Municipal educational institution
« High school No. 2"
Bogoroditsk, Tula region
Workbook
at the rate
"Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics"
Module “Fundamentals of secular ethics »
teaching_____ 4th grade
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 2"
___________________________________________
Part I
2016-2017 academic year
Rock 1. Russia is our Motherland.
Task 1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences.
We live in a wonderful country whose name is ___________________________________.
We lovingly call our country ______________________ because we were born and live in it.
The basic law of our state is _________________________.
The capital of Russia is the city __________________________.
The head of our state is ______________________, currently this post is occupied by ___________________________________________________.
The state symbols of Russia are ________________, ______________, _____________.
Task 2. Answer questions about the state symbols of Russia.
Lesson 2. What is secular ethics?
Task 1. Thinkers.
In Raphael's fresco "The School of Athens" we see two outstanding ancient thinkers, presumably arguing about philosophy. Who are they?
_________
Task 2. Dictionary
__________________________ – love of wisdom.
__________________________ – (Greek. ethike, from ethos - custom, custom, character), philosophical science that studies morality and morality. The term was introduced by Aristotle. ( IV century BC).
__________________________ – not church, civil.
Task 3. Please mark the illustrations (check the box) that depict people of secular professions.
Task 5. What does secular ethics help a person understand? (Use your textbook when answering) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3. Culture and morality .
Task 1. Dictionary.
________________________ – 1. The totality of human achievements in production, spiritual and public relations. 2. Lifestyle, customs, traditions and beliefs, spiritual and material wealth of the peoples of the world.
_________________________ - a set of ideas based on belief in miraculous, supernatural powers and beings.
Morality - These are the rules of behavior set by ethics.
Moral - internal predisposition and need to comply with these rules
Task 2. Together with your parents, draw up a set (list) of moral norms (rules) accepted in your family.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________--
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Task 3. In the 17th century, the Arab traveler Pavel Aleppo arrived in Russia. This is how he describes the features of life in Russia at that time.
"IN holidays everyone rushes to church, dressed in their best clothes, especially women... People pray in churches for six hours. All this time the people are standing on their feet. What endurance! Undoubtedly, all these people are saints! Liquor shops remain closed from Saturday to Monday. The same is done during major holidays. Even peasants are called by their patronymics. People like brown bread more than white bread. Dogs are always fed meat and given milk. Therefore, when a house is attacked, every dog is able to fight the crowd. The wife, having brought the food, sits down at the same table with the men. On Easter everyone kisses, saying “Christ is risen!” The trade of Muscovites is tough, this is the trade of well-fed people. They say little when trading. When you try to bargain, they get angry. The price is the same throughout the market. When we entered the hospital, the bad smell made it impossible to stay in this room to look at the patients. The king approached each sick person and kissed his head, mouth and hands - and so on until the last.”
Read the document and discuss the following questions with your parents.
1. What features of Russian culture of the 17th century that so amazed the Arab traveler are still alive today? (underline with blue pencil)
2. Which of the mentioned traditions are no longer seen? (underline with yellow pencil)
3.Do you think this is good? (Write)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 4. Features of morality.
Task 1 . Emphasize those qualities of a person that morality approves of.
Courage
Cowardice
Loyalty
Betrayal
Truthfulness
Sociability
Closedness
Modesty
Generosity
Gloat
Generosity
Greed
Mercy
Politeness
Arrogance
Respect
Neglect
Modesty
Fearlessness
Durability
Courage
Friendliness
Indifference
Deceit
-Think about whether you have these qualities? Why did you come to this conclusion?
(Write)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 2. Read the text carefully, identify the moral standards that Anatoly violated and underline them.
Mom woke Tolik up at 9 o’clock in the morning and asked him to go to the store. He lay in bed, staring at the TV, until 11 o'clock. After breakfast, I grabbed a couple of apples and went out for a walk with the dog. He immediately kicked her (she barked for joy). Mom asked to be home at 13:00 for lunch. Met a classmate. He reminded me that they had given a difficult problem in mathematics. During the conversation, Tolik began to gnaw on the second apple. Returned home at 14:00. After lunch, mom said it was time to do homework. “But they didn’t ask us,” Tolik said. At 16 o'clock he went to the park to play football. The ball got stuck on a tree. Tolik broke a long branch from a bush and knocked down the ball. Returning home, I saw a wallet on the ground. A concerned woman walked nearby, looking at the ground. Tolik quietly picked up his wallet and ran to buy ice cream. A visually impaired old woman stood at the crossing across the street. Tolik rushed across the street straight to the store.
