Side numbers of ships of project 61 of the USSR Navy. Large anti-submarine ships of the USSR Navy

The main headquarters of the USSR Navy was pierced by slippery tentacles of horror: the commander-in-chief saw the nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise everywhere, officers threw themselves out of the windows in panic, shouting “The aircraft carriers are coming”! A pistol shot clicked - the deputy chief of the General Staff shot himself in his office, data is coming from the United States about the laying of new Nimitz-class aircraft carriers...

If you believe the “journalistic investigations” of recent years, then the USSR Navy was only engaged in chasing American aircraft carrier groups, for which it built batches of “aircraft carrier killers” - special surface and underwater ships designed to destroy Enterprises, “ Nimitz", "Kitty Hawk" and other floating airfields of the "probable enemy".

Needless to say, the attack aircraft carrier Enterprise is a noble target. Large, with enormous combat potential. But it is very vulnerable - sometimes one unexploded 127 mm caliber missile is enough for an aircraft carrier to “leave the game.” But what will happen if a fiery barrage of fifty shells of 100 and 152 mm calibers hits the Enterprise flight deck? – a Soviet cruiser sailing in direct line of sight tirelessly keeps an eye on the aircraft carrier.

Constant monitoring of the “probable enemy” is an indispensable attribute of peacetime. And it no longer matters that the combat radius of deck-based Phantoms is tens of times greater than the firing range of the old cruiser’s guns—if war breaks out, the first move will be made by the gunners.

The cheerful cruiser pr. 68 bis is just a warm-up. The Soviet commanders-in-chief have real trump cards hidden up their sleeves - nuclear submarines of projects 949 and 949A, Tu-22M missile carriers, space reconnaissance systems and anti-ship missiles ultra-long range. There is a problem - there is a solution.

But they had Soviet fleet and Real Problems. It's no coincidence most surface forces of the USSR Navy was classified as “Large anti-submarine ships" The Soviet leadership understood perfectly well who the main threat came from - one George Washington with a Polaris SLBM could cause more damage than a thousand Enterprise aircraft carriers.
Absolutely right, dear reader, the USSR Navy was focused primarily on searching for and fighting enemy nuclear submarines. Especially with “city killers” carrying long-range ballistic missiles. The ocean surface was continuously scanned by anti-submarine aircraft Il-38 and Tu-142, underwater killers Project 705 and 671 were prowling in the water column, and the legendary BODs - Soviet cruisers and destroyers, focused on performing anti-submarine missions - were on duty at the anti-submarine lines.

"Singing" frigates

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 61. Total displacement 4300 tons. Crew 270 people. Full speed 35 knots. Cruising range 3500 miles at 18 knots.
Weapons:
— 2 launchers of the M-1 “Volna” air defense system (ammunition 32 anti-aircraft missiles);

— 2 RBU-6000 rocket launchers (192 depth charges);
— 2 RBU-1000 rocket launchers (48 depth charges);
— five-tube torpedo tube of 533 mm caliber;
— helipad, aviation fuel storage (5 tons), cellar for aircraft torpedoes and equipment.

A series of twenty Soviet patrol ships (5 more ships of this type were subsequently built for the Indian Navy) from the early 60s, later classified as BODs. First in the world warships with a gas turbine power plant designed for all travel modes.
Project 61 became an important stage in domestic shipbuilding - for the first time a ship with an aluminum hull and a gas turbine unit was created. Two anti-aircraft missile systems, universal artillery, rocket depth charges and deep sea torpedoes– the small glorious ship could use its weapons even in a storm: the sharp “snub-nosed” contours of the hull allowed the BOD to easily go against any wave.

There were also disadvantages: sailors complained about the high noise in the cockpits - the powerful roar of gas turbines penetrated into every room, making service on the BOD pr. 61 a rather unpleasant event. But a much more serious issue was the survivability of the ship - fears were confirmed in 1974, when the BOD "Brave" died on the roadstead of Sevastopol - after the explosion of the missile magazine, the fire quickly spread throughout the ship, destroying flimsy bulkheads made of aluminum-magnesium alloy AMG in its path.

However, some circumstances allow us to disagree with the statement about the low survivability of the “singing frigates” - 480 kg of explosives and six tons of gunpowder detonated in the aft cellar of the Brave, but the small ship continued to fight the fire for 5 hours.

There is still one ship of this type in the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy.

BOD "Smetlivy" in the Mediterranean Sea. In the background is the US Navy Aegis destroyer USS Mahan.

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 1134A (code "Berkut-A")

Total displacement 7500 tons. Crew 380 people. Full speed 33 knots. Cruising range 5500 miles at 18 knots.
Weapons:

— 2 launchers of the M-11 “Storm” air defense system (ammunition 48 missiles);
— 2 universal automatic artillery systems AK-725 of 57 mm caliber;

— 2 RBU-6000 (192 depth charges);

A series of ten BODs built between 1966 and 1977. for the USSR Navy. Just good ships, without any special frills. They ensured the Soviet naval presence in the World Ocean and regularly served in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. They provided military-political support to “friendly” regimes, patrolled in zones of military conflicts, and deployed underwater submarines to combat positions. strategic missile carriers USSR Navy, provided combat training fleet, took part in shooting and naval exercises. In a word, they did everything that a warship was supposed to do during the Cold War.

Anti-submarine cruisers of Project 1123 (code “Condor”)

Total displacement 15,000 tons. Crew 700 people. Full speed 28 knots. Cruising range 6000 miles at 18 knots.
Weapons:
— an air group of 14 helicopters: anti-submarine Ka-25PL, long-range helicopters radar detection and target designation Ka-25TSU, search and rescue vehicles Ka-25PS.
— 4 helipads, an below-deck hangar, a small hangar in the aft part of the superstructure, two helicopter lifts;
— anti-submarine missile system “Vikhr” (1 launcher, 8 special ammunition with nuclear warheads);
— 2 launchers of the M-11 “Storm” air defense system (96 missiles);

— 2 universal automatic systems AK-725 of 57 mm caliber.
— initially the ship had torpedo weapons and 30 mm rapid-firing AK-230 anti-aircraft guns (they were removed during modernization).

