Business plan for breeding cows: necessary documents, equipment, expenses and profit. Cattle breeding

Cattle breeding (large cattle) is one of the most ancient human activities. Today, like hundreds of years ago, it can become profitable and bring good income, if you approach it wisely. It is no coincidence that the people have always called the cow “nurse”.

The cattle breeding business involves working not only with cows, but also with buffalos, yaks, etc., however, in Russia it is more profitable and more common to breed cows and bulls. Their meat and dairy products will be easier to sell.

Where should you start?

When dealing with cows, you will have to regularly resort to the services of a veterinarian, even if the livestock is completely healthy. By Russian legislation There are a number of mandatory annual vaccinations against some severe or rapidly spreading diseases: mad cow disease, rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, leptospirosis, and so on.

In addition, the veterinarian will issue health certificates for the animals, which will be needed to sell meat and milk. So, get to know the veterinarian you will see regularly. Next, you need to calculate the initial investment and start purchasing.

When purchasing cattle, be sure to ask for a certificate from a veterinarian that each animal is healthy.

Construction of a barn

First you need to build a barn. It must be a thoughtful, well-planned building. The barn should be warm. This does not mean that it must be heated, far from it. The main thing is that there are no cracks and holes that result in drafts.

In temperate and northern latitudes, winters can be very frosty. If you want to get maximum milk yield and growth, it is better to provide heating during this period, at least in the calf barn. Most cows cower in the spring, coming out into the herd after wintering, so calving usually occurs in the winter months.

The room should have opening windows, as good lighting and sufficient ventilation are required in the warm season. It is necessary to make a wide entrance. When a cow is in position, her sides become very wide. In addition, it sways when walking, so the optimal opening width is 1.5 m.

The barn can be simple or automated, but in any case it must be warm and contain running water, sewer drains, and separate stalls with feeders and drinkers.

Next, you need to provide drain channels for liquid drainage. The general drain should extend beyond the barn; do it on a slope. If you don’t want a heavy odor, install concrete cesspools with hatches. Each unit of cattle must have its own place with a feed sector and a drinking bowl. It is advisable to separate the stalls with a structure made of welded pipes, since cows are not always friendly to each other, and we do not need fights in the barn.

Purchase of livestock

This is a very important stage in setting up a farm: the profitability of your business will depend on what cows and bulls you buy. In Russia there are both purebred animals and half-breeds, often with inbreeding. It is useless to expect large milk yields and weight gain from such specimens. It is better to purchase animals from nurseries or large farms, where the purity of the breed is closely monitored.

When purchasing cattle, there are two options: buy adult (but not old) cows or buy young cattle and raise them yourself. The second option is fraught with great risk, since not every heifer subsequently becomes a good dairy or beef cow. In addition, you will have to wait at least a year for results.

When selling cattle, they may slip you an old cow. The life expectancy of cows is 16-20 years. At the same time large number With good care, milk can only be obtained between the ages of 3 and 13 years. During her life, a cow can have 11-12 calvings. Calves are born annually. Gestation period is 9 months.

A cow produces the maximum amount of milk at the age of 4-8 years, starting from the 3rd calving. Milk appears after the first calving. It is more profitable and reliable to take young cows that have already calved at least once.

After a cow stops calving, her milk disappears and she becomes useless in terms of producing products. Such pensioners are sent to sausage, since their meat is already quite tough. To avoid buying an old cow, pay attention to its horns. Every year a new rim appears on them. They can be seen by their shape and different shades. If there are a lot of rims, then the cow is no longer young. The optimal number is 3-6 pieces, no more.

Investment volume

Investments, like the farm itself, can be different. This depends on the number and pedigree of the livestock, the size and degree of automation of the barn, the availability of an agricultural base for growing feed and many other nuances. To have an idea of investing in cattle breeding, let’s take a certain type of farm, with an initial quantity of 10 heads with fully purchased feed (without own cultivation).

The cost of a young dairy cow varies from 30,000 rubles to 50,000 € (Dutch dairy breeds). If you purchase from Russian nurseries, the average price is 50,000 rubles. Thus, we will need 500,000 rubles to buy cows. Feed purchases also vary depending on the time of year. In winter, in addition to feed, you will need hay. In autumn, feed can be replaced with vegetables and fruits.

