMOT established by the state on the date of submission of the constituent documents of the LLC, or changes to them, for state registration, such contribution must be assessed by an independent evaluator. Each promotion represents a unique title of property. This document is recognized as a security because it has a face value shown on its title side, which serves to publicly reproduce the title of the property. Thus, the rights and obligations of shareholders, reflecting their claims to own a business or entrepreneurial obligations, always have a well-defined monetary dimension.
In many countries with market-oriented economies, open joint stock companies are called corporations(from the English word "corporation" - association, inclusion). In modern Russian business slang, the words “corporation” and “corporate entrepreneurship” are used much more widely, as a rule, to characterize any large business.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Joint-Stock Companies” names the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities as possible holders of golden shares.
Thus, in order to conduct a transaction for the assignment of shares in a closed joint stock company, two conditions must be met. Firstly, each shareholder makes a decision to renounce ownership of shares in a joint stock company strictly voluntarily. Secondly, he can refuse shares of the joint-stock company only with the consent of other shareholders of the joint-stock company.
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Finland- This term has other meanings, see Finland (meanings). Republic of Finland Suomen tasavalta (Finnish) Republiken Finland (Swedish) ... Wikipedia
Holding- (Holding) Definition of holding, types of holding, holding companies Information on the definition of a holding, types of holding, holding companies Contents Contents Characteristics holding Types of holding Holding Problems of bank holding companies... ... Investor Encyclopedia
Banks- I in the modern economic system of B. are highest form credit intermediation and the most important bodies of bill and money circulation. The purpose of banking: firstly, to create a credit system (see this next), which would provide ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Bank- (Bank) A bank is a financial credit institution that carries out transactions with money, securities and precious metals Structure, activities and monetary policy of the banking system, essence, functions and types of banks, active and... ... Investor Encyclopedia
Wholesale- (Wholesale) Definition wholesale trade, role and functions of wholesale trade Information on the definition of wholesale trade, role and functions of wholesale trade Contents Contents Essence. The role and functions of wholesale trade. Exchange form of wholesale... ... Investor Encyclopedia
BRAZIL- Federative Republic of Brazil, the largest state in terms of area and population in South America. Brazil is bordered to the north by the French overseas department of Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia; in the west from Peru; on... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
Brazil- 1) the capital of Brazil. The new city, built specifically as the capital of the state of Brasil, was named Brasilia, derived from the name of the state. In Russian language the name of the capital is conveyed with the ending Ia Brazil, i.e. the differences present in Portuguese ... Geographical encyclopedia
9.4. Nationalization of non-state entrepreneurial firms
IN In the end, after several decades of existence of the almost completely nationalized Russian (Soviet) economy - for the sake of euphony it was called the “single national economic complex of the country” - its low efficiency was revealed, which led to the mass denationalization (denationalization) of entities in the early 1990s Russian entrepreneurial business.
The grounds for nationalization, driven by the interests of increasing state budget revenues, usually arise against the background of political extremism that is not associated with a radical change in the state system. So,
V In pre-war Germany (1930s), the tool of “combing enterprises” was widely used. Its goal was to reduce the number of small and medium-sized companies and increase the property of large business firms, the participants of which, as a rule, included the state.
This entailed a large-scale release labor force. Part of the freed human resources was sent to the army, and part - to work for the largest parastatal enterprises that provided financial support the state and the ruling National Socialist Party.
The results of these measures were, along with a reduction in the number of small and medium-sized firms, the consolidation of enterprises, engaged in production military equipment and weapons. Having become the founder of large business firms or having tied the latter to itself with guaranteed state orders, the German state considered that, thanks to these measures, it was able to provide the necessary volumes of revenue to the state budget and gained the opportunity to exert a decisive influence on the national market of goods, works and services.
However, the defeat of Germany during the Second World War demonstrated, among other things, the low effectiveness of such nationalization “in the name of the treasury.” And the subsequent restoration of the German economy began precisely with the denationalization of business entities
V most industries national economy. Nationalization of business entities may
and the goals of demonopolizing markets. This is the establishment over monopolies state control through the forced purchase of controlling stakes in their shares by the state.
