Submariner Day is celebrated in Russia on March 19. 112 years ago, by decree of the All-Russian Emperor Nicholas II, submarines were included in the classification of ships, and two dozen submarines entered the operational composition of the Russian Imperial Navy

such as "Trout", "Orca", "Catfish" and "Sturgeon". Historical "fish" names have been preserved in the names of Soviet and Russian submarine projects.

The first ranks " diving officer 68 officers who passed a special exam were awarded by order of the Main Naval Staff. Russia was one of the first countries to use submarines in armed warfare at sea.

Submarine forces as an independent branch of the Russian fleet were formed by the end of the First World War. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War The country's four fleets included 218 submarines. During the war years, submariners made more than 1,200 combat missions, carried out about 700 torpedo attacks, fired 1,542 torpedoes, and laid 1,736 mines in active minefields. As a result, they sunk about 100 warships and more than 200 enemy transports.

In the mid-50s of the last century, in response to the creation of a nuclear-powered submarine by the United States power plant In the USSR, work was launched aimed at ensuring parity in this direction. We completed this enormous task almost twice as fast. The path from the world's first nuclear reactor, used in Obninsk, to the main power plant of the submarine was precisely chosen, and enormous research and development was carried out over six years by 135 organizations. On July 1, 1958, the Naval flag was raised on Russia's first nuclear submarine K-3 Leninsky Komsomol. On July 4, 1958, Academician Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov made a historical entry in the logbook of the power plant console: “ For the first time in the country, steam was supplied to a turbine without coal and fuel oil».

The submarine fleet of the Soviet Union was in service with 216 submarines various types and classes, now there are about 70 of them (13 projects in total). Currently, Russia is building a series of fourth-generation multi-purpose submarines of the Yasen project and strategic missile carriers"Borey", the creation of unmanned underwater vehicles is underway. In the near future, the keel of two diesel-electric boats of Project 636.3 is expected, for a total of Pacific Fleet six of them will be built.

"Borey "

Russian Project 941 Akula heavy strategic missile submarines have given way to more secretive and effective fourth-generation Borei-class nuclear-powered missile submarines. In total, the Russian Navy has 12 nuclear-powered strategic missile submarines, three of which are Project 955 Borei: Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and Vladimir Monomakh. Armed with Bulava intercontinental ballistic missiles (each submarine carries 16 missiles), the boats can be used anywhere on the planet and have unlimited seaworthiness.

Submarines of project 955 (09551), 955A (09552) "Borey" (according to NATO codification SSBN "Borei", also "Dolgorukiy" - on behalf of the lead ship of the class) - a series of Russian nuclear submarines of the class "strategic missile submarine cruiser" ( SSBN) fourth generation. Developed at TsKBMT "Rubin" (St. Petersburg), under the leadership of chief designer Vladimir Zdornov. "Borey" was created to eventually replace the submarines of projects 941 "Akula" (Typhoon according to NATO classification) and 667BDRM "Dolphin" (Delta-IV according to NATO classification).

The Borei are the first Russian nuclear submarines where propulsion is carried out using a single-shaft water-jet propulsion system with high propulsion characteristics (taking into account the rather high energy intensity, especially specific energy, of the OK-650V ship reactors, the use of water-jet propulsion systems on surface and underwater ships seems quite justified). Also, similar to the Project 971 Shchuka-B submarine, the Borey submarine has two folding thrusters and retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps.

A lot of work has been done to reduce the noise of the boats and reduce the physical fields. The noise level of the strategic missile submarine of the Borei project is 5 times lower compared to the third-generation Shchuka-B multi-purpose nuclear submarines and 2 times lower than that of the American Virginia" .

The boat is equipped with a nuclear power unit with a water-cooled thermal neutron reactor VM-5 or a similar one with an OK-650V steam generator with a capacity of 190 MW. PPU control and protection system - “Aliot”. The boats of the project are equipped with a 4th generation nuclear power unit - KTM-6.