On average, one cow needs a bucket of vegetables or 1/3 of a bucket of fertilizer when walking on pasture. If the grass is lush and grows abundantly, fertilizing can be halved. The cost of building a barn depends on the selected building materials, the nuances of architecture and interior design. For the first time, you can get by with a small building.

So, in total, you will have to pay at least 1,000,000 rubles for the barn, cows and initial feed. Let's add to this inventory and wages for employees who will need an advance in the first month.

Step by step instructions

So, having decided to choose cattle breeding as your business, be patient and hardworking. Working with animals requires a reasonable attitude and self-confidence. Even if you have only seen cows on TV or on the way to a picnic, this craft can be learned quite quickly. To get started you will need:

Cowshed.
Animals.
Basic equipment: vegetable cutter, grain crusher, separator, milking machines.
Stern.
Inventory (buckets, flasks).
Inspection of livestock by a veterinarian.
Registration with the administration of the rural settlement.
Opening an individual entrepreneur or farming.
Hired workers.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated. If you buy cattle already at productive age, you can make a profit almost immediately by selling dairy products.

Sales of products

The first products from cows have been received, it’s time to think about how to sell them. There are many types of cattle products. Here you need to decide what is more profitable. To make each product you will need your own small production or certain equipment. For example, to make cream and cottage cheese from milk, you will need a separator. To make stew, you need a canning line.

You can start by selling milk and meat in their pure form, if the capital is not too large. It's not so profitable, but it will be necessary less investment. Processing facilities can be equipped later. Ways to sell products:

City or village market.
Catering establishments.
Shops.
Own retail outlets.
Dairies, meat processing plants.
Institutions and enterprises using meat and dairy products.

Each of these methods has its pros and cons. For different types sales will require certain additional expense items, as well as the preparation of special documents. For example, to sell in your own stall or store, you will have to open it with a full set of documents and change the tax reporting form accordingly. As a farmer or individual entrepreneur, you will no longer qualify for the simplified taxation system.

To sell products, certificates from a veterinarian and a laboratory report on the quality and suitability of dairy and meat products are required.

The easiest way is to hand over milk or meat to factories. All you need is a certificate of health of the animal. Laboratory research product quality control is carried out at the enterprises themselves. The cost of sales will be several times less than with other sales methods, but you can deliver any amount of milk and meat to the enterprise.

The choice of location for your farm should be informed. It is necessary that there be convenient transport connections, that is, places for selling meat and dairy products are nearby and easily accessible. Otherwise, it is necessary to purchase special equipment with a refrigerator, since the products are perishable. For customers to like your products, they must be exceptionally fresh.

As mentioned earlier, it is necessary to have a veterinary service nearby. Calling a doctor from afar will incur additional costs. In addition, if livestock is sick, its help may be late. There should be an equipped cattle burial ground within a radius of 10 km. An important aspect is the presence of meadows and ponds in the selected area so that the animals can eat and drink to their heart's content.

As a rule, all these conditions are created in medium and large villages of regional centers, where the local population is engaged in cattle breeding. There is also a common herd where you can drive your own livestock. There is no point in setting up a farm on the outskirts of the city. There will be problems with grazing, polluted environment (greatly affects the health of cows) and residents of neighboring houses.

Documents

Opening the status of an individual entrepreneur or farmer at the stage of setting up a farm is unprofitable, since there is no profit yet. The exception is cases with the use of subsidies from the state:

To open a small business for cattle breeding. A one-time payment of 60,000 rubles is given and the same amount for each registered employee. You need to provide a business plan and have a ready-made barn.
To support farming. Up to 1,500,000 rubles are issued depending on the volume of an existing agricultural enterprise or when starting a farm.

In the first 12 months, with income not exceeding 40,000 rubles, you do not need to pay tax. The tax liability is considered “deferred” in accordance with Art. 256 (item 1) Tax Code RF.

When registering any of these small business statuses, at the first stage it is more advisable to switch to a simplified form of taxation.

At further development business to cattle breeding will be added to both processing industries and trading enterprises. Tax reporting will be slightly different. This can be the Unified Agricultural Tax (UAT) or the simplified tax system (income minus expenses).

Is it profitable to keep a cow? Many novice farmers think about this. Moreover, some expect to breed animals as a business. We will consider further what a cattle breeder needs to find out in order to make money from such agricultural activities.