University Series |
Nationalization can be carried out in order to improve the manageability of large business firms. The application of this basis for nationalization is most effective when carrying out financial rehabilitation (rehabilitation) of problem business firms. In the process of voluntary rehabilitation it is often provided that it is the state budget (or regional, local budgets) that is the main financial donor in favor of the problem company, and, therefore, it is the state that comes into possession upon completion of the financial recovery procedure. this business, his duties and rights.
State government practice appears less effective
creation of companies under the pretext of creating a “natural
ny monopolies". These are, for example,
Gazprom, television channel ORT (First Channel), a number of others large companies with mixed capital and controlling stake shares in the hands of the state. Data
There is no evidence that the transformation of profitable (or potentially profitable) business entities into “natural monopolies” controlled by the state will certainly contribute to the prosperity of the national economy. On the contrary, “natural monopolists” have the opportunity to significantly destabilize the country’s economy as a result of limiting clients’ use of resources or inflating selling prices for resources.
Sometimes you can hear that the status of “natural monopolies”, within which state ownership would dominate, should be given to entire sectors of the Russian economy. For example, calls for the nationalization of all enterprises are not uncommon. military&industrial complex, whose activities significantly affect the level of security of the country.
Such ideas are not based on the development experience of countries with market economies. The latter indicates that the non-state status of entrepreneurial firms engaged in the production of weapons and military equipment encourages these firms to fight for government orders and is an important factor in the development of this sector of the economy, and, therefore, an important condition for maintaining and strengthening the defense capability of the state. Therefore, the idea that military industrial complex Russia should consist of state unitary enterprises and mixed companies controlled by government officials, which under no circumstances can be denationalized, are illusory and erroneous.
University Series |
9.4. Nationalization of non-state entrepreneurial firms
Illusions of “greater controllability” of state-owned enterprises compared to non-state business entities sometimes accompany the activities of not only large business firms, but also small manufacturing and innovation companies, as well as entrepreneurs working in the service sector. You can often hear from high-ranking government officials that public hospitals are always supposedly better than private clinics, public educational institutions- better than non-state ones, but state ones travel companies pay more attention to clients than LLCs or CJSCs working in the tourism business.
The experience of countries with market-oriented economies demonstrates just the opposite, especially the experience of the United States, on whose territory there is not a single state university, not a single state travel agency, and the number of public hospitals does not exceed the national average of 20% of the total number of business entities in healthcare.
The nationalization of business entities is often initiated under the influence of the personal interests of individual government officials. The reason for this interest is that none of such officials has the right to
deal with the law entrepreneurial business in combination with work in government and management bodies. Therefore, some of them have to find convincing reasons for the nationalization of non-state firms, during which they could acquire informal control over the new state enterprise. In practice, nationalization of this kind means hidden privatization subjects of entrepreneurial business by government officials who skillfully use the tools of state intervention in the national economy.
The most significant reason for carrying out nationalization is still real organizational and financial support for problematic business entities operating in socially significant areas of business activity. The purpose of nationalization in this case is to ensure the survival of certain sectors of the national economy that find themselves in a period of unfavorable development.
This type of nationalization:
is a process of “resubordination” legal entities, transfer of controlling blocks of their shares (shares, shares) into state ownership;
University Series |
Chapter 9. State entrepreneurship
has a compensatory nature and is compulsory only in the content of the act itself, but not in the sense of the consequences caused by the forcible seizure of property;
carried out only on the basis of relevant regulations;
carried out to ensure the functioning of an industry or the entire national economy only in emergency conditions, which, if overcome, may give way to denationalization (denationalization).
Nationalization of the type under consideration is carried out, as a rule, on a reimbursable basis, through the purchase of a problem company from its previous owners. The state can subject such firms to reorganization, can liquidate them, but it can also buy them. In most countries with market-oriented economies, the nationalization of the largest business firms is usually carried out by exchanging shares of these firms for government securities with a fixed income. In this case, the shareholders benefit from the fact that they receive the right to receive a permanent income, and the state benefits from the fact that it gets the opportunity to exert a significant influence on the development of the nationalized enterprise.
Mass nationalization on a fee basis of business entities was observed in countries Western Europe, who were members of the anti-Hitler coalition, immediately after World War II. In England, for example, nationalization covered the electric power industry, the coal and gas industries, ferrous metallurgy, as well as inland transport - railways, air, road and river transport. In France, nationalization spread during this period not only to the basic sectors of the economy, but also to such sectors of the manufacturing industry as aircraft and automobile manufacturing. Subsequently, 80% of nationalized enterprises, after their transformation into profitable business thanks to government subsidies and financial investments, they were again returned, also on a reimbursable basis, to their former owners or re-privatized ( reprivatized).