The anti-submarine cruisers "Moscow" and "Leningrad" became the first aircraft carriers (helicopter carriers) of the USSR Navy. The reason for the appearance of these large ships was the entry into combat duty of American strategic missile carriers of the George Washington type - 16 Polaris A-1 ballistic missiles with a flight range of 2200 km fairly frightened the leadership of the USSR.

The result was a “hybrid” with powerful missile weapons, the entire aft part of which was a runway with an extended under-deck hangar. To detect enemy submarines, in addition to 14 Ka-25 helicopters, there was an Orion under-keel sonar and a towed Vega sonar station on board.

Project 1123 is not a BOD, but based on the purpose of the anti-submarine cruiser and its weapons, it has the right to take a place among the same “large anti-submarine ships” - an extremely vague definition that covers ships of the USSR Navy of various sizes and characteristics.

The main drawback of “Moscow” and “Leningrad” became clear during the first combat services on anti-submarine lines. Only 4 helipads (flight deck space where takeoff and landing operations can be carried out) and 14 helicopters were too few to provide 24-hour anti-submarine patrol over a given ocean area.

In addition, by the time the lead cruiser-helicopter carrier "Moscow" entered service with the US Navy, a new ballistic missile "Polaris A-3" with a firing range of 4600 km had arrived - the combat patrol area of the "Washingtons" and "Ethen Allens" had expanded, which made countering strategic missile carriers is an even more difficult task.

The anti-submarine cruisers served for almost thirty years in the USSR Navy and made numerous visits to the ports of friendly states... Cuba, Angola, Yugoslavia, Yemen. The anti-submarine cruiser Leningrad was the flagship of a detachment of ships of the USSR Navy during the demining of the Suez Canal (1974). Both cruisers were part of the Black Sea Fleet. “Leningrad”, after two major repairs, ended its service in 1991, and “Moskva” was put into reserve in 1983, and decommissioned in 1997.

Project 1135 patrol ships (code "Burevestnik")

Total displacement 3200 tons. Crew 190 people. Full speed 32 knots. Cruising range 4000 miles at 14 knots.
Weapons:
— “package” launcher of the anti-submarine complex “Metel” (4 missile torpedoes);
— 2 launchers of the Osa-M short-range air defense system (ammunition load of 40 missiles);
— 2 automated gun mounts AK-726 76 mm caliber;
— 2 RBU-6000 (96 depth charges);
— eight torpedoes of 533 mm caliber;
– sea mines – up to 20 pcs. on the upper deck.

A series of 32 patrol ships (until 1977 they were classified as rank II BODs) to solve a wide range of tasks in providing anti-submarine and air defense for ship formations in open sea areas and the littoral zone, escorting convoys in areas of local armed conflicts and protecting territorial waters.

Project 1135 differed from its predecessors not only in its elegant appearance, but also in its solid weapons, using the latest means detection of enemy submarines, a high level of automation - "Petrel" brought anti-submarine defense to a high level new level. Their successful design ensured their long active service in all fleets of the USSR Navy, and two of them still remain in the Russian Navy.

Objectively, due to the weakness of air defense and the lack of a helicopter, the Burevestnik was inferior in capabilities to its famous peers - the American frigates Knox and Oliver H. Perry. But circumstances have developed in such a way that the US Navy remembers the Petrel much better than its Knoxes and Perrys - in 1988, the patrol ship Bezezavetny rudely supplanted missile cruiser"Yorktown" from Soviet territorial waters. The patrol boat broke the American ship's crew boat and the Harpoon anti-ship missile launcher, tore the skin in the area of the superstructure, deformed the helipad and demolished the entire railing on the port side.

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 1134-B (code "Berkut-B")

Total displacement 8500 tons. Crew 430 people. Full speed 32 knots. Cruising range 7000 miles at 18 knots.
Weapons:
— 8 anti-submarine launchers missile complex"Blizzard";
— 2 launchers of the M-11 “Storm” air defense system (ammunition load of 80 missiles);
— 2 launchers of the Osa-M short-range air defense system (ammunition load of 40 missiles)
— 2 universal automatic artillery systems AK-726, 76 mm caliber;
— 2 batteries of six-barreled anti-aircraft guns AK-630;
— 2 RBU-6000 (144 depth charges);
— 2 RBU-1000 (48 depth charges);
— 2x5 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber;
— Ka-25PL anti-submarine helicopter, deck hangar.

A constellation of seven large anti-submarine ships of the USSR Navy. Large ocean-going BODs with amazing combat potential - anti-submarine missile torpedoes, four anti-aircraft missile systems, universal and rapid-fire artillery, depth charges and an anti-submarine helicopter. Outstanding seaworthiness, cruising range of 6,500 miles - enough to travel from Murmansk to New York and back. “Bukari” (as 1134-B was affectionately called in the fleet) were indeed the best BODs in the Soviet navy, the most balanced in characteristics and most fully meeting the tasks of the Navy.

Most of the BOD Project 1134-B served in the Pacific Ocean. Brought together into several anti-submarine groups, the Bukari continuously “combed” the Philippine Sea, where there was a combat patrol area of American strategic submarines preparing to launch a missile strike on Far East and Siberia.

There were big plans for the modernization of the BOD Project 1134-B - the modernization potential of the ships made it possible to mount on board the new Rastrub-B anti-submarine missile system and even the S-300 long-range anti-aircraft system! As an experiment, one of the BODs of this type - "Azov" received two below-deck launchers and a fire control system for the S-300F air defense system instead of the stern "Storm" air defense system - it turned out great. In the future, the ship composition of the USSR Navy could be replenished with unique BODs, whose foreign analogues would appear only 10 years later. But, alas...

