MOSCOW, December 18 - RIA Novosti, Andrey Kots. A trio of Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft, under the roar of turboprop engines, takes off from the runway of the Nikolaevka airfield and leaves towards the sea. The goal is to track down and destroy the submarine of the mock enemy, according to the legend of the exercises, hiding not far from the coastline. "Ilyushins" fan out over the water surface and scatter sonar buoys. Not even half an hour passes, as one of them "hears" the noise of the propellers. Aircraft turn around, go on a combat course and prepare more serious "arguments" - bombs and homing torpedoes. Anti-submarine aviation exercises were held in Primorye over the weekend. The crews of the Il-38 successfully located and destroyed the simulated underwater target. At the same time, Tu-142 aircraft, MiG-31 fighter-interceptors and Ka-27 carrier-based helicopters were involved in the maneuvers. About how to track down a submarine from the air - in the material of RIA Novosti.
Sea frontier
It is practically impossible to accidentally detect a submarine moving at low speed at great depths. It's easier to stumble upon a needle in a haystack or a cat in a dark room. The main weapon of submarines is stealth. Therefore, an impressive and diverse force is attracted to their tracking, which painstakingly, mile after mile, comb the search area. Anti-submarine aviation is just one of the "cells" of a dense "network" that sailors place on submarine cruisers of a potential enemy.
For the Pacific Fleet, which defends the long coastline of the Russian Far East, such "fishing" is a common thing. Somewhere in here, 10 of the 18 Ohio-class strategic nuclear-powered ships of the US Navy plow the depths, carrying about a third of the entire US nuclear arsenal in their missile silos. Control over their movements is one of the most important tasks of the Pacific Fleet (as well as other fleets). In addition, anti-submarine forces "drive away" enemy submarines from their "strategists".
"The main striking force of the Pacific Fleet is strategic submarine missile carriers, which are an important part of our nuclear triad," a military expert told RIA Novosti. Chief Editor magazine "Arsenal of the Fatherland" Viktor Murakhovsky. - The fleet has three Project 667BDR Kalmars and two new Project 955 Boreas. They are part of the 25th submarine division. The main task of the Pacific Fleet is to give submarine cruisers the opportunity to enter combat deployment areas if necessary. And for this it is necessary to unconditionally dominate in the area of the Sea of Okhotsk."
General Labor
To date, all Russian fleets have 46 Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft and eight improved Il-38N. Until 2020, 28 base machines should undergo modernization. These aircraft are designed to independently or jointly with anti-submarine ships search for and destroy enemy submarines, for maritime reconnaissance, search and rescue operations, and laying minefields. In addition, in the North and Pacific Fleets there is a squadron of long-range "anti-submarine" Tu-142 - naval version strategic bombers Tu-95. Each "sub hunter" carries a whole arsenal on board, allowing you to track down and destroy the target.
“All these aircraft are very mobile, they can reach high speed and cover long distances in a short time,” Admiral Vladimir Komoedov, the former commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, told RIA Novosti. , special buoys for various purposes are used - infrared, hydroacoustic, passive, active, autonomous, for working at different depths, etc. That is, the aircraft crew is prepared to meet with any purpose."
According to Vladimir Komoyedov, anti-submarine aviation does not work "on call". There are no situations when random fishermen call the fleet headquarters and say: "Just saw the periscope. Send someone to check." All work on anti-submarine defense is planned and carried out regularly. Sea planes are given squares, which they “seed” with buoys at certain intervals.
“Imagine that you are sitting at a table. The table is a patrol area. And anti-submarine aircraft methodically scatter buoys on it,” explains Komoyedov. “There may or may not be enemy boats in this area. But it is necessary to check. patrols are attracted not only by aircraft, but also by the surface forces of the ship's search and strike group, helicopters with sonar and even satellites.We have vehicles capable of viewing the water column at a certain depth from orbit.Thus, the underwater threat is opposed by heterogeneous forces, but under a single command. The group commander has his own headquarters, which "conducts" searches on the map. He has communication with ships and aircraft. Patrols take place regularly. We call this work maintaining a favorable operational regime in the fleet's areas of responsibility."
"Eyes" of the fleet
The algorithm of actions of anti-submarine aircraft is quite simple. Having dropped the buoys in its area, the board begins to walk in circles, taking readings from the equipment. As soon as the "beacon" works, indicating the presence of an unidentified submarine, the crew transmits data about its location to the anti-submarine ship or its own submarine. In parallel, he continues to monitor other buoys in order to calculate the approximate course of the submarine as they work. This process is reminiscent of the game "Battleship": if you managed to "wound" the enemy, then it is already approximately clear where to "shoot" in order to "finish" him.
In addition, an anti-submarine aircraft can itself attack an underwater target. Il-38 and Tu-142 carry a wide range of weapons on board: AT-1 and AT-2 anti-submarine torpedoes, APR-1, APR-2 and APR-3 missiles, anti-submarine bombs, sea mines and much more. The upgraded Il-38N is equipped with a new sighting and navigation system, which significantly improves the accuracy of weapons. The first anti-submarine aircraft dropped bombs literally by eye.
"Still the main task anti-submarine aviation is to detect a target and let others know about it, explains Vladimir Komoyedov. No one can handle a submarine better than another submarine. This is also understood in the US. They have a stationary sonar submarine detection system SOSUS deployed in the North Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. The Americans can "hear" our submarine without leaving the office. However, this method is not the most reliable. Therefore, they continue to walk close to our shores in the old fashioned way. And while they are doing this, our anti-submarine aviation will not be left without work."
who were armed with special anti-submarine bombs small caliber. There are also cases in history when detected enemy submarines attacked aircraft of other branches of the Navy Air Force - fighters and bombers. However, all this was rather random in nature, not being a systematic fight against submarines. There were no means of search on the planes, and the means of destruction remained far from perfect.