3. What moral rules will you follow on the road of life?
Lesson 5. Good and evil.
Task 1.
Task 2 . Which word is missing in the series? Emphasize
CRUELTY SERIOUSNESS CRUELTY
What concept unites these words? Write down _________________________________
Task 3 . Which word is missing in the series? Emphasize. MERCY COMPENSATIONAL SENSITIVITY INDIFFERENCE CARDIFIEDNESS
What concept unites these words? Write it down. _______________________
Task 4. Evaluate the children’s actions (Put ):
Feed a homeless kitten |
Lesson 6. Good and evil.
Task 1. Insert the missing word:
- This is a sample of people’s actions and relationships between them.
- the opposite of good is what seeks to eliminate and correct morality.
During historical development societies and cultures have become more...
B immoral acts are also called...
Task 2. Choose the correct answer:
What is considered a good deed?
a) solve a problem for a friend; b) be late for an uninteresting meeting;
c) help a neighbor figure out the problem; d) forget about the unpleasant request.
How do they do good deeds?
a) to avoid punishment; b) in the hope of reward;
c) in the hope of praise; d) selflessly and consciously.
List the actions that society approves of:
a) mutual assistance; b) violence; c) humiliation; d) deception.
What is the consequence of evil deeds?
a) enmity; b) joy; c) peaceful coexistence; d) friendship.
Task 3. Divide actions into two groups: unwillingness to help elderly parents, adoption of sick children, insult, helping those in need.
Lesson 7. Virtue and vice.
Task 1 . Dictionary.
_____________________ – positive moral quality person.
_ ____________________ – moral, spiritual deficiency; everything that is contrary to truth and goodness; evil and lies as a property, quality of a person; any moral distortion; inclination towards bad things, towards a bad life.
Task 2. Fill in the blanks.
Conquer anger with gentleness
Evil – ____________________,
Greed – _______________,
Lie - ___________________.
Task 3. "Golden mean"
Virtue is in the middle between two vices: excess and deficiency. Define virtues:Words for reference : friendliness, generosity, courage .
Task 4. "Precious scattering of wisdom." Fill in the blanks, use the textbook.
Task 5 . The value of each person is determined by the value of the objects of his aspirations. (Marcus Aurelius).How do you understand these words? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 8. Virtue and vice.
1. R
vice
virtue
Distribute positive and negative personality traits:honesty
responsibility
duplicity
hypocrisy
Task 2. Find and highlight, in the statements of great people who left their mark on history, one trait of virtue, and two of vices.
- “Gratitude is the least of virtues, while ingratitude is the worst of vices.” Thomas Fuller
- “Politeness is the first and most pleasant virtue” Francois Fenelon
- “Love for parents is the basis of all virtues. All who have virtue are happy." Cicero
- “Falsehood is the most vile vice” Montaigne
Task 3. Synonyms.
Find synonyms for the word FRIENDLY ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Find synonyms for the word COURAGEOUS
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Find synonyms for the word GENEROUS
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 9. Freedom and moral choice of a person.
Task 1. Using the textbook text, reconstruct the sentence:
A moral choice is a choice between ____________________ and ________________________,
between ____________________ and ________________________,
between ____________________ and ________________________.
Task 2. Test yourself.
What determines a person's moral choice?
a) from friends;
b) from the country;
c) from parents;
d) from the person himself.
What determines a person's moral choice?
a) tenacity of character;
b) family;
c) place of residence;
d) age.
Lesson 10. Freedom and responsibility.
Task 1. Read the statements of famous people. Which of them do you agree or disagree with? Mark ( + - agree,- - I don’t agree)
For those who are free, all heights are achievable. (Maxim Gorky)
Freedom is responsibility. That's why everyone is so afraid of her.(Bernard Shaw)
Freedom is the natural ability of everyone to do what he pleases, unless prohibited by force or law. (Justinian)
I consider a free person to be someone who hopes for nothing and fears nothing. (Democritus)
Z
buy bread
Assignment 2. Choose things for which only you are responsible.walk the dog
wash the dishes
good study
take out the trash
water the flowers
clean your room
play with little brother
Task 3. Using the textbook text (p. 25), complete the statements:
Parents are responsible for _______________________
Children are responsible for ___________________________________.