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 1155 (code “Udaloy”)

Total displacement 7500 tons. Crew 220 people. Full speed 29 knots. Cruising range 5000 miles at 14 knots.
Weapons:
— 8 launchers of the Rastrub-B anti-submarine missile system;
— 8 below-deck drum-type launchers of the Kinzhal self-defense air defense missile system (ammunition load 64 missiles);
— 2 automated artillery guns of 100 mm caliber;
— 2 batteries of six-barreled anti-aircraft guns AK-630;
— 2 RBU-6000 (96 depth charges)
— 2x4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber
— 2 Ka-27PL helicopters, 2 hangars.

“Udaloy” was a mistake by the leadership of the USSR Navy. No, at first glance, the BOD pr. 1155 is a real masterpiece of shipbuilding, equipped with a 700-ton Polinom sonar system, a multi-channel Kinzhal air defense system to repel massive attacks of anti-ship missiles, two helicopters and a whole range of naval weapons - from universal artillery to homing torpedoes. “Udaloy” would have become an undoubted masterpiece... if it had not been for its predecessor - 1134-B. Compared to the Bukar, the BOD pr. 1155 turned out to be a step back.

Due to the 30-meter fairing of the Polynom GAS, the driving performance and seaworthiness of the new ship were seriously affected - the complex turned out to be too heavy for the modest BOD. Of course, "Polynomial" gave great opportunities in terms of detecting enemy nuclear submarines, which he detected at a distance of up to 25 miles, which to some extent compensated for the deterioration in the Udaly’s seaworthiness. But a much more serious drawback was the complete absence of medium- or long-range air defense systems - the Kinzhal had a firing range of only 6.5 miles and could only fight anti-ship missiles, but not their carriers.

Otherwise, BOD Project 1155 was a wonderful ship with a noble forecastle line and powerful anti-submarine weapons. In total, before the collapse of the USSR, the fleet managed to receive 12 large anti-submarine ships of this type. In the 90s, only one BOD was built according to the modified project 11551 - the only representative of this project, Admiral Chabanenko, retained all the advantages of Project 1155, but additionally received an AK-130 artillery system, anti-aircraft systems"Dirk" and anti-ship missiles "Moskit".

Conclusion

The above 90 large anti-submarine ships and anti-submarine cruisers are just the “tip of the iceberg” of the anti-submarine defense system of the USSR Navy. There was an entire system of basic patrol aircraft with hundreds of anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters. The expanses of the ocean were plied by ordinary trawlers with unusual trawls - camouflaged anti-submarine patrols with a multi-kilometer low-frequency antenna stretching behind the stern (try to prove that it was not a trawl!) frayed a lot of nerves of American sailors.

Fantastic projects were developed, such as nuclear BOD project 1199 "Anchar". Moreover, all four heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers of Project 1143 carried a squadron of anti-submarine helicopters on their decks and had on board a solid complex of anti-submarine weapons (the grandiose Polynom SJSC and Whirlwind anti-submarine missiles with nuclear warheads). So, contrary to the well-known myth, during the passage through the Bosphorus, the Soviet sailors did not deceive the Turkish representatives at all by calling their aircraft carrier cruisers anti-submarine ships.

By the way, Naval forces The United States developed according to exactly the same scenario - the Americans were deathly afraid of Soviet submarines, which is why they planned the composition of their fleet at the rate of “one frigate for one Russian boat.” The worldwide sonar system SOSUS for tracking submarines, the FRAMM program to transform hundreds of obsolete destroyers into anti-submarine ships, huge series of anti-submarine frigates "Knox" and "Oliver H. Perry", unique destroyers of the "Spruance" type with exaggerated anti-submarine weapons, but without systems zonal air defense - simply the American “twins” of the BOD Project 1155 “Udaloy”.

It remains to add that the idea of a “large anti-submarine ship” died with the advent of sea-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with a flight range of 10,000 km. From now on, strategic missile carriers could launch missiles from the territorial waters of their state.

(standard)
4300 (full)

Length 131.96 (according to KVL)
143.95 (highest) Width 13.99 (according to KVL)
15.78 (highest) Draft 4.47 (average) Engines GTU Power 72,000 l. With. Travel speed 30.24 knots (full)
34-35 knots (maximum) Cruising range 1520 miles at 33 knots
2700 (according to other sources - 3500) miles at 18 knots Sailing autonomy 10 days (according to provisions) Crew 266 people (including 22 officers) Armament Radar weapons 2 Detection radar VTs and NC MR-310
2 MP-105 artillery fire control radars Electronic weapons All-round GAS "Titan" Flak 2x2 76mm AU AK-726 Missile weapons 4x1 anti-ship missile "Termite"
2x2 Volna air defense missile launchers (24 9M38 missiles or 32 V-601 missiles) Anti-submarine weapons 2x12 213 mm RBU-6000 (192 RGB-60)
2x6 305 mm RBU-1000 (48 RGB-10) Mine and torpedo weapons 1x5 533-mm TA PTA-53-61 (5 torpedoes 53-65K or SET-65) Aviation group 1 Ka-25 helicopter, no hangar.

Large anti-submarine ships of the Komsomolets of Ukraine type(project 61, NATO code - Kashin) - a type of large anti-submarine ships, in service with the USSR Navy since 1964 and in service with the Russian Navy since 1991. As of 2009, as part of the Black Sea Fleet of the Navy Russian Federation There is only one (SKR “Smetlivy”) of the 20 ships of the project that became part of the USSR Navy in the period from 1973 to 1973. The remaining 19 ships are currently decommissioned and dismantled for metal.

Background

Late 1950s and 1960s - This is an era of great changes in the history of the navy, an era of new opportunities and new weapons. This was primarily due to the advent of sea-based nuclear missiles, which turned submarines into strategic weapons. The appearance on nuclear submarines power plants has greatly increased their autonomy, cruising range, underwater speed and, as a result, the seriousness of the threat they create.

The second major threat at sea is new high-speed jets and cruise missiles, which have made traditional anti-aircraft artillery systems virtually useless against a massive air attack.