For propulsion, a single-shaft steam block steam turbine unit PTU "Mirage" is used with a GTZA OK-9VM or similar with improved shock absorption with a power of about 50,000 hp. To improve maneuverability, the submarines are equipped with two thruster submersible two-speed propulsion electric motors PG-160 with a power of 410 hp each.

By 2020, it provides for the construction and entry into service of the Navy of eight strategic missile submarines. Currently, five nuclear submarines of the modernized Borei-A project are under construction. The last ship of this series - "Prince Pozharsky" - was laid down at the end of 2016.

"Ash"

The Navy has 29 multi-purpose nuclear submarines of various projects, including the fourth generation submarine of Project 885 Yasen - K-560 Severodvinsk (the lead submarine of the series in service in the Northern Fleet - note 24RosInfo). The following boats are being built according to the modernized project 885M "Yasen-M". In 2009–2017, Sevmash laid down six submarines of this type: Kazan (expected to be handed over to the fleet this year), Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk (should leave the stocks in 2019), Arkhangelsk, Perm " and "Ulyanovsk".

Project 885 ships use a single-hull architecture for part of the length of the pressure hull, and the torpedo tubes are moved from the bow, where they were usually located. As a result, an “acoustically clean” bow tip was formed to accommodate large hydroacoustic antennas.

The new nuclear submarines are distinguished by optimized hull contours, an updated elemental base of radio-electronic weapons systems, modernized equipment and modern materials. It is noteworthy that all components - Russian production. Previously, many elements were purchased in countries former USSR. In addition, it is reported that a new, less noisy engine was installed on the Kazan.

In addition to ten 533-mm torpedo tubes, Yasen-M project boats are armed with a large arsenal of missiles. They are equipped with eight universal vertical launchers, each of which contains five Kalibr-PL cruise missiles. Depending on the combat mission being performed, they can be in different modifications: anti-ship, anti-submarine, for striking ground targets and strategic. Instead of "Calibers", the submarines are capable of carrying the more powerful P-800 "Oniks", specially designed for the destruction of large surface targets.

Thanks to the equipment with universal launchers, which make it possible to combine missile weapons, "Yasen" performs a function that was not previously characteristic of domestic multi-purpose nuclear submarines - full-fledged non-nuclear strategic deterrence, i.e. There was a transformation of such submarines from predominantly anti-submarine to attack.“The Yaseni are equipped with universal launchers that allow the use of cruise missiles for various purposes without any modifications or changes in the composition of electronic weapons.

The Yasen project boats are replacing the world-famous “animal” division of multi-purpose nuclear submarines. The division got its name thanks to the names of the boats: “Panther”, “Cheetah”, “Tiger”, “Wolf”, “Boar”, “Leopard”. All of them were built according to Project 971 and are one of the most “toothy” submarines of the Russian Navy. Their task is to protect our strategic missile submarines from foreign submarines and ships.

" Black hole "

“Black holes in the ocean” - this is how the new Russian ones were nicknamed in the West (according to NATO codification - Improved Kilo) for their unprecedented low noise. Even knowing that a multi-purpose submarine is prowling somewhere nearby, NATO destroyers are often unable to locate it with their ultra-sensitive sonars.

Submarines of the Varshavyanka project belong to the third generation, have a displacement of 3.95 thousand tons, a submerged speed of 20 knots, a diving depth of 300 meters, a crew of 52 people. Boats of the modified 636 project have higher combat effectiveness. Submarines of this project combine a combination of acoustic stealth characteristics and target detection range. They are equipped with the latest inertial navigation system, a modern automated information and control system, high-precision missile weapons, and powerful torpedo weapons.

The submarines are armed with 533 mm torpedoes (six devices), mines, and shock missile system"Caliber". They can detect a target at a distance three to four times greater than that at which the enemy can detect them. They are more compact, can operate in shallow water, approach close to the shore, release combat swimmers-saboteurs, lie on the ground, and secretly lay mines in narrow fairways. Modern systems Life support allows you to stay under water for up to five days, and the overall autonomy has increased to 45.