Teachers are responsible for __________________________.
Students are responsible for __________________________.
Doctors are responsible for ____________________________.
Architects are responsible for ______________________.
Artists are responsible for ___________________________.
Lesson 11. Topic. Moral duty.
Task 1. Establish a correspondence between the types of moral duties and examples of the manifestation of these duties:
moral duty
an example of its manifestation
Task 2. Read the parable and answer the questions about it.
Taoist parable. The Wise Pig about morality
One day the Wise Pig thought about moral issues and, after thinking a little, said the following out loud:
Each tribe, clan, and even family, if at least three chickens live in its yard, has its own morality. Some consider it worthy of a warrior to kill an enemy on the sly, while others consider it worthy to defeat him in a knightly duel. Some kill to ease the torment, others save the life of a suffering cripple. The enumeration of these contradictions can be continued indefinitely, but the main thing that follows from all this is that if in the eyes of someone you want to appear as a person who follows the laws of morality, act in accordance with his views.
Having expressed all this, the proud Pig retired to her feeding trough to check if there was anything left from yesterday's dinner.
- Find in the text wise saying(key) Pigs? Emphasize it.
Task 3. Read this poem expressively. What, according to the author, is necessary to be good person? Emphasize.
But no matter how life breaks us,
There is some magic in it...
There are too few good people.
And yet they are the majority.
Become a good wizard
Come on, try it!
There's no need for any special tricks here:
To understand and fulfill the desire of another -
A pleasure, honestly!
Lesson 12. Justice
Task 1. Complete the proverbs:
Do you like to ride, ________________________________________.
What goes around comes around _____________________________________.
Don't dig a hole for someone else, ___________________________________.
Task 2. Using the textbook text (p. 28), reconstruct the sentence.
Justice is the ______________________ rule that regulates ___________________________________________ when distributing _________________, ____________________ and _____________________, ______________________, etc.
Task 3. What moral rules have you encountered in life?
(write), and what conclusion did you draw? (rules on page 29 of the textbook)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 4. Discuss with your friends and write a set of rules that will help you treat others fairly.
Lesson No. 13 Altruism and selfishness
Lesson 13. Altruism and egoism
Task 1. Dictionary: _
1.__________________ ( from Latin ego – i) - behavior aimed at satisfying personal interests, including to the detriment of the interests of other people or society.
2. _______________ (from the Latin wordalter - other) - the willingness to selflessly act for the benefit of others, regardless of one’s own interests.
Match the concepts and examples:
Altruism A man fulfilled the request of an unfamiliar child
A classmate didn't hand in his homework
Selfishness The boy did not share the donated sweets
A man repaired his neighbor's apartment for free
Task 2. Read the text of the textbook (pp. 30 – 31). Using it, prove that the heroine of C. Perrault’s fairy tale Cinderella can be called an altruist.
1.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-Which of the heroes of the fairy tale “Cinderella” do you consider selfish? (write) Why?
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Lesson 14. Friendship.
Task 1. Make up proverbs and sayings. Connect with a line.
Task 2. Tell me how you make peace with your friend. Choose the words that suit your reconciliation:
Task 3. Read the poem by A. Barto and answer the question.
A friend reminded me yesterday
How much good he did to me:Why was the guys' friendship in jeopardy?
__________________________________________ gave me a pencil once
(I forgot my pencil case that day), ________________________________________
In the wall newspaper, almost every one, __________________________________________
He mentioned me. __________________________________________
I fell and got wet - _________________________________________________
It helped me dry out. ___________________________________________
It is for a dear friend _________________________________________________
I didn’t spare the pie, _____________________________________________________
He once gave me a bite, _____________________________________________________
And now I counted it. _____________________________________________________
And me to him, guys, _____________________________________________________
Something no longer attracts ________________________________________________
Rock 15. What does it mean to be moral?
1.Analyze the actions of the characters in the picture. Find your place among the heroes, put an icon in the circle .
2.Insert the missing word.
Good and evil are manifested in ___________________ people.
Virtue is _______________ choosing the best behavior.
To be moral means _____________________.
An example of moral behavior in society would be _____________________________________________.