PRACTICUM
Task 1. After studying section 9.1, answer the questions: What is public entrepreneurship in Russia and abroad? What is full and partial state ownership?
University Series |
Task 2. Having studied section 9.2 and the content of situation 1, answer the questions: How do unitary enterprises arise? For what purposes are they created? How are they managed? What are the differences between unitary enterprises with the right of ownership?
economic management and law operational management?
Task 3. Having studied section 9.3 and the content of situation 2, answer the questions: For what purpose was JSC Russian Railways created? Is JSC Russian Railways a state corporation?
How can the state influence decisions made by JSC Russian Railways? What is state joint-stock entrepreneurship in Russia and abroad?
Task 4. After studying section 9.4, answer the question: What are the reasons for the nationalization of non-state business firms?
1. State entrepreneurship is:
2. The public sector of the economy is:
3. The basis of state entrepreneurship is:
state ownership of the means of production; |
|
4. Full state ownership of the means of production is:
property of joint stock companies; |
|
municipal property; |
|
property of business companies; |
|
federal property; |
|
property of business partnerships. |
5. A company with mixed capital assumes:
6. The criteria for the effective functioning of state enterprises include:
a) low risks;
7. The public administration system includes enterprises:
a) private; b) joint stock;
c) budgetary; d) financial.
8. A commercial organization that is not vested with the right of ownership of property assigned to it by the owner is:
a) a commercial enterprise;
b) a unitary enterprise; c) an independent enterprise;
d) business partnership.
9. State unitary enterprises are established:
a) shareholders; b) full comrades;
c) Ministry of Economic Development and Trade Russian Federation; d) authorized bodies.
10. State and municipal institutions- This:
a) commercial organizations; b) non-profit organizations;
c) privatized enterprises; d) cooperatives.
11. An enterprise created on the basis of federal property is called:
a) joint stock; b) privatized; c) municipal; d) state-owned.
University Series |
12. The constituent documents of unitary enterprises are:
a) order; b) charter;
V) memorandum of association; d) regulations.
13. The head of a unitary enterprise is appointed:
A) general meeting founders; b) the owner; c) advisory bodies; d) guardianship authorities.
14. A state corporation in the Russian Federation is recognized as:
A) commercial organization; b) non-profit organization;
c) joint stock company; d) business partnership.
15. Majority shareholders are shareholders who own:
a) one share; b) 50% shares;
c) a controlling stake.
16. State joint-stock entrepreneurship in Russia is represented by:
a) majority shareholders;
18. Departmental enterprises have:
a) legal independence; b) economic independence;
c) structurally included in state system administration.
19. The Federal Property Agency of the Russian Federation is:
a) shareholder of budgetary enterprises;
20. Budgetary enterprises are:
temporary formations; |
|
departmental enterprises; |
|
joint stock companies; |
|
limited partnerships; |
|
analogue of unitary enterprises. |
21. Budgetary enterprises:
a) pay taxes;
23. Property of a unitary enterprise:
a) is indivisible;
24. In the form of unitary enterprises... enterprises can be created:
a) joint stock; b) state; c) municipal; d) offshore.
25. State management bodies of budgetary enterprises are:
a) ministries; b) prosecutor's office; c) departments; d) city hall.
26. Russian legislation prohibits unitary enterprises from:
a) do business;
University Series |
27. State enterprises can carry out:
all types of activities; |
|
permitted types of activities; |
|
exceptional activities. |
|
28. Unitary enterprises can build activities: |
|
on the right of economic management; |
|
on customs business turnover; |
|
with the right of operational management. |
|
29. Unitary enterprise on the right of economic management: |
|
the property is used without the consent of the owner. |
|
30. Unitary enterprise with the right of operational management: |
|
created by a state or municipal body; |
|
created only by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation; |
|
the property is used without the consent of the owner; |
|
the use of the property must be agreed with the owner. |
|
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF ENTERPRISE COMPANIES
Formation of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
Diversity of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
Eternal questions of business: entrepreneurial mission and demand for it
Eternal issues of business: goal setting and goal achievement in business
Strategic business core of entrepreneurial firms
The tactical core of business for entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurial environment
10.1. Formation of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
The professional competencies of individual business entities are the basis of the professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms. The terms “professional competencies of firms” and “ core competencies firms" is used by many English-speaking authors1. At the same time, the reader is often faced with completely different definitions. In the “Professional Entrepreneurship Course” under professional competencies of a business firm(institutional subject of entrepreneurial business) is understood as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that are used by firms in the process of professional activities in selected types of business, providing the necessary level of its competitiveness.