Before creating a business with cows, each farmer is recommended to study more deeply what the entire process of raising horned animals consists of. In the case of cow breeding, several basic points stand out:

feeding the cow and keeping it in a stall;
regular walking and grazing of animals on pasture;
making hay for the winter;
milk collection;
breeding and raising offspring (both dairy cows and bulls);
conducting a timely veterinary examination, as well as vaccination against the most common ailments.

Knowing how to do detailed business plan, you can give a good start to the development of your own business. However, first, write down the main points for raising cattle and then determine what expenses will be needed for this or that process.

How to calculate costs and calculate risks

Breeding cows as a business is a profitable activity, as many experts say. However, in order to appreciate good results, you as a farmer need to understand that the main focus is on the selection of productive breeds, as well as the creation of all necessary conditions for its cultivation. And such a process requires a lot of effort and financial investments. Therefore, the second most important point is the need to calculate expected costs. At the same time, do not forget to take into account possible risks(diseases, low productivity of cows, etc.).

Premises and equipment

Raising cows for milk and meat will bear fruit if you take the barn equipment seriously. It is advisable to place the cow in a brick building with heat-insulating walls. Be sure to apply plaster and whitewash to the surface. This way there will be plenty of light in the barn. Another important point: the presence of wooden floors, and even on a slight slope. Follow these rules, and clearing your barn of manure will be much easier.

As for the feeder, it is also advisable to make it wooden, and its capacity is important. This container must hold at least 7 kg of hay - take this requirement into account when constructing the feeder. Since your cow will spend a lot of time in the stall, especially in winter, you need to consider having a ventilation pipe in the roof.

The floor should be covered with straw or sawdust.

In general, a dry microclimate and warmth must be maintained in the barn. Remember that here in large quantities harmful gases (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) accumulate. Their formation can be prevented by timely cleaning of the barn and regular change of bedding on the floor.

Purchase of livestock and feed

Raising calves at home for meat will be a profitable activity for you if you approach the organization of the process with all seriousness. Of course, the purchase of livestock is of great importance: you need to purchase a cow in special farms. As for feed, the cost of purchasing it will be significant, but you can’t do without it.

The most expensive are concentrates, that is, grain and bran. In general, this usually costs farmers up to 12 thousand rubles a year. If you need to purchase hay, be prepared to estimate about 4 thousand rubles for an annual supply. You need to spend money separately on succulent food. In general, the amount of estimated financial expenses for one feeding per year can reach 18.5 thousand rubles.

Sales of products

Breeding calves as a full-fledged business is unthinkable without you identifying the main ways to earn money. Here everything depends solely on you. You can search for suppliers, cooperate with various enterprises. Some beginning farmers prefer to earn money by selling dairy products on their own, selling them on the market. Find out for yourself in advance where you will put the cow's milk, and you will be able to assess the profitability of your business. This is the only way you will be properly prepared for this lesson.

How to register your business

A private farm will generate full-fledged income if, at the stage of purchasing livestock and determining key expenses, you think about the need for official registration. You won't get far without this. What is required of you is to collect the necessary package of documents. As a rule, beginners in this business are recommended to open an individual business.

As for taxes, it is best to choose a simplified taxation system. It is not difficult to make a business plan to take into account all the costs. However, your efforts will be in vain if all this is not registered at the state level.

Is breeding profitable?

Many beginners wonder whether it is even profitable to keep a cow on the property. Say what you will, but based on expert reviews, in recent years there has been a significant reduction in the number of cows in the country. However, in fact, all this happens because of the labor-intensive process of caring for animals, and not because of unprofitability. Agree, you will have to devote a lot of time to the cow. Regular grazing, feeding, milking twice a day, veterinarian check-ups and keeping the barn clean will all take a lot of your energy.

Organizing your business in rural areas- This great idea. This area of activity, despite difficult economic times, is firmly afloat and makes many entrepreneurs think about organizing an agricultural business.

In a previous publication, we discussed the topic, in this article we will look at promising idea earning money - raising cows as a business in the village. Before starting this business, it is worth drawing up a competent business plan for breeding cows. It will display all the key points: the profitability of the idea, the amount of investment, payback period and profit.