3.Rate fairy-tale heroes. Which of them has virtuous qualities ( D ), and who are vicious ( P )?
Rock 16. Summing up. (Test yourself)
Final test. I wish you good luck!
1. A science that examines actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil.___________________________________________
2. A system of norms and values regulating people’s behavior. _____________________________________________
3. Moral value that relates to human activity.__________________________
4.Expresses a person’s desire for good._______________
_____________________________________________________
5.An action that results in causing harm to oneself and other people. __________________
____________________________________________________
6. A person’s ability to determine his behavior taking into account the laws of nature and society. ___________________
______________________________________________________
7. A person’s ability to be responsible for his own free choice. _____________________________________
8. A moral rule that regulates relations between people in the distribution of benefits, rewards, punishments, income, etc. ________________________________________
9. A moral life position that requires a person to perform selfless acts for the sake of other people or common goals. ________________________________
10.Relationships based on mutual affection and personal interests. ____________________________________
WELL DONE
Cars
Military duty
Proverbs, sayings
Task 3. Together with your parents, draw up a set (list) of moral norms (rules) accepted in your family.
Our family code
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Task 4. In the 17th century, the Arab traveler Pavel Aleppo arrived in Russia. This is how he describes the features of life in Russia at that time.
“On holidays, everyone rushes to church, dressed in their best clothes, especially women... People pray in churches for six hours. All this time the people are standing on their feet. What endurance! Undoubtedly, all these people are saints!
Liquor shops remain closed from Saturday to Monday. The same is done during major holidays.
Even peasants are called by their patronymics.
People like brown bread more than white bread.
Dogs are always fed meat and given milk. Therefore, when a house is attacked, every dog is able to fight the crowd.
The wife, having brought the food, sits down at the same table with the men.
On Easter everyone kisses, saying “Christ is risen!”
The trade of Muscovites is tough, it is the trade of well-fed people. They say little when trading. When you try to bargain, they get angry. The price is the same throughout the market.
When we entered the hospital, the bad smell made it impossible to stay in this room to look at the patients. The king approached each sick person and kissed his head, mouth and hands - and so on until the last.”
Read the document and discuss the following questions with your parents.
What features of Russian culture of the 17th century that so amazed the Arab traveler are still alive today?
Which of the mentioned traditions are no longer seen?
Do you think this is good?
Lesson 4. Features of morality.
Task 1. Emphasize those human qualities that morality approves of.
Task 2. Read the text carefully, identify the moral norms that Anatoly violated and underline them .
Mom woke Tolik up at 9 o’clock in the morning and asked him to go to the store. He lay in bed, staring at the TV, until 11 o'clock. After breakfast, I grabbed a couple of apples and went out for a walk with the dog. He immediately kicked her (she barked for joy). Mom asked to be home at 13:00 for lunch. Met a classmate. He reminded me that they had given a difficult problem in mathematics. During the conversation, Tolik began to gnaw on the second apple. Returned home at 14:00. After lunch, mom said it was time to do homework. “But they didn’t ask us,” Tolik said. At 16 o'clock he went to the park to play football. The ball got stuck on a tree. Tolik broke a long branch from a bush and knocked down the ball. Returning home, I saw a wallet on the ground. A concerned woman walked nearby, looking at the ground. Tolik quietly picked up his wallet and ran to buy ice cream. A visually impaired old woman stood at the crossing across the street. Tolik rushed across the street straight to the store.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 3. Solve the crossword puzzle. At the right decision in the highlighted cells you should get a word that combines the last two lessons.
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2. | |||||||||||||||||
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3. | |||||||||||||||||
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4. | |||||||||||||||||
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5. | |||||||||||||||||
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6. |
Courage, courage.
A disinterested attitude towards everything, other people's troubles, suffering.
Fear of everything; the opposite of courage.
Disinterested attitude towards everything, other people's troubles, suffering
Treason.
Inaction, the tendency to do nothing, not undertake anything.
Lessons 5-6. Good and evil.
Task 1. Distribute fairy-tale heroes into two kingdoms. What would you call these states?
Koschey the Immortal, Baba Yaga, Cinderella, Chippolino, Ivan Tsarevich,
Vasilisa the Wise, Sorcerer, Barmaley.
Task 2. Who will invite whom to their birthday?