Entrepreneurial firms are created for the sake of developing new institutional professional competencies. The professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms are the competitive features of these firms, and their high level is one of their key competitive advantages, a tool for creating and strengthening other competitive advantages of these firms. Therefore, creating a company means institutionalization of professional competencies of entrepreneurs.
1 See, for example: E. Campbell. Development of core skills // E. Campbell, K. Lachs. Strategic synergy. 2nd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. pp. 263-288; Hamel G., Praha&lad K., Thomas G., O'Neill D. Strategic flexibility. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. pp. 281-356; Huley G., Saunders D., Piercy N. Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. Dnepropetrovsk: Balance Business Books, 2005. pp. 188-189.
University Series |
9.4. Nationalization of non-state entrepreneurial firms
IN In the end, after several decades of existence of the almost completely nationalized Russian (Soviet) economy - for the sake of euphony it was called the “single national economic complex of the country” - its low efficiency was revealed, which led to the mass denationalization (denationalization) of entities in the early 1990s Russian entrepreneurial business.
The grounds for nationalization, driven by the interests of increasing state budget revenues, usually arise against the background of political extremism that is not associated with a radical change in the state system. So,
V In pre-war Germany (1930s), the tool of “combing enterprises” was widely used. Its goal was to reduce the number of small and medium-sized companies and increase the property of large business firms, the participants of which, as a rule, included the state.
This entailed a large-scale release of labor. Part of the freed-up human resources was sent to the army, and part to work for the largest parastatal enterprises, which provided financial support to the state and the ruling National Socialist Party.
The results of these measures were, along with a reduction in the number of small and medium-sized firms, the consolidation of enterprises engaged in the production of military equipment and weapons. Having become the founder of large business firms or having tied the latter to itself with guaranteed state orders, the German state considered that, thanks to these measures, it was able to provide the necessary volumes of revenue to the state budget and gained the opportunity to exert a decisive influence on the national market of goods, works and services.
However, the defeat of Germany during the Second World War demonstrated, among other things, the low effectiveness of such nationalization “in the name of the treasury.” And the subsequent restoration of the German economy began precisely with the denationalization of business entities
V most sectors of the national economy. Nationalization of business entities may
and the goals of demonopolizing markets. This is the establishment of state control over monopolies through the forced purchase of controlling stakes in their shares by the state.
University Series |
Nationalization can be carried out in order to improve the manageability of large business firms. The application of this basis for nationalization is most effective when carrying out financial rehabilitation (rehabilitation) of problem business firms. In the process of voluntary reorganization, it is often provided that it is the state budget (or regional, local budgets) that is the main financial donor in favor of the problem company, and, therefore, it is the ownership of the state upon completion of the financial recovery procedure that this business, its responsibilities and rights are transferred to .
State government practice appears less effective
creation of companies under the pretext of creating a “natural
ny monopolies". These are, for example,
Gazprom, the ORT television channel (First Channel), a number of other large companies with mixed capital and a controlling stake in the hands of the state. Data
There is no evidence that the transformation of profitable (or potentially profitable) business entities into “natural monopolies” controlled by the state will certainly contribute to the prosperity of the national economy. On the contrary, “natural monopolists” have the opportunity to significantly destabilize the country’s economy as a result of limiting clients’ use of resources or inflating selling prices for resources.
Sometimes you can hear that the status of “natural monopolies”, within which state ownership would dominate, should be given to entire sectors of the Russian economy. For example, calls for the nationalization of all enterprises are not uncommon. military&industrial complex, whose activities significantly affect the level of security of the country.