Business plan for cow breeding

To begin with, it is worth deciding on the purpose for which you will breed cows: for meat, for selling milk, for the purpose of breeding and selling young animals. You can define several goals for yourself, subsequently choosing the most profitable way to earn money. Having decided on the goal, you can proceed to the next stage - paperwork.

Documents for organizing a business

Without legal registration of your activities, you cannot work. Therefore, it is worth collecting the necessary package of documents for registration. The most accessible and low-cost form of material and legal activity is individual entrepreneurship. In this case, it is better to choose a simplified form of taxation (6% tax on the gross income of the enterprise). Once all the documents have been completed, you can begin setting up the farm.

Cow breeding farm

A place for keeping cows can be a former farm or abandoned old-style premises. Building your own cattle farm from scratch is quite an expensive undertaking, besides this you need to get everything else necessary documents for construction. It is much easier to rent the space of an abandoned farm and renovate it.

The optimal temperature for keeping cows is not lower than 12 degrees. An important nuance There is also the absence of drafts in the room where animals are kept.

After setting up the farm, you can start buying animals, while taking into account the purpose for which you organized the farm. In order to choose the right breed, use the help of an experienced breeder.

Breeding cows for milk

If your goal is to breed cows to sell milk, then you need to choose a breed that is characterized by high milk yield. Typically, such cows can be distinguished by their barrel-shaped body, underdeveloped muscles, and thin bones. Such animals have an elongated head and thin horns. They also have a large, cup-shaped udder.
Selling milk as a business is a very good way to earn money for village residents. Many villagers donate milk in bulk to the factory, but, as a rule, this is unprofitable; it is better to look for a distribution channel on your own. Alternatively, you can sell milk and fermented milk products on the market or enter into agreements with retail outlets(supermarkets, shops).

Breeding cows for meat

Another option for making money is raising cattle. Such a business is also profitable, with a well-established sales market finished products. Therefore, before starting this business, make sure that the idea is profitable.

Video on the topic

Costs for setting up a farm

Rent of land to build a farm. The price will depend on the chosen area. Since cows are herbivores, you need to choose an area with good pasture.
Farm construction and equipment;
Purchasing animals. At the initial stage, it is advisable to purchase several adult cows, as well as a dozen young animals;
Purchase of feed based on each animal;
Payment of work to hired employees. You will not be able to maintain the farm on your own; it is quite difficult, so you will have to hire help. To begin with, two people who know how to care for animals are enough. It is also advisable to hire a veterinarian, because cows are susceptible to various diseases, so you need a person who would carefully monitor the health of the animals.

Sales market

Depending on the purpose for which the animals are bred, you should look for a profitable distribution channel for the finished product. It’s easier to sell milk or meat wholesale, but it’s still more profitable to sell the goods at retail.

Your clients could be:

Large markets, retail outlets;
Companies specializing in the production of meat products;
Dairies, supermarkets.

In addition, you can sell products from the farm by opening. But in this case, you must have all the documents confirming the quality of the product.
This business is profitable and quickly pays off, suitable for both beginning entrepreneurs and experienced businessmen.

Currently, cattle breeding for profit is widespread in three areas - dairy, meat and dairy-meat. These are natural food products that are in demand. To start such a business, you need to equip premises, select the necessary breeds of animals, determine distribution channels, and select employees. And this is only a small part of everything. We will consider in more detail all stages of activity, as well as the pros and cons of each of the three areas.

Registration and start of activities

First of all, market monitoring is carried out. You need to understand whether it really makes sense to start a business. At this stage, the capabilities and needs of the region are clarified. The presence of future competitors must be studied and, if possible, they should be removed. Sales points may be small shopping places, meat processing plants and dairies. They are considered both locally and in the nearest populated areas. If everything is in order with this, you definitely need to register the status individual entrepreneur. Despite the fact that the business begins its journey from home, everything must be legal. This means following formalities and mandatory documentation. To reduce taxation, individual entrepreneurs are registered under the “livestock husbandry” code.

It will also be a plus to establish contacts with people who will interact with the future farm - veterinarians. Their activities are no less important, because they provide the necessary certificates, vaccinations and much more.

It is necessary to decide in what direction the work will be organized. This could be raising bulls for meat at home or keeping cows for dairy products, or in combination, that is, selling both meat and milk. Some farmers act in such a direction as raising calves and trading them, which also has benefits.