Leopold the cat
Koschey the Immortal
Crocodile Gena
Old woman Shapoklyak
Scarecrow
Doctor Aibolit
Woman
Task 3.
D belief
ABOUT responsibility
B brotherhood
R hellishness
ABOUT twaga
Offer your own version of “decoding” words
D____________
O____________ H____________
B____________ L____________
R____________ O____________
ABOUT____________
Task 4. Make up proverbs and sayings. Connect with a line.
From good - good,
From evil - evil is born
The beast gives birth to the beast,
A bird gives birth to a bird,
goodness has found you
Do good, so that by loving,
But evil happens without difficulty,
Good is harder to do
It's too bad
Always do good and evil
In the power of all people.
who does no good to anyone
Task 5. Read Valentina Oseeva's story and answer the questions.
Sons.
Two women were taking water from a well. A third approached them. And the old man sat down on a pebble to rest. Here's what one woman says to another:
My son is dexterous and strong, no one can handle him.
Why don't you tell me about your son? - her neighbors ask her. 
What can I say? - says the woman. - There’s nothing special about it.
So the women collected full buckets and left. And the old man is behind them. Women walk and stop. My hands hurt, the water splashes, my back hurts.
Suddenly three boys run out towards us.
One of them somersaults over his head, walks like a cartwheel, and the women admire him.
He sings another song, sings like a nightingale - the women listen to him.
And the third ran up to his mother, took the heavy buckets from her and dragged them.
The women ask the old man:
Well? What are our sons like?
Where are they? - the old man answers. - I only see one son!
How did women feel when they talked about their sons? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Did they change after the old man's words? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
What does it mean to be a good son (daughter)? _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 6
EXTREMELY STRONG SOULARITY CRUELTY FERIOUSNESS
What concept unites these words? Write down _________________________________
Task 7. Which word is missing in the series? Emphasize.
MERCY SOLIFISHNESS SENSITIVITY INDIFFERENCE HEARTNESS
What concept unites these words? Write it down. _______________________
Task 8.Draw a conclusion on the topic “What is GOOD and EVIL”?
Task 9. Evaluate the children’s actions (Put ):
|
Children's actions |
Good |
Evil |
|
Copy homework | ||
|
Explain the solution to the problem | ||
|
Hide a bad grade from parents  | ||
|
Feed a homeless kitten |
Lessons 7-8. Virtue and vice.
virtue
honesty
responsibility
duplicity
kindness
hypocrisy
Task 1. Distribute positive and negative personality traits:
Task 2. Dictionary.
_____________________ is a positive moral quality of a person.
_____________________ – moral, spiritual deficiency; everything that is contrary to truth and goodness; evil and lies as a property, quality of a person; any moral distortion; inclination towards bad things, towards a bad life.
Task 3. Fill in the blanks.
Conquer anger with gentleness, evil - ____________________, greed - _______________, lies - ___________________.
Task 4."Golden mean"
Virtue is in the middle between two vices: excess and deficiency. Define virtues:
Stinginess
Extravagance
Subservience
Hostility
Cowardice
Reckless Courage
Task 5. "Precious scattering of wisdom."
Task 6. The value of each person is determined by the value of the objects of his aspirations. (Marcus Aurelius). How do you understand these words? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 7. Synonyms.
Find synonyms for the word FRIENDLY __________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Find synonyms for the word COURAGEOUS __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Find synonyms for the word GENEROUS _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Task 8. Read the statements. Answer “yes” or “no” if you agree or disagree with the statement.
The most famous division of virtues in ethics was proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes.
Virtue is the ability to do the best in everything.
No person can ever become completely virtuous.
The moral development of a person as an individual begins at the age of 16, and before that
Virtue and vice are two opposing personality characteristics,
Task 9. Who is who?
Remember the names of these fairy-tale heroes. Indicate what virtues and vices they have. Color the pictures you like.
on the porch. She drove the dog away and shouted angrilyboys:- Shame on you!
-What's a shame? We didn't do anything! - were surprisedboys.
-This is bad! - the woman answered angrily.
V. Oseeva
Answer the questions:
Why do you think the woman shamed the boys? _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Can we say that inaction is indifference, and Is indifference a vice? ______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Task 10. Choose an aphorism that reflects the meaning of the story you read.