"Novorossiysk" is the first of six built boats of this project. Launched in June 2014, based in Novorossiysk. Following her, the Black Sea Fleet included the same type "Rostov-on-Don", "Stary Oskol", "Krasnodar", "Veliky Novgorod" and "Kolpino". "Rostov-on-Don" is the first submarine in the history of the Russian Navy to fire missiles at a real enemy. In December 2015, all Kalibr missiles released found their targets in Syria.

The boats turned out to be so successful that it was decided to build six more for the Pacific Fleet. On July 28, 2017, the first two submarines of this project were laid down - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Volkhov. The Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky submarine will be launched in 2019 and will be commissioned in the same year. The Volkhov will be launched in the spring of 2020 and delivered to the fleet by the end of the year. Third submarine called "Magadan", the fourth - "Ufa". They will be delivered simultaneously in 2021, with a small gap. They will be laid in 2019. Accordingly, one will be launched in 2020, the other in 2021. The fifth boat is called "Mozhaisk", the Navy has not yet given a name to the sixth boat. Both boats will be delivered in 2022. Accordingly, one will be launched in 2021, the other in 2022.

"Lada" - "Kalina"

Russian Project 677 Lada-type diesel-electric submarines belong to the fourth generation of non-nuclear submarines. The surface displacement is about 1.75 thousand tons (versus 2.3 thousand tons for Varshavyanki). The underwater speed reaches 21 knots. Immersion depth is up to 350 meters. The crew of the submarine is a little over 30 people.

Thanks to the use of new solutions in hull design, special coating and the latest radio electronics, they have unsurpassed stealth. Designed to combat submarines, surface ships, destroy coastal targets of a potential enemy, lay minefields, transport units and cargo special purpose.

Project 677 submarines are distinguished by a high degree of automation and low noise level. They can be armed with cruise missiles of the Kalibr-PL complex, torpedoes, missile-torpedoes, and Igla anti-aircraft missiles.

The lead submarine of the series, St. Petersburg, was laid down at the Admiralty Shipyards in 1997; After being transferred to the Russian Navy in 2010, she is in trial operation in the Northern Fleet. The second ship of Project 677 - "Kronstadt" - was laid down in 2005, the third - "Velikiye Luki" - in 2006. Then the construction of these submarines in St. Petersburg was frozen and resumed in 2013.

The Lada-class submarines are planned to be the first of the Russian non-nuclear submarines to be equipped with air-independent power plants (VNEU), the main advantage of which is to increase the stealth of the boat. The submarine will be able to stay under water for up to two weeks without surfacing to charge its batteries, while diesel-electric submarines of projects 636 and 877 of the Varshavyanka class are forced to surface every day.

VNEU Russian development is fundamentally different from foreign ones: the installation itself provides for the production of hydrogen in the volume of consumption by reforming diesel fuel. Foreign submarines load on board transportable hydrogen supplies.

In Russia, the development of an anaerobic installation and a lithium-ion battery, which significantly increases the duration of underwater navigation of non-nuclear submarines without surfacing, is most productively carried out by the Central Design Bureau of Marine Equipment "Rubin", where they are creating a modernized version of the Lada-class submarine - the Kalina project.

These fifth-generation non-nuclear submarines will be the first to be built for the Northern and Baltic fleets. In "Kalina" will be implemented best qualities projects 636.3 "Varshavyanka" and 677 "Lada", which are currently being built for the fleet. The submarine will receive a VNEU, the main advantage of which is increased stealth. The boat will be able to remain underwater without surfacing to charge the batteries for more than long term- up to three weeks.

"Husky"

The latest technological solutions should be embodied in the Husky project, a fifth-generation nuclear submarine. So far the project exists only in the form of preliminary calculations. Shaping the appearance of the boat and research work to create a preliminary design are planned to be completed this year. The development of a multi-purpose boat is being carried out at the Malachite design bureau in St. Petersburg.