In the 1940-1960s. the construction of submarines experienced rapid growth. This was due, first of all, to their serious military successes during the Second World War. In addition, submarines were much cheaper than surface ships. The armament of submarines was also constantly improved, and with the advent of cruise and ballistic missiles on board, it became possible to covertly strike from under water many tens and hundreds of kilometers from targets.
In Western countries, measures to create anti-submarine aviation were taken as early as the early 1940s. At first, conventional coastal command aircraft armed with anti-submarine bombs were used for this. They attacked with bombs and machine guns visually detected submarines on the surface and, sometimes, under the periscope. Later, these aircraft began to be equipped with special radar and hydroacoustic systems for searching for submarines in the surface and underwater position. By the end of World War II, all the main countries of the anti-Hitler coalition had full-fledged patrol and anti-submarine aviation units equipped with the most modern aircraft at that time, search and destruction equipment.
In the Soviet Union, the understanding of the need to create a new kind of force came to the leadership of the Navy only in the mid-1950s. But even here they took the path of least resistance - at first, naval reconnaissance regiments armed with Catalina and Be-6 flying boats were reorganized into anti-submarine units.
Creation of the first helicopters designed by Mil and Kamov in the mid-1950s. highlighted new area their use - as an anti-submarine means of the coastal and ship-based fleet. But many more years passed until anti-submarine aviation declared itself in full voice as the most important component of the Navy Aviation.
Naval anti-submarine aviation of the Baltic Fleet
Anti-submarine aviation in the Baltic appeared at the end of the Great Patriotic War when in the summer of 1944 the 29th separate PLO aviation squadron was formed. It was armed with Be-4 and PBN-1 Nomad flying boats. This unit, although listed as part of the 15th ORAP, was, in fact, completely independent. It was entrusted with a fairly wide range of tasks: aerial reconnaissance, search for enemy submarines, anti-submarine defense of our ships and vessels, rescue of crews of aircraft shot down over the sea. But, despite its "anti-submarine" name, it was no different from its colleagues from the reconnaissance units.
In April 1945, the 29th UAE PLO was disbanded, and three new squadrons were formed on its basis: the 15th, 16th, 17th OSAE PLO. But already in May 1946, the first two of them were turned to the formation of the 69th OMRAP, and the 17th OSAE was renamed the 17th OMDRAE. From that time on, for the next 10 years, the BF anti-submarine aviation ceased to exist.
In the middle of 1955, the first helicopter units (507th and 509th OAEV) were formed in the Baltic. They are armed with Mi-4 helicopters. In September 1957, the 225th UAE Ka-15 shipborne helicopters were added to them. These squadrons began to solve PLO tasks in the interests of the Baltic Fleet in the near zone.
In September 1958, two helicopter regiments were formed on the basis of these squadrons: the 413th I437-YOAPV. They existed until the end of 1961, when they were reorganized into one 745th separate short-range anti-submarine helicopter regiment based on the air. Don. Since 1965, the regiment was armed with Mi-4 and Ka-25 helicopters, in 1970 they were added transport helicopters Mi-6 and Mi-8, and in 1975 - Mi-14.
Somewhat earlier - in August 1960, the 17th OMDRAE was reorganized into the 17th separate long-range anti-submarine aviation squadron, which was armed with Be-6 aircraft. In 1970, the squadron was re-equipped with Be-12 anti-submarine amphibians. In 1971, the 17th OPLAE, together with the 759th OMTAP, was reorganized into the 49th OPLAE DD based on the air. Spit.
This state of affairs continued until 1972, when on the basis of the 846th Guards. OMTAP Aviation BF was formed
846th Guards. OPLA, one of the squadrons of which began re-equipment with new long-range anti-submarine aircraft Il-38. Since October 1975, this regiment was disbanded, and on its basis a new anti-submarine aviation unit was created - the 145th OPLAE DD, based on the air. Skulte. Since that time, the Baltic anti-submarine aviation has entered the "ocean expanse". In addition to the Baltic Sea, its aircraft flew to military service to the North, Mediterranean, Red Seas and Indian Ocean. Ship-based helicopters mastered, in addition to the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
For almost the next 20 years, the composition of the BF anti-submarine aviation forces did not change: the 745th OPLVP, the 49th OPLAE and the 145th OPLAE. By this time, only the helicopter regiment had been re-equipped with modern Ka-27 and Ka-29tb helicopters.
After 1992, the 145th OPLAE was disbanded, and its Il-38 aircraft were transferred to the 77th OPLA, the 317th OSAP of the Pacific Fleet Air Force and the 240th Guards. OSAP of the Air Force of the Navy.
Since September 1996, the 49th OPLAE and the 397th OTAE of the BF Air Force formed the new 316th OSAP, based on the air. Khrab-rovo (Kaliningrad). But two years later, the anti-submarine squadron was disbanded (the last surviving Be-12 aircraft could still be seen in a semi-disassembled state at the Khrabrovo airfield in May 2011).
In 1994, the 745th OKPLVP was folded into the 396th OPLVE and existed in this form until December 2009. As part of the transition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to a "promising look", the 396th OKPLVE to the air. Don and 125th OVE on air. Chkalovsk, together with support units, were reorganized into 7054th Guards Novgorod-Klaipeda Red Banner Aviation Base. I.I. Borzova, having received honorary titles and awards from almost all the aviation units of the Air Force and Air Defense of the Baltic Fleet that are being disbanded. In fact, from the "old" anti-submarine units in the Baltic since 2010, only the helicopter squadron on the Ka-27pl and Ka-27ps has remained, which solves the tasks of anti-submarine defense, transportation and search and rescue operations.