Laws must eradicate vices and instill virtues. (Cicero)
Other people's vices are always before our eyes, but our own are behind our backs. ( Seneca the Younger)
If you are indifferent to the suffering of others, you do not deserve to be called a human being. (M. Saadi)
Man's greatest sin is not hatred, but indifference to his brothers. (Mother Teresa)
In 161 AD, Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Emperor, was arguably the most powerful man on earth. Historians call Aurelius the last of the “five good emperors”, because his contemporaries spoke of him as a wise, fair and honest ruler. The Emperor actively developed ideas about virtue, kindness, self-control and philosophy. Many of Aurelius's philosophical sayings have reached us, and even after almost two thousand years they do not lose their relevance and are nothing more than a storehouse of wisdom. Let's look at some of his quotes that will tell you a lot about the lifestyle and motivations of this great man.
1. Teaching about work and early rising
Apparently, the problem of early rise was relevant in all centuries, so Aurelius devoted this special attention, and his thoughts have survived to this day.
“At dawn, when you find it difficult to get out of bed, tell yourself: “I must go to work as a person. What should I complain about if I'm going to do something to achieve a goal, and what will I bring into this world? Or is what I was born to do is hide under the covers and eat? Don't you see how plants, birds, spiders and bees perform their individual tasks to create as much order in the world as possible? And you don't want to do your job as a human being? Why don't you do what your nature requires?
Of course, in the morning the power of a bed and a warm blanket seems limitless: in the early hours, a pillow can be like a monarch who decides whether you should lie down for another 5 minutes or not. But Marcus Aurelius categorically disagreed with this, because he could only recognize himself as the only emperor.
2. Teaching about criticism and negative people
Even surrounded by the emperor they meet different people. Objective criticism will not harm a single person, but those who carry only negativity can ruin your life, and you will lose faith in your own abilities. Marcus Aurelius also has his own opinion about such people:
“When you wake up in the morning, tell yourself: the people I am dealing with today will be in the way. They are ungrateful, arrogant, dishonest, jealous and sullen. They are like this because they cannot distinguish between good and evil. But I saw the beauty of good and the ugliness of evil, and recognized that the criminal had a nature related to my own - not of the same blood or birth, but of the same mind - and possessing a share of the divine. And that's why none of them can hurt me."
Why react to the words of people who live in negativity and despair becomes a kind of meaning of their existence? You should not be pollinated by those who have lost all hope, have lost faith in their own happiness and are trying to convey their philosophy to others. The Emperor realized that people like this can take over the minds of other people and sow the seed of despair in them, and warns us against interacting with negative people:
“You have power over your mind - the outside world does not. Understand this and you will find strength. Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. All we see is perspective, not truth. I have often wondered how each person loves himself more than all other people, but at the same time does not value his own opinion of himself, but relies on the opinions of others.”
3. The Teaching of Gratitude
Marcus Aurelius believed that only a person who knows how to show gratitude can be happy. And it is very difficult to argue with him, because only a person who is able to appreciate goodness can share it with other people.
“All you need is confidence in judgment in the present moment, action for the common good in the present moment, and gratitude in the present moment for everything that comes your way.”
Sometimes the whole problem lies in our head. We are too focused on our own person, we are so suspicious that we can easily consider a harmless joke as a severe insult. Live simply, don’t load your mind with grievances and look at the world through the eyes of a happy, not a deprived person.
4. The doctrine of efficiency
Marcus Aurelius was not only smart, but also an incredibly active person. He believed that every minute is priceless and teaches us to value time as the most expensive and irreplaceable resource:
“Focus every moment, like a Roman, like a man, doing what you must with true seriousness, tenderly, with eagerness, desire and justice. Free yourself from other distractions. Yes, you can if you do everything as if it is the last thing you can do in your life and stop living aimlessly; Don't let your emotions underestimate what your mind is telling you. Stop being hypocritical, selfish and irritable."
5. The Teaching of Peace of Mind
Peace of mind is of great importance for a person, especially for one who holds power over a huge empire in his hands.
“You can rid yourself of many useless things, especially those that bother you, because they are entirely in your mind. And then you will gain sufficient space for yourself by comprehending the whole universe in your mind and contemplating the eternity of time and observing the rapid change of every part of everything, how short is the time from birth to death and the limitless time before birth, and the equally limitless time after death »
Is it worth spending our life on thoughts that upset us, is it worth being sad about little things that steal best moments our life?