Site selection

The territory for cattle breeding must be selected very carefully. It is necessary to select appropriate sizes and conditions for the livestock. If the area is small relative to the number of heads, then there is a risk of rapid contamination. At this stage, the size of the herd is determined. In general, the entire farm plan is established, which should include a cowshed, a pasture, various utility rooms and sheds, and feed warehouses.

Breeding cows at home as a business requires the future farmer to have a plot of land. If it is not there, then you can rent some empty territories and premises. You can also start construction on land from scratch, if financial capabilities allow.

The area of the pen for cattle is determined at the rate of 10 sq.m. for one head. If there is grazing on a pasture, then in this case about 1 hectare of land will be needed for one cow. Please note that you need to stock up on hay winter period, and this is another plus one hectare. All structures on the territory of the future farm will require at least 200 square meters. m.

It’s good when there are enterprises nearby that grow and sell grain crops and root crops. This is necessary to provide cows with quality products in terms of additional nutrition.

Barn and equipment

To breed cows as a business, you need to understand all the intricacies and start with a small number of heads, which do not require large areas. If necessary, you can always buy additional cattle and complete the building. The best option- that's 10 goals. If there is a building that was a cowshed in the past, then this is an ideal option. For beginners, building from scratch will be difficult both physically and in terms of collecting documentation. It is best to rent a room and make suitable repairs there.

It is necessary to prepare the barn in accordance with sanitary standards. This means that there are special requirements, which include the presence of a wooden floor with a straw bedding, a ceiling height of 2.4 m, feeders, drinking bowls, walls that are insulated with bales of straw, as well as ventilation.

On the farm, future farmers must stock up on various equipment - shovels, forks, buckets, overalls, containers, scales. In the process, you need to purchase a vehicle designed for delivering products. It will be a plus to purchase a mini-tractor, which will be used to make hay, remove manure and various other household chores.

Arrangement of the premises

Breeding and raising calves and caring for cows can be done in separate boxes, in rooms with thick bedding, or in a room without a tie, but with flooring for rest. If we take the presence of ten heads of cattle as a basis, then an acceptable building will have dimensions of 34 by 6 meters. For one cow you need to allocate 2 sq. m. When there are not many animals, stalls are built for them.

The cattle breeding technique requires mandatory cleaning of the barn from contamination. Often structures are built with a special slurry tank and a room for manure. In a simpler version, you just need to replace the soiled straw bedding with a clean one. It is either disposed of on personal property or sold as fertilizer.

The room should have enough windows, as well as doors to clear the boxes from manure. When raising dairy cows, you need to think about purchasing a milking system and regular water supply. Feeders are suitable for different types - from collective to personal. You can also equip them with a food supply system.

Purchasing animals

To start breeding cows as a business, you need to find a suitable farm that sells calves. This must be reliable supplier, which will provide healthy individuals. The best period for such an acquisition is the end of winter or the beginning of spring. The profitability of the business depends on the types of animals purchased. These can be purebred bulls and cows, or half-breeds. There are special nurseries that monitor the purity of the breed. Such cows are able to produce good milk yields and gain significant weight. The output is only high-quality products.

When starting a business from scratch, it is best to form a small herd. In this case, you can purchase young animals from households. However, beginning farmers very often purchase adult cows, but not old ones. When drawing up a business plan for cattle breeding, it is advisable to work through both options and choose the profitable one. It must be remembered that the first option with young animals is quite troublesome and risky.

Besides the fact that the calf requires some care, it is not clear what kind of adult it will grow up to be and whether it will live up to expectations. When purchasing a bull that is less than a month old, you need to feed it milk. Up to 10 liters are required per day. If the property does not have a dairy cow, then this is a cost financially. Purchasing dry formulas and other related products is also an investment, and the animal may not reach the required weight. It is better to purchase a calf at the age of one month or more.

In the second option, you can also make a mistake, since they can sell the old cow. If you are planning a dairy farm, then you need to do it responsibly, since the cow gives maximum milk yield in the period from 3 to 13 years.

Dairy farm

So, when at the initial stage of building a business it is decided that the farm should operate to produce milk and dairy products, it is necessary to purchase good cows. This technique of breeding cattle is quite within the capabilities of a beginner.