To counter new threats, active development of new missile weapons began to destroy submarines and high-speed air targets. Initially, air defense and anti-aircraft missile systems were installed on converted artillery cruisers from the Second World War, but by the early 1960s. There is an urgent need for specially built missile ships. In the USA, depending on their specialization, these ships were called escort destroyers or missile leaders; in the USSR, these ships were given the name “large anti-submarine ship.”

Important feature This period of development of naval weapons had a short range (hundreds of kilometers) of sea-based nuclear missiles, which forced submarines to come close to the enemy’s sea borders. Thus, anti-submarine barriers near one’s own borders were an important factor in strategic deterrence before the advent of long-range nuclear missiles. In addition, anti-submarine ships had to ensure the combat stability of their submarines deployed off the enemy’s coast.

In the USSR, the need to create specialized anti-submarine missile ships was realized in the late 1950s, when it became clear that our fleet did not have adequate measures to counter modern American attack aircraft and nuclear submarines. It was decided to create a layered anti-submarine defense, where in the far zone the boats were intercepted by helicopter carriers (Project 1123) and the base anti-submarine aviation, and in the near field - with small missiles patrol ships, the first of which was the Project 61 ship.

History of creation

Design of the ship began in 1956. According to the operational-tactical assignment, the ship’s functions included air defense of ship formations from attacks by aircraft and cruise missiles, as well as anti-submarine defense. The development of the project was entrusted to the Institute of Military Shipbuilding.

During the pre-draft design process, the composition of the weapons and their rational layout were determined. A linearly elevated arrangement of air defense systems and gun mounts was adopted (one air defense system and one gun mount in the bow and stern of the ship); it was decided to place hydroacoustic means to reduce draft in a retractable fairing; anti-submarine missiles were excluded from the armament, due to which the ammunition load of anti-aircraft missiles was increased to 24; at the same time, the standard displacement of the ship was 3600 tons. When the tactical and technical specifications were approved, it was proposed to consider the option of using a gas turbine engine on the ship. As a result, this option, which reduced displacement by 400 tons, was accepted. Thus, the ship became the world's first large warship with gas turbines as the main engine.

After the approval of the main tactical and technical elements at the beginning of 1957, TsKB-53, headed by B.I. Kupensky, began developing a preliminary design. The technical project was completed and approved in 1958, after which at the plant. 61 Communards in Nikolaev On September 15, 1959, the lead ship was laid down - “Komsomolets of Ukraine”. On December 31, 1960, it was launched, and on October 15, 1962, it was transferred to the fleet for state tests. The test program was fully completed except for tests on full speed, which, due to the lack of development of the propulsion system, was postponed to 1963. It was also discovered that there was a lack of sufficient stability and displacement, however, with a discount for the fundamental novelty of the ship, the result was considered satisfactory.

Among other, smaller criticisms, which were subsequently successfully eliminated, was the insufficient reliability of the first samples of the Volna air defense system and the Turel artillery fire control system. It was noted that the small radius of detection of submarines by hydroacoustic means did not allow the use of anti-submarine torpedoes and RBU-6000 bomb launchers to their maximum range. The tests confirmed the good seaworthiness of the ship, ensuring full speed in sea conditions up to 4-5 points, good job pitch dampers. Maximum speed of the lead ship was 35.5 knots, and on all other ships of the series it did not fall below 34 knots.

On December 31, 1962, after the State Acceptance Act was signed, the ship was enlisted in the USSR Navy. In 1966, the creators of the ship were awarded the Lenin Prize.

Classification

Initially, Project 61 ships belonged to the patrol class (SKR), but on May 19, 1966, all ships in service and under construction were reclassified as large anti-submarine ships (LAS). 6 ships, converted according to project 61-M/61-MP (“Restrained”, “Ognevoy”, “Glorious”, “Smely”, “Smyshlyny” and “Stroyny”), 06/28/1977 classified as large missile ships (BRK), but on October 14, 1980 they were returned to the BOD class. In January 1992, all ships remaining in service were again classified as TFR.

Design Features

Frame

The ship's hull is welded from steel SHL-4 (10HSND), smooth-deck, with a characteristic rise of the upper deck to the bow and an inclined stem. To ensure high speed stroke, it had very sharp contours (the ratio of length to width was 9.5). The main watertight bulkheads divided the hull into 15 compartments. The double bottom occupied about 80% of the ship's length.

A number of features had a common location. Taking into account the possible use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, the ship was provided with the ability to conduct combat operations without the presence of personnel on the upper deck and bridges, as well as other measures to increase survivability: a through corridor in the superstructure for a closed passage to combat posts, gas-tight vestibules , lack of portholes in the cockpits. The main command post (MCP), for the first time in domestic practice, was located on the lower deck separately from the navigation post and was equipped with all the necessary means for monitoring the situation, controlling the ship and using all types of weapons.

The ship had a 90-meter long superstructure with two masts, two bases for antenna posts of the Yatagan control system and two double chimneys. The exceptionally large size of the pipes reduced the temperature of the exhaust gases, reducing the thermal signature of the ship, and also made it possible to replace the propulsion system through the hatches located in them. To reduce displacement and improve stability, the superstructure, masts and pipes were made of aluminum-magnesium alloys. Only the areas where the masts, launchers, antenna posts, as well as the running post were made of steel.

Propulsion system

From the very beginning, two options for the main power plant were considered - a traditional steam turbine (STU) and a gas turbine (GTU). The latter, due to its lightness and compactness (specific gravity 5.2 kg/hp versus 9 kg/hp), reduced the ship's displacement from 3600 to 3200 tons and increased efficiency. In addition, starting from a cold state took 5-10 minutes for a gas turbine compared to several hours required for a steam turbine. For these reasons, the option with gas turbine engines was adopted.