When creating a fifth-generation submarine, it is planned to widely use composite materials that are characterized by low specific gravity, high strength and resistance to the conditions of an aggressive marine environment. Thanks to the advanced electronic components, as well as the automation of many ship and weapon control algorithms, the Husky will be quite compact and will be able to simultaneously accompany large number goals. According to the head of the Malachite robotics sector, Oleg Vlasov, the submarine is planned to be filled with robotic systems for military, special and civilian purposes that will be able to work both in water and in the air. It is known that the submarine will be equipped with Zircon hypersonic cruise missiles, which will soon begin to be supplied to the troops.

"Top secret"

Information on special-purpose submarines is practically closed. These ships are being created in the interests of the Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

In 2016, the Navy received the special-purpose nuclear submarine BS-64 "Podmoskovye" after completion of repairs and modernization under Project 09787. The submarine was converted from the K-64 missile carrier of Project 667BDRM "Dolphin" into a carrier of underwater vehicles.

The fleet includes another similar nuclear-powered vessel - the BS-136 Orenburg, which in the early 2000s was also converted from the Project 667BDR missile carrier Kalmar. The world learned about this unique submarine only at the end of 2012, when a research expedition called “Arctic 2012” took place, as a result of which an application was submitted to the UN Commission on the Law of the Sea to expand the Arctic zone controlled by Russia. Two icebreakers took part in this expedition: “Dixon” and “Captain Dranitsyn”, as well as the unique nuclear deep-sea station AS-12 of project 10831 “Kalitka”. This deep-sea station collected rock and soil samples at a depth of 2.5-3 km for about 20 days.

The Navy plans to receive another special purpose boat - the K-139 "Belgorod" of Project 949A. Its completion was announced at the beginning of 2012. It is being created as a carrier for uninhabited and manned deep-sea vehicles. In 2014, the special-purpose nuclear submarine Project 09851 Khabarovsk was laid down at Sevmash.

March 1, 2018, during speeches Before the Federal Assembly, Vladimir Putin showed a video about an ocean-going multi-purpose system with unmanned underwater vehicles equipped with a nuclear power plant, the carriers of which could possibly be Belgorod and Khabarovsk.

The President specified that nuclear installation has small dimensions and at the same time an ultra-high power supply, with a volume 100 times less than that of modern nuclear submarines, has greater power and two hundred times less time to enter combat mode.

"The results of the tests gave us the opportunity to begin creating a fundamentally new type of strategic weapon, equipped nuclear weapons high power", the president concluded.

"I can say that unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed in Russia underwater vehicles, capable of moving at great depths, at very great depths and at intercontinental ranges at speeds many times greater than the speed of submarines, torpedoes and all types of even the fastest surface ships- it's just fantastic. There are simply no means in the world today that can resist them.", said the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces.

In the coming years, the Navy will include the latest non-nuclear submarines with fantastic characteristics

Recently, a representative of the Ministry of Defense told reporters: in the coming years, the Russian Navy will include several types of the latest non-nuclear submarines with fantastic characteristics. They have already been included in the state arms program for 2018-2025, which is about to be approved by President Putin. On the one hand, these miracle boats will be capable, like nuclear-powered ships, of carrying strategic weapons - for example, long-range cruise missiles of the Caliber family, equipped with a nuclear “head”, and on the other hand, they will have an ultra-low displacement and practically zero acoustic field.

What kind of miracle is this - ultra-small non-nuclear submarines of the new generation? Let's try to lift the veil of secrecy that surrounds them...

All of them are the heirs of the legendary “Piranha” - the submarine of the 865th project. By 1990, two such little ones were built in the USSR. There were supposed to be more, but the collapse of the Soviet Union interrupted the construction program. And after that they served for only eight years, until 1999.