Picking up required quantity Cows for milk must be selected from purebred, highly productive individuals. The presence of such heads is available at Russian breeding plants. Most popular:

black-and-white is considered very common and accounts for almost 50% of the total dairy population. It is capable of producing approximately 5500-5800 kg of milk per year;
The Holstein breed was bred in the 1970-80s and produces 30 kg of milk per milk yield, and an average of 7,400 kg per year;
Kholmogory is considered an old breed and is capable of producing up to 8000 kg of milk per year at good feeding. But 4000-6000 kg can be considered average.

If a novice farmer purchases animals from a breeder, he must be provided with documents and veterinary certificates.

When choosing a cow suitable for milk yield, you need to pay attention to the structure and shape of the animal. As mentioned above, age matters. The older the animal, the less milk it will produce. The number of years is determined by the horns. They count the number of roller lines and add two more years to this figure. This gives an accurate age.

The number of calvings also affects productivity. The highest milk yield occurs after the third birth. It is best for a business to purchase cows after the first calving.

Animals for meat

Breeding bulls and cows for meat is no less profitable. Cattle meat direction must be prone to rapid weight gain, have product suitability, and females are capable of calving every year.

When choosing animals and breeding them, the breed has great value. The time it takes for the calf to gain the required weight is especially important. More different types animals may differ in the taste of their meat. To fast growing meat breeds, can be attributed to Charolais, Kazakh white-headed, Simmental, Hereford. The cheapest option is to purchase newborn calves, but this is burdensome in terms of feeding. The best solution for breeding bulls at home is to purchase individuals that can eat feed and grass.

Of course, every newcomer to farming is interested in knowing why the above breeds of cattle are bred for meat. Almost all of them have a low percentage of product grease. This means that the fat content of such meat will be minimal. However, the weight gain is rather short-lived. If you look at the Hereford breed, it has a fairly calm temperament and excellent taste. The Kazakh white-headed and Charolais can easily tolerate the local climate and temperature changes. In this regard, they are very hardy. If the Simmental cow is both dairy and meat, then the Kazakh white-headed cow has rather low milk productivity.

Breeding bulls for meat as a business requires high-quality maintenance and care. During the warm season, they need daily walking. It is not recommended to keep such individuals in a stall all the time, although this way they gain weight very quickly. This method makes them aggressive and contributes to various diseases.

Setting up a paddock involves expenses for a beginning farmer. Accordingly, he must arrange right place for walking, which must be kept clean at all times. With this method, the beef turns out very good quality. If the number of heads is quite impressive, then you will most likely need house helpers. Recruitment point and wages for it should be considered at the initial stage and when building a business plan.

If you still choose a method of keeping bulls on a leash, then you need to take care of high-quality equipment, as they can be aggressive. In the stall, individuals must be well secured. On the other hand, this method allows you to assess the condition of the animal, make various measurements, and veterinary examinations.

Breeding bulls as a business for the production of meat products in a pen requires less costs than housing in a stall. One of the reasons for this conclusion is that much fewer employees are needed to operate.

Combined breeding method

Such universal breeds as Simmental, Lebedinsky, Swiss, Red Gorbatovsky, Kostroma are suitable for business. All of them are capable of achieving large body weight, and females produce an average milk yield of 3,000 to 5,000 kg per year. Almost every breed is capable of producing 50% of its weight for slaughter. The growth of calves is quite active and by six months they weigh quite impressively.

All of the listed animals have high taste levels for meat and dairy products. For successful business this is a clear plus.

Sales of products

This is an equally important stage of business. Having decided what kind of product should be the output - meat or milk - the farmer needs to sell it.

If the farm is aimed at breeding and raising meat heads, then after purchasing young animals, meat will be available in about a year. Dairy cows produce milk constantly, except at calving time. Related products can also be supplied. These are skins, milk (cheese, butter, kefir, sour cream), semi-finished meat products. At the beginning of the article, mention was made of such a direction as the sale of young animals. If you know how to organize the raising of calves, this can become additional receipt profit.

Any of the goods, be it milk or meat, can be sold wholesale or retail. Many processing plants often collaborate with farms. It is also possible to conclude an agreement with points catering and shops. Guided by the main advantage - the environmental friendliness of the products - it is necessary to establish high-quality sales of products.

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