The bow and stern engine rooms occupied one compartment each. Each housed an all-mode main gas turbine gear unit (GGTZA) M-3 with a power of 36,000 hp. produced by the Southern Turbine Plant in Nikolaev, two gas turbine generators GTU-6 with 600 kW each and a diesel generator DG-200/P with 200 kW. The compartments between the compartments were occupied by auxiliary mechanisms (roll stabilizer, auxiliary boilers). Fuel was stored in double-bottom tanks with a capacity of 940 tons, 70 tons of fresh water for the crew and 13 tons of water for auxiliary boilers were also stored there.

The total power of the power plant was 72,000 hp. Each GTZA consisted of two irreversible gas turbine engines (GTE) with a power of 18,000 hp each. with reversible mating gearbox. Each gas turbine engine had its own gas outlet pipe. Each of the two shafts had a four-bladed fixed-pitch propeller.

The use of gas turbines required the adoption of measures to reduce noise, which included a noise absorption system in air intake shafts, shock absorption of mechanisms, and sound-absorbing coatings. The engines were controlled remotely from special posts located in the power plant premises.

The anchor device consisted of two Hall anchors. The steering wheel is semi-balanced.

Armament

The armament of the new ship was innovative. For the first time in Soviet shipbuilding, it was equipped with two anti-aircraft missile systems (M-1 Volna). Each complex consisted of a two-beam ZIF-101 launcher, a Yatagan control system and a magazine with two rotating drums for 8 B-600 missiles each.

The artillery armament consisted of two twin 76-mm AK-726 turret mounts (rate of fire 90 rounds/min, range 13 km, height reach 9 km, ammunition capacity 2400 unitary rounds) and two Turel fire control systems.

The ship had a five-tube torpedo tube PTA-53-61 for SET-53 or 53-57 torpedoes with a “Zummer” torpedo firing control system, two RBU-6000 and RBU-1000 rocket launchers (ammunition load 192 RSL-60 and 48 RSL-10 respectively) with the “Storm” control system.

The ship provided storage for 5 tons of aviation fuel and ammunition for the Ka-25 anti-submarine helicopter (anti-submarine torpedoes, depth charges, sonobuoys), however, due to the lack of a hangar, only temporary deployment was possible.

The traditional mine rails for Soviet destroyers with ramps in the rear have been preserved. Two F-82-T launchers were provided for firing passive radar reflectors. Protection against torpedoes was provided by a towed guard BOKA-DU and a demagnetization device.

Hydroacoustic equipment included the Titan all-round viewing station and the Vychegda fire control station, located in the under-keel fairing. The detection range of the submarine was 3.5 km.

Modernization

Modernization of the ship began during construction. Since 1966, one of the two Angara radars was replaced by the Kliver radar.

In 1975, the Provorny BOD was modernized according to the project 61E, according to which both Volna air defense systems were dismantled, and a multi-channel air defense system of the new generation M-22 Shtil was installed at the stern in order to test the latter. In addition, the MR-500 surveillance radar has been replaced by Fregat-M. At the end of the tests in 1978, it was planned to install two more Shtil air defense systems in the bow of the ship, and then similarly modernize 4 ships of the series, but these plans were not realized. The displacement of the modernized ship increased to 3810/4750 tons. The Shtil air defense system was subsequently installed on Project 956 destroyers.

In 1976-1978 according to the project 61ME 5 ships were built for the Indian Navy. During the modernization process, instead of the aft 76-mm gun mount and the Turel control system, a semi-recessed helicopter hangar was placed, and instead of the aft launchers of the P-15 anti-ship missile system, 4 launchers for P-20 missiles were mounted in the bow of the ship. It was also planned to replace the 76 mm bow gun mount with a 100 mm one, but for a number of reasons these plans were not implemented. The ship's displacement was 4025/4905 tons. Project 61ME ships were the first large warships built for a foreign customer.

In 1990, the Sposobny BOD was converted into a test ship for testing new towed GAS. The modernization was not completed, and in 1993 the ship was withdrawn from the fleet.

The last major modernization of the project 01090 was held in 1990-1995 at the Smetlivy BOD. Instead of a stern artillery mount and a helipad, an MNK-300 non-acoustic submarine detection complex was installed with a 300-meter towed antenna that senses the submarine’s thermal, radiation and noise signals. Additionally, in place of the RBU-1000 bomb launchers, two 4-container launchers of Uran anti-ship missiles (a close analogue of the American Harpoon missiles) were installed, PK-10 and PK-16 jammers were placed in the wheelhouse area, and several were added new radars and the PKRK control system, 5x533 mm torpedo tubes were replaced by 7x406 mm. The ship's total displacement reached 4900 tons.

Three ships in the Indian Navy (Ranjit, Ranveer and Ranvijay) are currently being upgraded to carry the Brahmos supersonic anti-ship missiles, a joint Russian-Indian development (installation of a vertical launch for 16 missiles in place of the aft air defense system). Wave"). At the same time, the RBU-1000 installations are replaced by the Israeli Barak self-defense air defense system (4 UVP, 8 missiles each).

Modernization projects 61K (1961), 61 bis (1964) and 61A (1965) were not implemented.

The military representative of the 61st Kommunar plant, Nikolaev, captain 1st rank Dragunov Genrikh Vasilievich, made an invaluable contribution to the design and acceptance of the Volna anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as to a number of several other main combat systems of Project 61, and its modernizations.