Anti-submarine aviation of the Black Sea Fleet
Even at the stage of the birth of Naval Aviation, the command of the Black Sea Fleet correctly assessed its prospects in the fight against submarines. So, at the beginning of 1914, realizing the inevitability of the impending war, Admiral A.A. Ebergard, among the tasks assigned to the Fleet Aviation, also called the following: “the discovery of enemy submarines, indicating their place to our fleet and attacking them by throwing bombs.”
Already at the height of the First World War, in July 1916, near Sevastopol, successful tests of an anti-submarine bomb designed by a naval pilot st. Lieutenant L.I. Boshnyak. Thus, the Black Sea can, to a certain extent, be considered the cradle of anti-submarine aviation.
But, as in the Baltic, for more than 40 subsequent years, the search for and destruction of enemy submarines was mainly carried out by units and subunits of reconnaissance aviation. In fact, from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the MBR-2, GST and MTB-1 aircraft of the 119th MRAP, 60th, 80th, 82nd and 83rd OMRAE, to which the 18th OMRAE, relocated from the Baltic, began to search for Romanian, Turkish, German and Italian submarines, which seemed to the Black Sea Fleet command off the Soviet coast.
In March 1952, the 220th detachment of Ka-10 helicopters was formed in Sevastopol. Few could have guessed at the time that such aircrafts will soon become a thunderstorm for submarines. Two years later, on the basis of the detachment, the 1222nd separate aviation squadron of base helicopters was formed, re-equipped in 1955 with the Ka-15. At the beginning of 1958, it was supplemented by the 307th separate aviation squadron of shipborne helicopters, and already in April of the same year, the 872nd separate aviation regiment of helicopters was formed on the basis of these aviation units. Donuzlav.
By the mid 1950s. Be-6 aircraft of the 977th OMDRAP (former 18th OMDRAE), as well as Mi-4m and Ka-15 helicopters of the 872nd OAPV, were involved in the search and destruction of submarines.
But the anti-submarine aviation units really appeared only at the end of 1960 - the beginning of 1961. So, the 270th OMDRAE of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force, formed in Donuzlav on the basis of the 2nd AE of the 977th OMDRAP and armed with Be-10 jet boats, was in November 1960 it was reorganized into the 270th ODPLAE. At the same time, the 853rd OVP was reorganized into the 303rd OVE PLO.
In September 1961, the 872nd OAPV will be renamed the 872nd OPLVP DB, with relocation to the air. Kacha, and the 303rd OVE PLO is applying for its staffing. At the same time, the 270th OPLAE AD was reorganized into the 318th separate long-range anti-submarine aviation regiment.
In 1965, anti-submarine aviation units received new Be-12 amphibious aircraft and Ka-25 helicopters, which significantly expanded their search and strike capabilities.
In September 1969, on the basis of the 872nd OKPLVP, another helicopter regiment was formed in the Black Sea Fleet Aviation - the 78th OKPLVP. This was due to the expansion of the range of tasks of the USSR Navy in terms of presence in the ocean zone and the commissioning of new anti-submarine cruisers Moskva and Leningrad, on which entire helicopter units could be based.
Almost to the point of collapse Soviet Union in December 1991, the composition of the forces of anti-submarine aviation of the Black Sea Fleet did not change (318th OPLA, 78th OKPLVP and 872nd OKPLVP). Since 1973, the Ka-27pl and Ka-27ps helicopters, whose search and strike capabilities surpassed the aging Ka-25, entered service with it. In 1978, coastal-based helicopters Mi-14pl, Mi-14ps and Mi-14bt were added to them.
Given the size of the Black Sea theater of operations, the command of the Navy Air Force did not arm the Black Sea Fleet Aviation with Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft, not to mention the Tu-142. Therefore, the composition of its fleet until the early 2000s. almost did not change: Be-12, Ka-27, Ka-25 and Mi-14.
In June 1991, the Black Sea Fleet Air Force was replenished with another anti-submarine unit, and in a very unusual way. Then the 841st Guards Naval Aviation Regiment of fighter-bombers, on the MiG-23m, based on the air. Meria in Georgia, was reorganized into the 841st Guards. OPLVP on Mi-14pl, Mi-14ps helicopters.
The confrontation between Ukraine and Russia in the division of property of the former Black Sea Fleet of the USSR could not but affect the composition and condition of the Black Sea Aviation, in general, and its anti-submarine units, in particular. According to an agreement between the governments of the two countries dated 05/27/1998, the Ukrainian side, among many other property of the USSR Black Sea Fleet, received the following anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters: 10 Be-12pl, 18 Ka-25pl and 20 Mi-14pl.
As a result of this transfer of aircraft, since mid-1995, anti-submarine aviation has undergone significant changes: the 78th OKPLVP in Donuzlav was disbanded, the 841st Guards. OPLVP - reorganized into the 863rd OPLVE, which was relocated from Meria to Anapa, and instead of the 318th OPLAP on Kacha, the 327th OPLAE was formed. In September 1996, the 327th OPLAE and the 917th OTAP of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force are reorganized into a new mixed aviation regiment, which receives the number and awards of the previously disbanded 318th OPLAP (Konstanzsky, Red Banner). The new regiment, in which one squadron was armed with Be-12 aircraft, and the second with An-26 transport aircraft, was based at the airfield. Kacha and performed various tasks of anti-submarine support for the forces of the fleet, as well as the transportation of personnel and cargo.