Such ideas are not based on the development experience of countries with market economies. The latter indicates that the non-state status of entrepreneurial firms engaged in the production of weapons and military equipment encourages these firms to compete for government orders and is an important factor in the development of this sector of the economy, and, therefore, an important condition for maintaining and strengthening the defense capability of the state . Therefore, the idea that the Russian military industrial complex should consist of state unitary enterprises and mixed companies controlled by government officials, which under no circumstances can be denationalized, are illusory and erroneous.
University Series |
9.4. Nationalization of non-state entrepreneurial firms
Illusions of “greater controllability” of state-owned enterprises compared to non-state business entities sometimes accompany the activities of not only large business firms, but also small manufacturing and innovation companies, as well as entrepreneurs working in the service sector. You can often hear from high-ranking government officials that state hospitals are always supposedly better than private clinics, state educational institutions are better than non-state ones, and state travel companies pay more attention to clients than LLCs or CJSCs working in the tourism business.
The experience of countries with market-oriented economies demonstrates just the opposite, especially the experience of the United States, on whose territory there is not a single state university, not a single state-owned tourism company, and the number of public hospitals does not exceed the national average of 20% of the total number of subjects business in healthcare.
The nationalization of business entities is often initiated under the influence of the personal interests of individual government officials. The reason for this interest is that none of such officials has the right to
by law to engage in entrepreneurial business in combination with work in government and management bodies. Therefore, some of them have to find convincing reasons for the nationalization of non-state firms, during which they could acquire informal control over the new state enterprise. In practice, nationalization of this kind means hidden privatization subjects of entrepreneurial business by government officials who skillfully use the tools of state intervention in the national economy.
The most significant reason for carrying out nationalization is still real organizational and financial support for problematic business entities operating in socially significant areas of business activity. The purpose of nationalization in this case is to ensure the survival of certain sectors of the national economy that find themselves in a period of unfavorable development.
This type of nationalization:
is a process of “resubordination” of legal entities, the transfer of controlling blocks of their shares (shares, shares) into state ownership;
University Series |
Chapter 9. State entrepreneurship
has a compensatory nature and is compulsory only in the content of the act itself, but not in the sense of the consequences caused by the forcible seizure of property;
carried out only on the basis of relevant regulations;
carried out to ensure the functioning of an industry or the entire national economy only in emergency conditions, which, if overcome, may give way to denationalization (denationalization).
Nationalization of the type under consideration is carried out, as a rule, on a reimbursable basis, through the purchase of a problem company from its previous owners. The state can subject such firms to reorganization, can liquidate them, but it can also buy them. In most countries with market-oriented economies, the nationalization of the largest business firms is usually carried out by exchanging shares of these firms for government securities with a fixed income. In this case, the shareholders benefit from the fact that they receive the right to receive a permanent income, and the state benefits from the fact that it gets the opportunity to exert a significant influence on the development of the nationalized enterprise.
Mass nationalization on a paid basis of business entities was observed in Western European countries that were members of the anti-Hitler coalition immediately after the Second World War. In England, for example, nationalization covered the electric power industry, the coal and gas industries, ferrous metallurgy, as well as internal transport - railways, air, road and river transport. In France, nationalization spread during this period not only to the basic sectors of the economy, but also to such sectors of the manufacturing industry as aircraft and automobile manufacturing. Subsequently, 80% of the nationalized enterprises, after turning them into profitable businesses thanks to government subsidies and financial investments, were again returned, also on a paid basis, to their former owners or re-privatized ( reprivatized).
PRACTICUM
Task 1. After studying section 9.1, answer the questions: What is public entrepreneurship in Russia and abroad? What is full and partial state ownership?
University Series |
Task 2. Having studied section 9.2 and the content of situation 1, answer the questions: How do unitary enterprises arise? For what purposes are they created? How are they managed? What are the differences between unitary enterprises with the right of ownership?
economic management and the right of operational management?
Task 3. Having studied section 9.3 and the content of situation 2, answer the questions: For what purpose was JSC Russian Railways created? Is JSC Russian Railways a state corporation?
How can the state influence decisions made by JSC Russian Railways? What is state joint-stock entrepreneurship in Russia and abroad?
Task 4. After studying section 9.4, answer the question: What are the reasons for the nationalization of non-state business firms?