Composition of the series

№	Name	Shipyard	Pawned	Lowered	In service	Decommissioned	Fleet
1.	Komsomolets of Ukraine	Nikolaev	15.09.1959	31.12.1960	31.12.1962	24.06.1991	H
2.	Savvy	Nikolaev	20.07.1960	04.11.1961	26.12.1963	03.07.1992	H,S
3.	Prompt	Nikolaev	10.02.1961	21.04.1962	25.12.1964	21.08.1990	H
4.	Fire	Leningrad	05.05.1962	31.05.1963	31.12.1964	25.04.1989	B, C
5.	Exemplary	Leningrad	29.07.1963	23.02.1964	29.09.1965	30.06.1993	B
6.	Gifted	Leningrad	22.01.1963	11.09.1964	30.12.1965	19.04.1990	S,T
7.	Brave	Nikolaev	10.08.1963	17.10.1964	31.12.1965	12.11.1974†	H
8.	Glorious	Leningrad	26.07.1964	24.04.1965	30.09.1966	24.06.1991	B
9.	Slim	Nikolaev	20.03.1964	28.07.1965	15.12.1966	12.04.1990	WITH
10.	Steregushchiy	Leningrad	26.07.1964	20.02.1966	21.12.1966	30.06.1993	T
11.	Red Caucasus	Nikolaev	25.11.1964	09.02.1966	25.09.1967	01.05.1998	H
12.	Decisive	Nikolaev	25.06.1965	30.06.1966	30.12.1967	01.11.1989	H
13.	Smart	Nikolaev	15.08.1965	22.10.1966	27.09.1968	22.02.1993	WITH
14.	Strict	Nikolaev	22.02.1966	29.04.1967	24.12.1968	30.06.1993	T
15.	Sharp-witted	Nikolaev	15.07.1966	26.08.1967	25.09.1969	-	H
16.	Brave	Nikolaev	15.11.1966	06.02.1968	27.12.1969	05.03.1988	B, B
17.	Red Crimea	Nikolaev	23.02.1968	28.02.1969	15.10.1970	24.06.1993	H
18.	Capable	Nikolaev	10.03.1969	11.04.1970	25.09.1971	06.01.1993	T
19.	Fast	Nikolaev	20.04.1970	26.02.1971	23.09.1972	22.11.1997	H
20.	Restrained	Nikolaev	10.03.1971	25.02.1972	30.12.1973	29.05.1991	H
21.	DD51 Rajput (Reliable)	Nikolaev	11.09.1976	17.09.1977	30.11.1979	04.05.1980	India
22.	DD52 Rana (Destructive)	Nikolaev	29.11.1976	27.09.1978	30.09.1981	10.02.1982	India
23.	DD53 Ranjit (Dexterous)	Nikolaev	29.06.1977	16.06.1979	20.07.1983	24.11.1983	India
24.	DD54 Ranvir (Hard)	Nikolaev	24.10.1981	12.03.1983	30.12.1985	28.10.1986	India
25.	DD55 Ranjivay (Sensible)	Nikolaev	19.03.1982	01.02.1986	01.02.1986	15.01.1988	India

Project 61-ME ships, built and commissioned by India, were temporarily assigned to the USSR Navy. For them, the Soviet name of the ship is indicated in brackets. The "Decommissioned" column indicates the date the ship was handed over to the Indian Navy.

Nikolaev - plant named after 61 communards in Nikolaev (shipyard No. 445).

Leningrad - plant named after. A. A. Zhdanova (Northern Shipyard) in Leningrad (shipyard 190).

Project evaluation

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The Class 61 ships represented a significant advance in terms of defensive systems compared to the previous class 58. The number of functioning missile launchers was doubled, and the artillery was located more rationally, which made it much more difficult for enemy aircraft to attack the ship.

At the same time. in fact, Project 61 ships were no longer fully adequate as BODs at the time of their construction modern requirements. In terms of characteristics, both jet bomb launchers used are superior to the RUR-4 Weapon Alpha installation adopted by the US Navy in 1951 (exceeding the rate of fire by almost 2 times (RBU-6000) and the range by 6 times). But in the USA in 1960, a new family of anti-submarine weapons PLURK RUR-5 ASROC appeared. As a result, the ship's anti-submarine warfare capabilities did not fully meet the requirements for combating modern US submarines and nuclear submarines, although this deficiency was partially compensated by the presence of 5,533-mm torpedo tubes, with the possibility of using anti-submarine torpedoes of the SET and TEST families.

Notes

Literature

Apalkov Yu. V. Ships of the USSR Navy. Directory in 4 volumes. - St. Petersburg. : Galeya Print, 2005. - T. III. Anti-submarine ships. Part I. Large anti-submarine ships. Patrol ships. - 124 s. - ISBN 5-8172-0094-5
Apalkov Yu. V. Anti-submarine ships. - Morkbook. - M., 2010. - P. 147. - 310 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903080-99-1
Vasiliev A. M. et al. SPKB. 60 years with the fleet. - St. Petersburg. : History of the ship, 2006. - P. 3. - ISBN 5-903152-01-5
Zablotsky V. P. Universal project. SKR, BPK, DBK, EM and frigates of projects 61, 61M, 61MP, 61ME. In 2 parts // Marine Collection. 2009 No. 10. P. 1 - 32; No. 11. P. 1 - 32..
Kovalenko V. A., Ostroumov M. N. Handbook of Foreign Fleets. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1971.
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1947-1995. - Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press, 1996. - ISBN 1557501327

Links

BPK pr. 61 Naval collection.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 61


Project
Country
Manufacturers	Shipyard named after 61 communards (Nikolaev) Shipyard named after Zhdanova
Operators	USSR Navy
Years of construction	-
Years in service	-present
Built	20
In service	1
Sent for scrapping	18
Losses	1
Main Features
Displacement	3630 (standard) 4560 (full)
Length	131.96 (according to KVL) 143.95 (highest)
Width	13.99 (according to KVL) 15.78 (highest)
Draft	4.47 (average)
Engines	GTU
Power	72,000 l. With.
Travel speed	32 knots (full) 35 knots (maximum)
Cruising range	1520 miles at 33 knots 3500 miles at 18 knots
Sailing autonomy	10 days (according to provisions)
Crew	266 people (including 22 officers)
Armament
Radar weapons	2 radars for detecting VTs and NC MR-310 2 MP-105 artillery fire control radars
Electronic weapons	All-round GAS "Titan"
Flak	2x2-76mm AU AK-726
Missile weapons	4x1 anti-ship missile "Termite" 2x2 Volna air defense missile launchers (24 9M38 missiles or 32 V-601 missiles)
Anti-submarine weapons	2x12-213mm RBU-6000 (192 RGB-60) 2x6-305mm RBU-1000 (48 RGB-10)
Mine and torpedo weapons	1x5-533mm TA PTA-53-61 (5 torpedoes 53-65K or SET-65)
Aviation group	1 Ka-25 helicopter, no hangar.