In September 1997, the 872nd OKPLVP in Kacha was reorganized into the 61st OKPLVE, but already in May 1998, this squadron, together with the 863rd OKPLVE, was turned to the formation of the new 25th OKPLVP. His squadrons were based at the airfields of Kacha and Anapa.
For the next 10 years, there was a lull in the organizational structure of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force and its anti-submarine forces. This is explained by the rigid framework of the Russian-Ukrainian agreement on the status of the Russian Black Sea Fleet (the Russian side cannot unilaterally change the composition and location of its units).
In the middle of 2009, during the unfolding company for the transition of the RF Armed Forces to a new "promising look", the 318th OSAP and the 25th OKPLVP were turned to the formation of the 7059th Konstanz Red Banner Aviation Base of the MACHF. But in the near future, Be-12 aircraft will be forced to go on a “deserved rest” (in other fleets they have long been decommissioned and disposed of), and only Ka-27 helicopters will solve the tasks of searching for and destroying submarines.
Anti-submarine aviation of the Northern Fleet
North naval aviation from the first days of the Great Patriotic War, it was necessary to solve the problems of searching for and destroying enemy submarines. Since there were no specialized anti-submarine units in its composition, the MBR-2, GTS and 118th MRAP and 49th OMRAE aircraft were widely involved for this. Unlike the Baltic and the Black Sea, in the North, the underwater threat to Soviet shipping was more than real. According to the estimates of the command of the Northern Fleet, there were six submarines (1) in the German Navy in the Northern theater of operations. As of July 1, 1942, their number was estimated at 14-16 units (17). Enemy submarines operated in the Barents, White and Kara Seas. Their victims were transport vessels and ships, as well as coastal facilities on the coast. This situation forced the command of the Northern Fleet Air Force to take measures to build up the grouping of anti-submarine aviation forces. So, in the fall of 1942, the 22nd MCI was transferred from the Caspian to the White Sea, on MBR-2 aircraft, and in the spring of 1944, on its basis, as well as a number of other aviation units of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet and the BelVF, the 44th, 53 th and 54th mixed aviation regiments. They included one squadron of MBR-2 flying boats, and from the summer of 1944, American PBN-1 Nomad aircraft began to arrive in addition to them. These units bore the brunt of the anti-submarine warfare.
By the end of 1944, the front rolled back far to the West, and the underwater threat gradually faded away. In this regard, by the fall of 1945, the 44th and 54th SAPs were disbanded, and the 53rd SAP was reorganized into a marine long-range reconnaissance regiment.
The revival of anti-submarine aviation, as a branch of the Navy forces in the North, began in the mid-1950s, when Be-6 aircraft with the Baku radio-acoustic system entered service with the 403rd OMDRAP (former 118th OMDRAP). At the same time, the first helicopter unit was being formed - the 2053rd UAEV, armed with the Mi-4m.
By 1958, the 309th UAE KB was formed, on Ka-15 helicopters, and in the same year, together with the 2053rd UAE BV, it was transformed into the 830th separate aviation regiment of helicopters.
At the end of 1960, the 403rd OMDRAP was reorganized into the 403rd separate long-range anti-submarine aviation regiment, and the 830th OAPV became known as the 830th OPLVP BD.
In 1967, the 830th Helicopter Regiment began to master the new Ka-25 shipborne helicopters. In the same year, new anti-submarine long-range Il-38 aircraft entered service with the Northern Fleet Air Force, from which they form a new aviation unit - the 24th OPLA DD. This regiment was the first in the Naval Aviation armed with this aircraft. With the entry into service of the Il-38, the search and strike capabilities of the North Sea anti-submarine aviation have expanded significantly.
In 1968, the 403rd OPLA DD received new Be-12 amphibious aircraft to replace the Be-6.
In the second half of 1969 at the air. Kipelovo, a new anti-submarine aviation regiment is being formed - the 76th OPLAP DD. It was the first part of the Tu-142 strategic anti-submarine aircraft in the Navy Aviation. Thus, the Northern Fleet became a kind of training ground, where new aviation equipment was tested and new tactical methods for searching for and destroying submarines were practiced.
In 1970-1977 Il-38 aircraft of the 24th OPLAP DD flew to the BS in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean from the airfields of Egypt and Somalia, and in 1981-1988. - from the airfields of Libya and Ethiopia.
In November 1982, at the air. Kipelovo, another aviation unit was formed on Tu-142-277th OPLAE aircraft.
In 1976, the basic Mi- 14.
In 1979, new Ka-27 ship-based anti-submarine helicopters began to replace the Ka-25 helicopter.
At the end of 1980, the 830th OKPLVP was divided into two regiments - the 830th OPLVP itself and the new 38th OKPLVP. This was due, on the one hand, to the arrival of significant quantities of new helicopters from industry, and on the other hand, to the introduction of new single- and group-based aircraft carriers into the Northern Fleet.
Since 1983, Tu-142 aircraft of the Northern Fleet Air Force began regular flights to Cuba. This made it possible to expand the search area for submarines of a potential enemy to the equatorial part of the Atlantic Ocean.
At the end of 1983, the 35th anti-submarine aviation division was formed as part of the Northern Fleet Air Force, which included the 76th OPLA and the 277th OPLA (soon deployed in the 135th PLAP). The division became the first and only anti-submarine formation of the Air Force of the Navy. In the subsequent plans of the command of the Air Force of the Navy, there was the formation of two helicopter regiments in the North and two helicopter regiments in the Pacific Ocean for a helicopter division, but these plans were not destined to come true.