"Piranhas" had a displacement of only 220 tons. At the same time, they could dive to a depth of up to 200 m, carried a crew of three people, and were capable of taking on board a reconnaissance and sabotage group of six combat swimmers. The autonomy was 10 days, and the armament was two containers with 400 mm torpedo tubes, which were located in the outboard space of the submarine to the right and left of the wheelhouse fence, between the durable and light hulls.

Thus, the combat capabilities of these submarines were quite broad; they could still serve and serve, but they could not survive the “wild 90s”. However, there is a silver lining: since they were preparing to be withdrawn from the fleet, in the second half of the 90s they were allowed to be filmed, and the general public became acquainted with the once top-secret “Piranha” in the frames of the famous comedy “Peculiarities of National Fishing.” The new submarines that are preparing to enter service with our fleet are the “granddaughters” of those “Piranhas”.

This is, first of all, a submarine of the P-650 “Super Piranha” project. Meet: 720 tons of displacement, crew - nine people and six combat swimmers, weapons - four torpedoes. The maximum diving depth is 300 m. All its characteristics are much more serious than those of its predecessor. In particular, the range is 2000 miles, and of these two thousand most of– 1200 miles – she can go underwater without surfacing. It is driven either by two diesel generators, which generate electricity for an ultra-quiet propulsion motor, or by the so-called. anaerobic, i.e. air-independent power plant.

Very small and very dangerous

In addition to the P-650, we have another project for an ultra-small non-nuclear boat - the P-750 “Super-Piranha 2”. Its displacement is slightly larger, 950 tons. The cruising range is more than 3,700 km, and, like the P-650, it can travel most of this distance underwater. This submarine is more than seriously armed: four missiles in universal vertical launchers, four 533 mm torpedoes or eight 400 mm torpedoes. Torpedo tubes, as well as vertical launchers, can accommodate cruise missiles of the “Caliber” or “Onyx” family of the “submarine-to-ship” and “submarine-to-land” classes. Well, besides everything else, in special containers located between the durable and light hulls of the boat, you can also store 12 minutes.

The noise level of this ultra-small submarine does not exceed the background values ​​of the biological noise of the ocean, that is, it is almost impossible to detect it. This means that in the Arctic and on Far East such submarines will be able to ideally protect the deployment routes of our nuclear missile submarines from American attack submarines or enemy shipborne search and strike anti-submarine groups.

As a result, a team of, for example, six of these kids will be able to bring a huge area of ​​water under control. Well, let's say, the entire water area of ​​the Black, or Baltic, or Caspian Sea. And their maneuverability is such that they can literally spin on the spot: rotary propellers and outboard steering columns provide them with this opportunity.

In addition, the possibility of placing cruise “Calibers” on such small submarines, which are capable of delivering nuclear strikes against targets located deep in enemy territory, at a distance of more than 2,500 kilometers, makes the “Super-Piranhas” capable of solving even strategic objectives. Previously, say, 20 years ago, it was impossible to even dream about such opportunities...

Let's summarize. “Super Piranhas” are ready to solve an incredibly wide range of combat missions. They can land combat swimmers, that is, carry out secret special operations. They can engage in anti-submarine defense. They can counteract carrier strike groups, because four anti-ship "Caliber", even in non-nuclear, conventional equipment, are capable of inflicting severe damage on any aircraft carrier or are guaranteed to send any destroyer from the carrier strike group to the bottom.

Which of these two submarines - either the P-650 or the P-750 - is already included in state program weapons for 2018–2025, unknown. But in any case, both of these submarines are no longer just “wants” of the admirals, not just the development of some advanced models for an exhibition, but quite real samples ready for mass production.

Mistresses of the coastal seas

It is especially worth noting that all Russian non-nuclear submarines of the new generation will be equipped with anaerobic ones, i.e. air-independent chemical generators, which will significantly increase their underwater range.