Large anti-submarine ships of Project 61(NATO code - Kashin) - a type of large anti-submarine ships, in service with the USSR Navy since 1962 and in service with the Russian Navy since 1991. As of 2016, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy includes only one (SKR “Smetlivy”) of the 20 ships of the project that became part of the USSR Navy in the period from 1973 to 1973. The remaining 19 ships in 1989-2001. written off and dismantled for metal.

Background

Late 1950s and 1960s - This is an era of great changes in the history of the navy, an era of new opportunities and new weapons. This was primarily due to the advent of sea-based nuclear missiles, which turned submarines into strategic weapons. The appearance of nuclear power plants on submarines has greatly increased their autonomy, cruising range, underwater speed and, as a consequence, the seriousness of the threat they pose.

The second major threat at sea is new high-speed jets and cruise missiles, which have made traditional anti-aircraft artillery systems virtually useless against a massive air attack.

To counter new threats, active development of new missile weapons began, designed to destroy submarines and high-speed air targets. Initially, air defense and anti-aircraft missile systems were installed on converted artillery cruisers from the Second World War, but by the early 1960s. There is an urgent need for specially built missile ships. In the USA, depending on their specialization, these ships were called escort destroyers or missile leaders; in the USSR, these ships were given the name “large anti-submarine ship.”

An important feature of this period of development of naval weapons was the short range (hundreds of kilometers) of sea-based nuclear missiles, which forced submarines to come close to the enemy’s sea borders. Thus, anti-submarine barriers near one’s own borders were an important factor in strategic deterrence before the advent of long-range nuclear missiles. In addition, anti-submarine ships had to ensure the combat stability of their submarines deployed off the enemy’s coast.

In the USSR, the need to create specialized anti-submarine missile ships was realized in the late 1950s, when it became clear that our fleet did not have adequate measures to counter modern American attack aircraft and nuclear submarines. It was decided to create a layered anti-submarine defense, where in the far zone the boats were intercepted by helicopter carriers (Project 1123) and basic anti-submarine aircraft, and in the near zone by small missile patrol ships, the first of which was the Project 61 ship.

History of creation

After the approval of the main tactical and technical elements at the beginning of 1957, TsKB-53, headed by B.I. Kupensky, began developing a preliminary design. The technical project was completed and approved in 1958, after which at the plant. 61 Communards in Nikolaev On September 15, 1959, the lead ship was laid down - “Komsomolets of Ukraine”. On December 31, 1960, it was launched, and on October 15, 1962, it was transferred to the fleet for state tests. The test program was fully completed except for full speed tests, which, due to the undeveloped propulsion system, were postponed to 1963. It was also discovered that there was a lack of sufficient stability and displacement reserves, however, taking into account the fundamental novelty of the ship, the result was considered satisfactory.

Among other, smaller criticisms, which were subsequently successfully eliminated, was the insufficient reliability of the first samples of the Volna air defense system and the Turel artillery fire control system. It was noted that the small radius of detection of submarines by hydroacoustic means did not allow the use of anti-submarine torpedoes and RBU-6000 bomb launchers to their maximum range. The tests confirmed the good seaworthiness of the ship, ensuring full speed in seas up to 4-5 points, and good performance of the anti-roll bars. The maximum speed of the lead ship was 35.5 knots, and on all other ships of the series it did not fall below 34 knots.

On December 31, 1962, after the State Acceptance Act was signed, the ship was enlisted in the USSR Navy. In 1966, the creators of the ship were awarded the Lenin Prize.

Classification

Frame

The ship's hull is welded from steel SHL-4 (10HSND), smooth-deck, with a characteristic rise of the upper deck to the bow and an inclined stem. To ensure high speed, it had very sharp contours (length to width ratio was 9.5). The main watertight bulkheads divided the hull into 15 compartments. The double bottom occupied about 80% of the ship's length.

Propulsion system

Because of the melodious whistle of gas turbines, the ships of the series were dubbed “singing frigates” by the navy.

The anchor device consisted of two Hall anchors. The steering wheel is semi-balanced.

Armament

Hydroacoustic equipment included the Titan all-round viewing station and the Vychegda fire control station, located in the under-keel fairing. The detection range of the submarine was 3.5 km.

Modernization

Modernization of the ship began during construction. Since 1966, one of the two Angara radars was replaced by the Kliver radar.

Composition of the series

Project 61 ships were built from 1973 to 1973 in Nikolaev at the shipyard named after. 61 communards (shipyard No. 445) and in Leningrad at the shipyard named after. A. A. Zhdanova (shipyard 190).