In March 1991, a new type of aviation formation was formed in the North - the 57th mixed naval aviation division, which, in addition to the 38th and 830th OKPLVP, included the 279th OKIAP on Su-27k aircraft. The regiments of the division were intended to be based on board the heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers Admiral Kuznetsov and Admiral Gorshkov. This was, perhaps, the last creative step of the leadership of the Navy in the field of military development of Naval Aviation. It was December 1991...
For almost two more years, the Northern Fleet anti-submarine aviation was able to maintain its positions in the Navy system, but in 1993 irreversible processes began.
At the end of 1993, the 38th OKPLVP and the 830th OKPLVP were again folded into one regiment - the 830th OKPLVP. Two aircraft anti-submarine regiments were also “reformed”: the 24th OPLA and the 403rd OPLA were reorganized into the new 403 OPLA, on Il-38 aircraft (in fact, the “young” regiment was given an honorary name and an order from the “old” regiment, and the Be-12 aircraft were decommissioned and disposed of).
At the end of 1994, the directorate of the 35th PLAD and the 135th PLAP were disbanded. On air. Only the 76th OPLAP remained in Kipelovo (the 392nd ODRAP, based there, on Tu-95rts aircraft, was relocated at the end of 1989 to the Veretye airfield in the Pskov region).
In 1998, the 57th SCAD was disbanded, and the 830th regiment again became separate, and the 403rd OPLA was reorganized, together with the 912th OTAP of the SF Air Force, into the 403rd separate mixed aviation regiment, in which one AE was anti-submarine, and the other - transport.
For some time, the composition of the forces of anti-submarine aviation of the Northern Fleet remained unchanged: a squadron of Il-38 aircraft, as part of the 403rd OSAP, - to the air. Severomorsk-1, regiment of Tu-142mk aircraft - to the air. Kipelovo, and a regiment of Ka-27 shipborne helicopters - to the air. Severomorsk-1. Although the tasks for it have not decreased, the intensity of flights to the BS has decreased significantly compared to the beginning of the 1980s ...
In June 2002, the 76th OPLAP was folded into the 73rd OPLAE on the air. Kipelovo. This event only stated the fact that the Aviation of the Northern Fleet could no longer maintain a whole regiment of Tu-142 aircraft that were expensive to operate and maintain. All the freelance aircraft left over from the two regiments were slowly decommissioned and butchered for metal.
The next "reform" of Naval Aviation (and anti-submarine aviation, including) began after a meeting of the Military Collegium of the RF Ministry of Defense, which took place in October 2008. As part of it, it was planned to reorganize the flight and rear units at one airfield into air bases. In the MA SF (as the Air Forces of the SF began to be called from April 2009), the 7050th AVB was formed at the air. Severomorsk-1, on the formation of which the 403rd and 830th air regiments, and the 7051st AVB were turned, to the air. Olenya and Kipelovo, on the formation of which the 924th Guards were turned. OMRAP and 73rd OPLAE. At that time, the 279th OKIAP was not included in the air bases. In this form, they existed until mid-2011, when the MRA was transferred to the Long-Range Aviation of the Air Force and Air Defense of the Russian Federation, and the remaining parts of the MA SF began to be reorganized into one air base.
Currently, anti-submarine tasks in the North are being solved by units as part of the air bases of Tu-142mk anti-submarine aircraft in the far zone, Il-38 aircraft in the middle zone, and Ka-27pl helicopters in the near zone and from aircraft carriers of single and group basing.
Anti-submarine aviation of the Pacific Fleet
Until the mid-1950s, as in other fleets, anti-submarine missions in the Pacific Ocean were carried out by units and subunits of reconnaissance aviation. During the Great Patriotic War and during the war with Japan, the 16th, 115th and 117th reconnaissance regiments of the Air Force of the Pacific Fleet, STOF and AMF, as well as a number of separate squadrons and units, were involved for this. They were armed with MBR-2 and PBN-1 Nomad aircraft. Most of these units were disbanded in 1945-1948, and those that survived ceased to exist in 1960.
The appearance of specialized anti-submarine units in the Pacific Fleet Air Force was associated with the adoption in the mid-1950s. to arm the Naval Aviation with ship-based and coastal-based helicopters Ka-15 and Mi-4.
In August 1955, at the air. South Corner formed the first helicopter unit - the 505th UAE BV, which was armed with the Mi-4m.
In September 1957, the 264th UAE KB was added to it, on Ka-15 helicopters, which was also stationed at the air. South Corner. In April 1958, both of these helicopter units were turned to the formation of the first helicopter regiment in the Pacific Ocean - the 710th ORP.
In September 1957, the 175th UAE BV was formed in Kamchatka, on the Mi-4. This helicopter unit is formed
It was based on the 175th separate fighter squadron of the Pacific Fleet Air Force and was intended to solve anti-submarine missions on the approaches to Avacha Bay.
In 1958, the 167th separate emergency rescue aviation squadron of the Pacific Fleet Air Force (former 48th OMDRAP), on Be-6 aircraft and Mi-4 helicopters, was reorganized into the 720th ORP, based on the air. Znamenskoye near Sovetskaya Gavan.
In January 1960, the 317th OSAP was formed in Kamchatka, which included the 122nd OMDRAE and the 175th OVE PLO. Since 1961, the regiment has been stationed at the airport. Yelizovo. In the same year, the 720th ORP was folded into the 301st OPLVE, which was based on the air. Korsakov (Southern Sakhalin).