This is worth saying in more detail. It was for “Piranhas” that back in the late 80s of the last century, the St. Petersburg special design bureau created the first domestic air-independent power plant “Crystal-20” with a capacity of 130 kilowatts. (By the way, the efficiency of such an electrochemical generator reaches 75%.) In 1991, after passing comprehensive tests, the Kristall-20 installation was already adopted by the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union. But the collapse of the USSR soon followed and the democrats who came to power, of course, buried all this.

But today such technologies have been restored to a new level. In order to evaluate their significance, it is important to understand: if a non-nuclear submarine gains the ability to stay under water not for 3-4 days, as now, but, say, for three weeks, then in closed waters, in coastal seas, such submarines will become an order of magnitude more efficient than huge and expensive nuclear-powered ships, because they make virtually no noise. A nuclear submarine makes much louder noise: the mechanisms that convert the energy of a nuclear reactor into motion energy are associated with vibrations, rotations and various kinds of mechanical interactions of different parts, which inevitably create a powerful acoustic field, and no matter how you try to reduce it, it still remains very essential. And the new small boats turn out to be practically silent in comparison with nuclear-powered ships. When they swim underwater, they hardly stand out against the background of the natural biological noise of the ocean depths. These are literally “black holes” in the ocean.

Low noise is the key here. Any other submarines will be heard by our little ones much earlier than they will be able to understand that the Russian “Super Piranha” is located next to them. This means that the P-650 and P-750 will be able to approach, for example, American nuclear-powered ships at a distance allowing them to use even small-sized anti-submarine torpedoes against them! This creates a completely new situation in all the coastal seas of Russia: in the Arctic, in the Far East, in the Black Sea, in the Caspian Sea, and in the Baltic - in short, everywhere.

Thus, the advent of air-independent power plants on these small, silent submarines will create the most important prerequisite for a real revolution in tactics and strategy submarine warfare! The second prerequisite for such a revolution will be the appearance on ultra-small submarines of long-range missiles of the "Caliber" family. Being placed on silent, undetectable submarines, they can become terrible weapon both against enemy surface ships and against strategic targets deep in enemy territory.

Cheap and cheerful

Another pleasant plus of ultra-small submarines is cost. Non-nuclear mini-boats will cost our treasury tens of times less than nuclear-powered ships.

By the way, the Americans will not be able to catch up with us in this area of ​​armaments in either 10 or 20 years. The fact is that after World War II they abandoned construction altogether. diesel boats and only nuclear ones were built. And this is understandable: American submarines must cross oceans to get to their combat patrol areas. They are not protecting their shores, they are solving offensive, aggressive problems. It is we who defend ourselves in our coastal seas, and the Americans must build submarines that are capable of solving combat missions thousands and thousands of miles from their bases, from their native coast. Therefore, Washington is simply doomed to rely exclusively on nuclear submarines. But when these expensive giants cross the oceans and come to us, our coastal waters will be protected by ultra-small non-nuclear submarines, whose combat effectiveness will be significantly higher than that of nuclear-powered ships, and the cost will be an order of magnitude lower.

This combination of cost and efficiency will allow the Super Piranhas to radically change not only the rules of naval warfare, but also have a serious impact on the strategic balance of forces in the land theaters of Europe and the Far East.

Konstantin Dushenov

On July 28, the Ulyanovsk multi-purpose nuclear submarine cruiser was laid down at the Sevmash shipbuilding complex in Severodvinsk. It will become the sixth in the line of the Yasen-M project. About what ships make up submarine fleet Russian armed forces, - in the RBC photo gallery

Strategic missile submarines

Submarine "Podmoskovye" of project 667BDRM "Dolphin"

Ships of this type are designed to launch ballistic missile attacks on strategically important enemy military-industrial facilities.

The Russian Navy has 13 strategic missile submarines in service, including eight in service with the Northern Fleet and five with the Pacific Fleet.

These are six Project 667BDRM Dolphin missile cruisers, three missile cruisers Project 667BDR "Kalmar", three nuclear-powered missile submarines of Project 955 "Borey", as well as one heavy nuclear-powered missile submarine of Project 941UM "Dmitry Donskoy".