The Emperor doesn't think so:
Marcus Aurelius created some rules that allowed him to become an exceptional leader who was valued and respected.
Aurelius also noted how his grandfather managed to maintain the integrity of his own personality, despite what others said about him:
“His limitations on charges and all attempts to flatter him... and his attitude towards men: no demagoguery, no intrigue, no pandering. Always sober, always reasonable, persistent and not a vulgar person.”
A leader is a person whose will must be stronger than stone. Principles, beliefs - this is what makes a winner number one. Don’t be led by other people’s opinions, don’t be fooled by flattery, and don’t allow yourself to be manipulated. Follow your line and defend your own views so that others see strength in you and respect you.
Talking a lot and saying a lot are not the same thing.
He who seeks finds.
The sweetness of life does not lie in wisdom.
An unyielding disposition will most likely give in.
Zeno of Citium
(c. 334 BC, Kition, Cyprus) - c. 262 BC BC, Athens, Greece)
Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of the Stoic school.
Love is the desire for intimacy caused by the appearance of beauty.
One must live in accordance with nature, and this is the same as living in accordance with virtue.
A friend is our second self.
We have two ears and one mouth so that we listen more and talk less.
(480 BC, Greece – 406 BC, Ancient Macedonia)
Ancient Greek tragedian, representative of the new Attic tragedy.
It is not the one who has died that you should mourn, but the one who is born for a difficult struggle with the hardships of life.
The lips swore; the mind is not bound by an oath.
Death itself is less painful than waiting for it.
If you value your life, remember that others value theirs no less.
True courage is caution.
The king must remember three things: that he rules the people, that he is obliged to rule them according to the laws, that he will not rule forever.
The title of a free man is most valuable.
When a deity wants to punish a person, he first of all deprives him of his reason.
Who knows, maybe living means dying, and dying means living.
(c. 470 BC, Athens – 399 BC, Athens)
Ancient thinker, the first Athenian philosopher, whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from consideration of nature and the world to consideration of man.
I know that I don't know anything.
When the word does not hit, then the stick will not help.
I eat to live, and other people live to eat.
Never prefer the stupidity of your own invention to practical advice.
He who is wise is also good.
It is better to work without a specific goal than to do nothing.
Speak so I can see you.
There is sun in every person. Just let it shine.
This is amazing: every person can easily say how many sheep he has, but not everyone can say how many friends he has - they are so not valuable.
People find it easier to hold a hot coal on their tongue than a secret.
It is better to die courageously than to live in shame.
An evil person harms others without any benefit to himself.
The best family is when the wife is blind and the husband is deaf.
Whether you marry or not, you will repent anyway.
Be sure to get married. If you get a good wife, you will become happy, and if you get a bad wife, you will become a philosopher.
Democritus
(c. 460 BC, Abdera – 370 BC, Abdera)
Ancient Greek philosopher, one of the founders of atomism and materialist philosophy.
Rich is he who is poor in desires.
Life without holidays is a long journey without visiting the yard.
Asking about the cause of things is the same as looking for the beginning of the infinite.
The word is the shadow of the deed.
Either nothing is true, or the true is unknown to us.
Let the woman not argue: this is terrible.
Not a single thing arises without a cause, but everything arises for some reason and due to necessity.
It is not words, but misfortune that is the teacher of fools.
Don’t try to know everything, lest you turn out to be ignorant.
The beautiful is comprehended through study and great effort, the bad is assimilated by itself, without difficulty.
I consider someone to be free who hopes for nothing and fears nothing.
Courage is the beginning of a matter, but chance is the master of the end.
Whoever got a good son-in-law gained a son, and whoever got a bad one lost a daughter.
Antisthenes
(c. 440 BC, Athens – 365 BC, Athens)
Ancient Greek philosopher, founder and main theorist of Cynicism, one of the most famous Socratic schools.
Which science is the most necessary? – The science of forgetting unnecessary things.
All who strive for virtue are friends with each other...
It's better to fight among the few good people against the many bad ones, than among the many bad ones against the few good ones.
You need to stock up on either intelligence to understand, or rope to hang yourself.
Don't neglect your enemies: they are the first to notice your mistakes.
A good person is worthy of love.
You need to meet those women who themselves will be grateful for it.
Aristippus
(435 BC, Cyrene, Libya - 356 BC, Cyrene, Libya)
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