In 1961, aircraft anti-submarine units were added to the helicopter anti-submarine units, which were formed on the basis of reconnaissance boat regiments and squadrons. Then the 289th OMDRAP in b. Sukhodol was reorganized into an anti-submarine regiment, and the 122nd OMDRAE in b. Berry in Kamchatka - to the 122nd ODPLAE. These units were armed with Be-6 aircraft equipped with the Baku radio-hydroacoustic system.
In the middle of 1969, the 289th OPLA DD re-equipped from Be-6 flying boats to the Be-12 amphibian, and already at the end of the same year in the Pacific Ocean, shortly after the Northern Fleet, the 77th OPLA DD was formed, on Il-38 aircraft . This made it possible to expand the search area for foreign submarines to the Sea of Okhotsk and approaches to the Kuril Straits from the ocean side. Both regiments began to be based on air. Nikolayevka.
In October 1976, at the air. Khorol was formed by the 310th OPLA DD, which was armed with Tu-142 aircraft. He became the second part of the Navy Aviation, armed with these aircraft, after the 76th OPLA DD Aviation of the Northern Fleet. Two years later, the regiment was relocated to the air. Stone Stream. Such a place of deployment for the regiment was not chosen by chance. From here, Tu-142 aircraft could the shortest time(in 1.5 hours) fly to the Pacific Ocean and search for foreign submarines there up to the Gulf of Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands. In the middle sea zone and on the approaches to Kamchatka, IPL search was carried out by Il-38 and Be-12 aircraft of the 77th OPLAP DD. 289th OPLAP DD and 122nd OPLAE DD. Anti-submarine helicopters Ka-25 (then Ka-27) and Mi-14 of the 710th OKPLVP worked in the near sea zone, from the air. Novonezhino, and the 175th OKPLVE, with aer. Yelizovo.
In October 1977, the 301st OPLVE at the air. Korsakov was disbanded, but two years later, the 568th coastal helicopter aviation group was created in its place.
In July 1979, the Minsk TAKR arrived at the Pacific Fleet, on which, in addition to the Yak-38 attack aircraft, up to 18 Ka-27pl and Ka-27ps helicopters could be based. The entry of this ship into the fleet significantly expanded the capabilities of anti-submarine aviation in solving specific problems.
In December 1982, at the air. Cam Ranh (Vietnam) completed the formation of the 169th Guards. OSAP, which included 4 Tu-142m aircraft from the 310th OPLA. This made it possible to conduct exploration in the underwater environment in the East China, South China and Philippine Seas. The regiment also included a helicopter detachment of 2 Mi-14pl and 1 Mi-14ps.
In October 1983, at the air. Novonezhino and air. Korsakov, on the basis of existing helicopter units, two more are being formed: the 51st OPLVE and the 55th OPLVE, armed with Mi-14, Mi-8 and Mi-6.
In February 1984, the second heavy aircraft carrier cruiser- "Novorossiysk". Since that time, two group-based aircraft carriers have become part of the fleet.
The next five years can be called the period of the highest flowering of anti-submarine aviation of the Pacific Fleet. PLA planes controlled the situation in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - from the Bering Strait, in the north, to the Luzon Strait, in the south.
In 1991, on the basis of the 51st OPLVE squadron, the 207th OKPLVP was formed, which, in addition to coastal-based helicopters, also included Ka-27pl and Ka-27ps helicopters, but this was the last creative reorganization in the anti-submarine aviation of the Pacific Fleet. For another two years, she continued to remain in the same composition, but interruptions in the supply of fuel and spare parts had already begun to affect. Soon a landslide reduction began in all fleets, which could not but affect anti-submarine aviation.
In December 1993, simultaneously with the Northern Fleet, in the Pacific Ocean, the 289th OPLAP, on the Be-12, and the 77th OPLAP, on the Il-38, were reorganized into one 289th OPLAP on the air. Nikolaevka, armed with Il-38 aircraft. And here, as in the North, the honorary title "Port Arthur" and the Order of the Red Banner were transferred to the "younger" regiment. At the same time, the 207th OKPLVP was disbanded for air. Novonezhino.
In September 1994, the 55th OPVE was disbanded, and since that time, the deployment of the Pacific Fleet Aviation on Sakhalin has been completed.
In 1998, the Be-12 aircraft of the 317th OSAP were decommissioned, and they were replaced by Il-38 aircraft, which were collected from all over Naval Aviation. The process of mastering them by the crews of the regiment was quite lengthy - the lack of required amount fuel and instructors in the fleet. In the same year, two anti-submarine regiments - the 289th OPLA on air. Nikolaevka and the 710th OKPLVP on the air. Novonezhino - were reorganized into one regiment, which, in fact, was already mixed, but remained anti-submarine in name - the 289th OPLA on air. Nikolayevka.
In June 2002, the 310th OPLA and the 568th Guards. OMRAP VVS Pacific Fleet were reorganized into one 568th Guards. OSAP, which was armed with two squadrons of Tu-22mZ missile carriers and one squadron of Tu-142mz and Tu-142mr aircraft.
Until the end of 2009, anti-submarine aviation in the Pacific Fleet was represented by a squadron of Il-38 aircraft and a squadron of Ka-27 helicopters, as part of the 317th SAP OKVS, a squadron of Tu-142mz and Tu-142mr aircraft, as part of the 568th Guards. OSAP, a squadron of Il-38 aircraft and a squadron of Ka-27 helicopters, as part of the 289th OPLA. Subsequently, all these aviation units and subunits were reorganized into MATOF air bases. The process of reorganization in the fleet was not completed by mid-2011 and, after the transfer of MRA and IA to the Air Force and Air Defense of the Navy, it is planned to reduce the number of air bases from three to one, but with the deployment of aviation units at four airfields. In fact, only coastal and ship-based anti-submarine aviation will remain in the MA Pacific Fleet.