Arctic expedition

The special purpose submarine BS-136 Orenburg of Project 09786, assigned to the Northern Fleet, is a modernized submarine of Project 667BDR Kalmar. During an expedition to collect information in the Arctic zone in 2012, the Orenburg was the carrier of a unique nuclear deep-sea station that collected soil samples to clarify the high-latitude boundary of the continental shelf in the Arctic.

The submarine Podmoskovye of Project 667BDRM Dolphin was also modernized according to Project 09787, equipped with a special-purpose deep-sea vehicle and transferred to the Navy in December 2016. It will replace the BS-136 Orenburg in the fleet.

Borey project submarine "Yuri Dolgoruky"

"Borey"

In the future, the ships of the Borei project should replace the submarines of the Kalmar and Dolphin projects. There are currently three Borey-class submarines in service: Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and Vladimir Monomakh. In total, eight Boreys are planned to be built by 2021. The basis of their combat power is the Bulava intercontinental ballistic missiles. There are 16 missiles on board the ship that can throw 96 nuclear warheads over a distance of over 9 thousand km.

Submarine "Dmitry Donskoy"

(Photo: Scanpix Denmark / Sarah Christine Noergaard / Reuters)

"Dmitry Donskoy"

The Dmitry Donskoy submarine is the last of the Project 941 Akula submarines, which are considered the largest and heaviest in the world. The ship underwent modernization and was converted to carry Bulava missiles, in which it took part in testing. A total of 14 launches were carried out, half of which were successful. It was reported that until the end of 2019 the issue of dismantling the Dmitry Donskoy would not be raised and the submarine would take part in testing the modernized Bulava-M intercontinental ballistic missile.

Attack submarines

Project 971 ship "Pike-B"

Multi-purpose submarines are designed to destroy enemy surface ships, submarines, provide amphibious landings, fire support for troops, guard cargo ships and landing troops. The Russian Navy has 52 such submarines in service, including 24 in the Northern Fleet, 18 in the Pacific Fleet, eight in the Baltic Fleet and two in the Black Sea Fleet.

The main type of multi-purpose nuclear submarines

The main type of multipurpose nuclear submarines Russian fleet are the Project 971 Shchuka-B ships (pictured), which were developed on the basis of the Project 945 Barracuda submarines. The Russian Navy has 11 Shchuka-B submarines and two Project 945 Barracuda submarines. In addition, the Pacific Fleet has two Project 945A submarines, which were also developed on the basis of Project 945 Barracuda.

Submarine "Severodvinsk"

New main type

Project 971 Shchuka-B should be replaced by Project 885 Yasen ships. Today there is only one such submarine in the fleet - Severodvinsk. In March 2017, the second submarine of this project was launched, the delivery of which to the Navy is scheduled for 2018. The project is considered one of the most extraordinary for the Russian submarine fleet. According to Navy Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Korolev, the ships of the Yasen project have an integrated combat system, reduced noise and are the most modern in their class. Experts note that “Ash trees” are very difficult to detect in the world’s oceans.

Project 949A missile submarine "Antey"

"Antey"

​ The Pacific and Northern fleets are armed with eight Project 949A Antey submarines, which are armed with Granit cruise missiles. Ships of this class are leaders in the number of launchers on one carrier. By 2025, it is planned to arm four Anteys with Caliber cruise missiles. Project 949A submarines, together with Tu-22M3 bombers of the Russian Navy, are the main means of countering carrier strike groups of the US Navy.

It is expected that in 2018, the Belgorod scientific submarine of Project 09852, which is a rebuilt Project 949A missile submarine Antey, will join the Navy. With a length of 184 m, it should be the largest in the world.

Project 636 submarine "Varshavyanka"

"Halibut" and "Varshavyanka"

The Russian fleet includes 16 Project 877 Halibut submarines in various modifications, as well as six Project 636 Varshavyanka submarines developed on their basis. These submarines are considered one of the quietest in their class, for which the NATO military unofficially nicknamed them “black holes” in the ocean.