1. State entrepreneurship is:
2. The public sector of the economy is:
3. The basis of state entrepreneurship is:
state ownership of the means of production; |
|
4. Full state ownership of the means of production is:
property of joint stock companies; |
|
municipal property; |
|
property of business companies; |
|
federal property; |
|
property of business partnerships. |
5. A company with mixed capital assumes:
6. The criteria for the effective functioning of state enterprises include:
a) low risks;
7. The public administration system includes enterprises:
a) private; b) joint stock;
c) budgetary; d) financial.
8. A commercial organization that is not vested with the right of ownership of property assigned to it by the owner is:
a) a commercial enterprise;
b) a unitary enterprise; c) an independent enterprise;
d) business partnership.
9. State unitary enterprises are established:
a) shareholders; b) full comrades;
c) the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation; d) authorized bodies.
10. State and municipal institutions are:
a) commercial organizations; b) non-profit organizations;
c) privatized enterprises; d) cooperatives.
11. An enterprise created on the basis of federal property is called:
a) joint stock; b) privatized; c) municipal; d) state-owned.
University Series |
12. The constituent documents of unitary enterprises are:
a) order; b) charter;
c) constituent agreement; d) regulations.
13. The head of a unitary enterprise is appointed:
a) the general meeting of founders; b) the owner; c) advisory bodies; d) guardianship authorities.
14. A state corporation in the Russian Federation is recognized as:
a) commercial organization; b) non-profit organization;
c) joint stock company; d) business partnership.
15. Majority shareholders are shareholders who own:
a) one share; b) 50% shares;
c) a controlling stake.
16. State joint-stock entrepreneurship in Russia is represented by:
a) majority shareholders;
18. Departmental enterprises have:
a) legal independence; b) economic independence;
c) are structurally included in the state administration system.
19. The Federal Property Agency of the Russian Federation is:
a) shareholder of budgetary enterprises;
20. Budgetary enterprises are:
temporary formations; |
|
departmental enterprises; |
|
joint stock companies; |
|
limited partnerships; |
|
analogue of unitary enterprises. |
21. Budgetary enterprises:
a) pay taxes;
23. Property of a unitary enterprise:
a) is indivisible;
24. In the form of unitary enterprises... enterprises can be created:
a) joint stock; b) state; c) municipal; d) offshore.
25. State management bodies of budgetary enterprises are:
a) ministries; b) prosecutor's office; c) departments; d) city hall.
26. Russian legislation prohibits unitary enterprises from:
a) do business;
University Series |
27. State enterprises can carry out:
all types of activities; |
|
permitted types of activities; |
|
exceptional activities. |
|
28. Unitary enterprises can build activities: |
|
on the right of economic management; |
|
on business customs; |
|
with the right of operational management. |
|
29. Unitary enterprise with the right of economic management: |
|
the property is used without the consent of the owner. |
|
30. Unitary enterprise with the right of operational management: |
|
created by a state or municipal body; |
|
created only by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation; |
|
the property is used without the consent of the owner; |
|
the use of the property must be agreed with the owner. |
|
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF ENTERPRISE COMPANIES
Formation of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
Diversity of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
Eternal questions of business: entrepreneurial mission and demand for it
Eternal issues of business: goal setting and goal achievement in business
Strategic business core of entrepreneurial firms
The tactical core of business for entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurial environment
10.1. Formation of professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms
The professional competencies of individual business entities are the basis of the professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms. The terms “professional competencies of firms” and “key competencies of firms” are used by many English-language authors1. At the same time, the reader is often faced with completely different definitions. In the “Professional Entrepreneurship Course” under professional competencies of a business firm(institutional subject of entrepreneurial business) is understood as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that are used by firms in the process of professional activities in selected types of business, providing the necessary level of its competitiveness.
Entrepreneurial firms are created for the sake of developing new institutional professional competencies. The professional competencies of entrepreneurial firms are the competitive features of these firms, and their high level is one of their key competitive advantages, a tool for creating and strengthening other competitive advantages of these firms. Therefore, creating a company means institutionalization of professional competencies of entrepreneurs.
1 See, for example: E. Campbell. Development of core skills // E. Campbell, K. Lachs. Strategic synergy. 2nd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. pp. 263-288; Hamel G., Praha&lad K., Thomas G., O'Neill D. Strategic flexibility. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. pp. 281-356; Huley G., Saunders D., Piercy N. Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. Dnepropetrovsk: Balance Business Books, 2005. pp. 188-189.
University Series |
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