On this moment The basis of the Russian patrol and anti-submarine aviation is the Il-38 and Tu-142 aircraft. There are and are being implemented projects for the repair and modernization of such equipment, which make it possible to extend its service life with a noticeable increase in combat potential. At the same time, work is already underway to create a promising anti-submarine aircraft, which in the future will have to replace existing equipment. The other day, new information about such a project appeared, to some extent supplementing the existing picture.
A few days ago, the press service of the Ilyushin Aviation Complex sent out a new press release telling about current work in the field military aviation. It is alleged that at present the aircraft building organization is proactively studying the possibility of creating a new anti-submarine aircraft. Preliminary study of such a project provides, among other things, the choice of approach to its development and subsequent construction.
According to a press release, Ilyushin specialists are considering the possibility of creating a new anti-submarine aircraft based on one of the existing machines of their own design. At the same time, an alternative version of the project is being worked out, it is planned to create a completely new air platform that has no direct connection with existing projects.
So far, we are only talking about finding the best ways to develop the anti-submarine direction, as well as choosing an approach to design. Most of the technical details of the project have not yet been determined. In addition, there is still no order from the Ministry of Defense, according to which the development of a full-fledged project will have to begin. As a result, at present it is too early to talk even about the approximate timing of the appearance of a promising aircraft.
However, the current situation in the field of naval aviation still allows defense industry work at the optimum pace and without haste. Such a situation will make it possible to work out and determine the best shape of an anti-submarine aircraft and - upon receipt of an official order - in deadlines organize its construction
It should be recalled that the renewal of the anti-submarine aircraft fleet has repeatedly become the subject of new messages in recent years. So, back in mid-2015, the command of the naval aviation of the Russian Navy spoke about the planned future replacement of some types of equipment. Then it was about replacing obsolete Il-20 and Il-38 aircraft with a promising model with the required characteristics and capabilities.
According to reports in 2015, by the beginning of 2016, it was supposed to select a new aircraft to equip naval aviation in the future. The next few years were planned to be spent on the development of the necessary projects, as well as on the construction and testing of prototypes. By 2020, a promising platform, equipped with one or another equipment for solving various problems, was supposed to go into operation. It was believed that the new aircraft could replace all existing patrol vehicles.
For some time, new reports on the development of anti-submarine patrol aviation did not appear. Only at the beginning of 2018, the United Aircraft Corporation spoke about some of the current work and the successes achieved. As it turned out, the UAC enterprises at that time were completing work on the creation of a new generation anti-submarine aircraft. In the foreseeable future, an official order from the military department is expected, which will allow the implementation of new stages of an important program.
Recall that at present the basis of anti-submarine aviation navy are Il-38 and Tu-142 patrol aircraft. These machines are very old and have long ceased to fully meet modern requirements. As a result, repairs and modernization of equipment are planned or are being carried out, thanks to which the existing machines not only improve their condition, but receive new opportunities. Part of the naval aviation fleet has already been upgraded, while other aircraft have yet to receive new equipment.
At the end of the last decade, the industry received an order to modernize the equipment of combat units under the Il-38N Novella project. In the first few years, by 2015, five cars were rebuilt according to this project. Then several more were repaired and updated. According to current plans, the modernization of the obsolete Il-38 will continue until the mid-twenties; it will pass about 30 aircraft. Last summer, the head of the naval aviation of the Russian Navy, Major General Igor Kozhin, said that 60% of the existing Il-38s had already been modernized.
As part of the project with the letter "N", the Il-38 aircraft receives a new sighting and search complex "Novella-P-38", built on the basis of modern components. A fourfold increase in efficiency in the search for submarines is declared in comparison with the old Berkut-38 complex. Also received some new features and improved a number of characteristics. After modernization, the aircraft retains the ability to carry and use torpedoes or depth charges with a maximum combat load of up to 5 tons.
A few years ago, the military department decided to continue the operation of patrol aircraft of the Tu-142 family, for which they had to be modernized. In 2015, official reports appeared about the upcoming repair of such equipment. All Tu-142MR and Tu-142M3 aircraft had to go through the procedures for restoring technical readiness with the simultaneous replacement of equipment. At the same time, they were supposed to receive updated designations Tu-142MRM and Tu-142M3M, respectively.
According to known data, projects for the modernization of equipment of the Tu-142 family provided for the use of new communication and control equipment. In particular, it was planned to keep devices for communication with submarines, but at the same time expand their capabilities. The new equipment was supposed to provide communication with modern ballistic and cruise missiles of the fleet. With the help of this function, it was planned to issue target designation to already launched missiles.
The Tu-142MRM and Tu-142M3M projects do not provide for a radical restructuring of aircraft, and therefore no more than five years were allotted for their implementation. According to 2015 data, by the end of the current decade, three dozen updated aircraft with new features could return to service.
Current modernization projects will be completed in 2020-25 and will keep the existing equipment in service for a long time. However, already now the Naval Aviation Command and the industry are planning to replace existing aircraft with a completely new machine. According to recent reports, work on such a project is ongoing, but the timing of its completion is still unknown. Preliminary study of the aircraft is carried out on an initiative basis, which imposes certain limitations on it.
A few days ago Aviation complex Ilyushin revealed the considered approaches to the creation of new technology. According to official data, the possibility of building an anti-submarine aircraft of the future on one of the existing platforms or developing a completely new machine is being studied. This information does not disclose the details of the project, but still may be the reason for forecasts and estimates.
I prepared a juicy post from photographs of flights taken from the board of the Il-38 anti-submarine last summer. These are aircraft from the 7050th Kirkenes Red Banner Air Base, military unit 49324, Severomorsk-1.