The main weapon of the Varshavyanka is Caliber cruise missiles. It was from the “Varshavyanka” that in 2015 the “Caliber” missiles were launched at terrorist command posts in Syria. In 2009-2017, Russia delivered six submarines of the Varshavyanka project to Vietnam under a contract, the amount of which is estimated at $2 billion. The operator of two Project 636 submarines is Algeria, and ten more are operated by China.

Assistant to the Russian President for Military-Technical Cooperation Vladimir Kozhin noted that Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand want to purchase Project 636 submarines, since today they are the most popular submarine.

Lead ship "St. Petersburg"

"Lada"

Another development of the Halibut project was the 677 Lada project, the lead ship of which, St. Petersburg, has been undergoing trial operation in the Northern Fleet since 2010. This submarine also has a reduced noise level and is armed with Caliber missiles. It is diesel-electric submarines of the Lada type that will become the main project for the Russian non-nuclear submarine forces.

Submarine of project 671RTMK "Pike"

Three Project 671RTMK Shchuka submarines remain in the Northern Fleet, which, according to media reports, are soon planned to be decommissioned

The design of the newest Russian nuclear submarines uses technological elements of Western submarines, increasing both the efficiency of the submarines and their ability to remain undetected. As a result, in wartime the submarine can more reliably protect its deadly cargo of 16 nuclear missiles from American and NATO Russian submarine hunters.

Borei class submarines are simply huge. Each is 160 meters long and 14 meters wide, their displacement is 21 thousand tons. The OK-650B nuclear power plant with a power of 190 megawatts allows the ship to move at a speed of 15 knots on the surface and 29 knots when submerged. The boat has an unlimited range. Restrictions are related only to food supplies.

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"Prince Vladimir": the deadliest nuclear submarine in the world

Daily Mail 11/28/2017 Boreis are one of the deadliest nuclear submarines ever built. Each of them carries sixteen RSM-56 Bulava ballistic missiles on board, which allows it to launch nuclear strikes anywhere on the globe. This makes submarines an indispensable part of the Russian nuclear triad and provides a powerful retaliatory strike capability against any country that is the first to use nuclear weapons against Moscow.

The first Russian submarine of this class, Yuri Dolgoruky, was laid down in 1996. Due to problems with financing, it was put into operation only in 2014. According to H.I. Sutton, author of Submarines of the World: Secret Shores. World Submarines: Covert Shores Recognition Guide, the recently launched fourth Borey class boat, Prince Vladimir, borrows some design features submarines made in the USA and other NATO countries.

According to Sutton, "the tail section with rotating rudders and end plates on the horizontal stabilizers are the same as on the US Navy's Ohio-class submarines." The submarines are also equipped with water-jet propulsion instead of the typical propeller. Water-jet pump propulsion was first used by the Royal Navy. navy UK, but such a system has also been installed on US Navy submarines since the Seawolf class in the 1990s. Borei are the first Russian nuclear submarines equipped with such engines.

The sleek, streamlined shape of the deckhouse is another Western influence. This makes the boat similar to American submarines, although it is much longer. The basic Borey model has an unusual inclined deckhouse shape.

All of the above does not mean that the new version of the Borey is a copy of Western nuclear submarines. Sutton notes that the Prince Vladimir has a “traditional double-hull design for Russian nuclear submarines. Western boats are single-hulled, which means there is only one layer of steel separating the crew from the ocean.”

Another unusual aspect of the Boreys: a large number of torpedoes and torpedo compartments. Nuclear submarines operate defensively, constantly hiding in the depths of the sea. They usually have only four torpedo compartments. But according to Sutton, the Borei have eight, as do the unfinished Akula-class attack submarines. This number of torpedoes is an unusual boost for a ballistic missile submarine.

InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively from foreign media and do not reflect the position of the InoSMI editorial staff.

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