1.
Departure on a mission in pairs. The aircraft is lifted into the sky by Ivchenko AI-20M turboprop engines, more than four thousand hp each. each, and four-bladed propellers AB-64 
2.
The forward part of the fuselage, in which the crew is located, is sealed. The crew of the combat vehicle - 7 people: commander, assistant commander (co-pilot), navigator-navigator, flight engineer, flight radio operator, radar navigator and aircraft operator receiving device. In the middle part of the fuselage are thermally insulated bomb bays. 
3.
Under the cockpit is the radome of the Berkut PPS radar, which is designed to search for surface targets, radar orientation and work with beacons-responders of buoys. The tail boom is the fairing of the magnetically sensitive unit of the magnetometer APM-73 "Bor-1S" (on some sides - MMS-114 "Ladoga", earlier - APM-60 "Orsha"). The trace of exhaust gases along the board in the rear of the fuselage was left by the TG-16M turbogenerator, which provides engine start and emergency power 
3.1
. The same board in the parking lot: 
4
. When flying over the sea at low altitudes, salt deposition occurs on the glass of the lantern, which makes it difficult to see, therefore, after some time has passed since the start of operation of the IL-38, the pilots asked to equip the lantern with an alcohol-based glass washing system. The system was quickly developed and installed. The alcohol used for washing also successfully went as the basis of "cognac". 
5
. Coastline, Kildin Island. The former military airfield is visible. He mentioned it in the description of the airfields of the Kola Peninsula. 
It was used quite extensively as a jump airfield during World War II. Aircraft such as P-40 Kittyhawk, Hawker Hurricane, Po-2 and others were based here. A couple of the most interesting German aerial photographs of this airfield during the war.
5.1
. June 1943 
5.2
February 1944 
6
. We continue. Eastern tip of Kildin Island in July 2011: 
7
. Well recognizable at the entrance to the Kola Bay are the high and steep shores of the northern part of Kildin Island 
8
. The earth is left behind, the search for a conditional underwater enemy begins 
9
. One of the features of the work of naval pilots is the absence of a visible horizon, even in good weather. Gagarin wrote about his difficult flights over the sea off the coast of the Kola Peninsula 
10
.
11
. After some time, the position of the conditional underwater target was successfully opened and the boat floats up 
12
. From the place of ascent to the surface begins the trail 
13
. Flight and escort 
14
. Do you see the gopher? 
15
. And he is: 
16
. Having mastered above short course training of an anti-submarine pilot, you yourself will be able to find a submarine here. Click to enlarge 
17
. Landing approach, descent along the glide path. Below is a fork in the road from Murmansk to Polyarny and Retinskoe. Kola Bay ahead 
18
. On the roads of Severomorsk in the wake of each other, they describe the circulation: small anti-submarine ship of project 1124M MPK-59 "Snezhnogorsk", small rocket ship project 1234.1 "Iceberg", the base minesweeper of project 1265 BT-152 "Kotelnich". To the right and below - diesel Submarine project 877. Rehearsal of the parade for the Day of the Navy 
19
. Closer to the berths, large landing ships project 775. In a few seconds, the morse code of the DPRM and BPRM will ring in the cockpit - 5 km are left to the end of the strip 
The opponent of the Il-38 is most often called the Lockheed P-3 Orion anti-submarine patrol aircraft. Both of them were built on the basis of peer-to-peer turboprop airliners: Il-18 and Lockheed L-188 Electra (Il-18 took off six months earlier). In 1959, an experimental Lockheed P-3 Orion took off for the first time. Two years later, he took the wing of the Il-38.
Combat service "Orions" began in 1962. When the Il-38 was adopted in the USSR in 1969, a more modern modernized version of the Orion, the P-3C, which is today the main patrol and anti-submarine aircraft of the US Navy, has already begun to enter the US Navy. Since then, Orion equipment has been constantly upgraded. From 2013, the US Navy plans to begin the gradual replacement of the Orions with Boeing P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine patrol aircraft, developed on the basis of the Boeing 737NG. India plans to buy Poseidons.
Il-38 over the aircraft carrier USS Midway (CV 41), 1979
The commissioning of the Il-38 aircraft was delayed by fine-tuning the search and sighting system. Work on the equipment proceeded with significant difficulties, since the institute responsible for the development of the Berkut PPS had never done anything like this before - it specialized in the field of radio engineering.
In the act on the test results of the Il-38 there is a record that indicates the degree of innovation of the product: “The development of the Il-38 aircraft with the Berkut automated search and sighting system using a digital computer was the first experience of our industry in creating modern aviation anti-submarine systems significantly increasing the effectiveness of domestic anti-submarine aviation in the fight against missile-carrying submarines.
While the Orion systems were updated and supplemented throughout the entire time, the Il-38 equipment was practically not modernized, despite the fact that the Il-38M project was prepared with a new PPS.
IL-38 in the background BOD Marshal Timoshenko, 1985 On the aft helipad of the ship, the Ka-25 helicopter
Only at the beginning of the 90s, part of the Il-38 aircraft received a noticeable update of individual devices and systems. In 2001, the modernized Il-38 took to the skies with the already fundamentally new PPS Novella (export name: Sea Serpent). Under this program, during the 2000s, 5 Indian Il-38s, designated by the SD index, were finalized.
The Russian Naval Aviation received its first modernized Il-38N literally at the beginning of this month, but for a number of reasons it has not yet entered service.
Since the adoption of the Il-38 aircraft of the Russian and Soviet Navy, they have received more than 200 detections of foreign submarines.
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