№	Name	Shipyard	Pawned	Lowered	In service	Decommissioned	Fleet
1.	Komsomolets of Ukraine	Nikolaev	15.09.1959	31.12.1960	31.12.1962	24.06.1991	Black Sea Fleet
2.	Savvy	Nikolaev	20.07.1960	04.11.1961	26.12.1963	03.07.1992	Black Sea Fleet, Northern Fleet
3.	Prompt	Nikolaev	10.02.1961	21.04.1962	25.12.1964	21.08.1990	Black Sea Fleet
4.	Fire	Leningrad	05.05.1962	31.05.1963	31.12.1964	25.04.1989	BF, SF
5.	Exemplary	Leningrad	29.07.1962	23.02.1964	29.09.1965	30.06.1993	BF
6.	Gifted	Leningrad	22.01.1963	11.09.1964	30.12.1965	19.04.1990	Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet
7.	Brave	Nikolaev	10.08.1963	17.10.1964	31.12.1965	12.11.1974†	Black Sea Fleet
8.	Glorious	Leningrad	26.01.1964	24.04.1965	30.09.1966	24.06.1991	BF
9.	Slim	Nikolaev	20.03.1964	28.07.1965	15.12.1966	12.04.1990	SF
10.	Steregushchiy	Leningrad	26.07.1964	20.02.1966	21.12.1966	30.06.1993	Pacific Fleet
11.	Red Caucasus	Nikolaev	25.11.1964	09.02.1966	25.09.1967	01.05.1998	Black Sea Fleet
12.	Decisive	Nikolaev	25.06.1965	30.06.1966	30.12.1967	08.07.1996	Black Sea Fleet
13.	Smart	Nikolaev	15.08.1965	22.10.1966	27.09.1968	22.02.1993	SF
14.	Strict	Nikolaev	22.02.1966	29.04.1967	24.12.1968	30.06.1993	Pacific Fleet
15.	Sharp-witted	Nikolaev	15.07.1966	26.08.1967	25.09.1969	-	Black Sea Fleet
16.	Brave	Nikolaev	15.11.1966	06.02.1968	27.12.1969	05.03.1988	Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet
17.	Red Crimea	Nikolaev	23.02.1968	28.02.1969	15.10.1970	24.06.1993	Black Sea Fleet
18.	Capable	Nikolaev	10.03.1969	11.04.1970	25.09.1971	20.11.1993	Pacific Fleet
19.	Fast	Nikolaev	20.04.1970	26.02.1971	23.09.1972	22.11.1997	Black Sea Fleet
20.	Restrained	Nikolaev	10.03.1971	25.02.1972	30.12.1973	27.10.2001	Black Sea Fleet

The BOD "Smiely" was leased and subsequently sold to the Polish People's Republic. The "Decommissioned" column indicates the date of transfer of the ship to the Polish Navy, where it was decommissioned on December 5, 2003.

Project 61-ME ships, built for the Indian Navy, were temporarily assigned to the USSR Navy. The composition of the series is given in the project description. As of 2015, all Project 61-ME ships are in service.

Project evaluation

Project 61 ships were a very successful series of Soviet BODs (de facto destroyers). They represented a significant advance in terms of defensive systems over the previous Class 58.

For the first time in the world, serial ships are equipped with gas turbine units. The number of functioning missile launchers and fire control channels was doubled, and the artillery was located more rationally, which made it much more difficult for enemy aircraft to strike the ship.

At the same time, as anti-submarine ships, the Project 61 ships at the time of their construction no longer fully met modern requirements. Although in terms of characteristics, both jet bomb launchers used were superior to the RUR-4 Weapon Alpha installation adopted by the US Navy in 1951 (exceeding the rate of fire by almost 2 times (RBU-6000) and the range by 6 times), but in 1960 in service American Navy a new family of anti-submarine weapons PLURK RUR-5 ASROC has appeared. As a result, the ship's anti-submarine warfare capabilities did not fully meet the requirements for combating modern US submarines and nuclear submarines, although this deficiency was partially compensated by the presence of 5,533-mm torpedo tubes, with the possibility of using anti-submarine torpedoes of the SET and TEST families.

Comparison with closest analogues

In general, as a comparison shows, Project 61 BODs were approximately equivalent to the American missile-carrying destroyers of their time. An important advantage the Soviet ship had its gas turbine, much more compact, less noisy, and capable of reaching the full power without the need to increase steam pressure in boilers.

Parameter	Project 61	Charles F. Adams type
Displacement standard/full	3400/4300 t.	3277/4256 t.
Power point	GTU, 72000 hp	PTU, 70,000 hp (4 boilers)
Speed	34 knots	33 knots
Anti-aircraft missile weapons	2x2-beam PU M-1 “Volna”. Ammunition capacity: 32 V-601 or V-601M missiles.	1x2-beam Mk-11 launcher or 1x1-beam Mk-13 launcher. Ammunition capacity of up to 40 RIM-24 Tartar or SM-1MR missiles. Fire control channels - 2
Anti-submarine missile weapons	Absent	8-round PU RUR-5 ASROC
Anti-submarine torpedo weapons	1x5-pipe TA caliber 533 mm	2x3-pipe TA with caliber 324 mm
Anti-submarine bombs	2 bomb launchers RBU-6000 and 2 bomb launchers RBU-1000	Absent
Artillery weapons	2x2 76mm AU	2x1 127 mm gun
Aviation weapons	Platform for 1 helicopter	Absent

Both ships had comparable anti-aircraft weapons: the presence of two launchers in Project 61 was compensated by the higher reloading speed of the American launchers, in addition, the RIM-24 Tartar was generally longer-range than the Volna.

In terms of anti-submarine capabilities, the ships differed somewhat. Project 61 had a more powerful short-range anti-submarine defense due to the presence of bombers and 533-mm torpedo tubes. The American destroyer had only a 324-mm TA (of which only three could be aimed on board) and did not have bomb launchers, but the presence of the ASROC anti-submarine missile system gave it a significant advantage at a distance of 5-16 kilometers. In addition, the ASROC could be equipped with a nuclear warhead, allowing the Charles F. Adams-class destroyers to launch nuclear strikes against underwater and surface targets.

An undoubted and significant advantage of Project 61 was the presence of a landing pad for a helicopter. American destroyers, which, as it was assumed at that time, would have to operate either as part of an aircraft carrier group (and be covered by deck-based helicopters and aircraft carrier aircraft) or as part of an anti-submarine formation of frigates (carrying deck-based helicopters) did not have such equipment, which in the future became their significant disadvantage.

In terms of its ability to hit surface and coastal targets, the Charles F. Adams was significantly superior to its Soviet counterpart, due to the presence of 127-mm guns. To some extent, this was compensated by the presence on the Project 61 BOD of large-caliber torpedo tubes suitable for firing anti-ship torpedoes. Also, both ships could use their air defense systems to defeat the enemy. In general, significant differences in the combat capabilities of the ships were explained by the greater specialization of the Project 61 BOD in anti-submarine defense and autonomous anti-submarine operations, while the American destroyer was created as a universal escort ship, with less anti-submarine capabilities but greater versatility.

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Notes

Literature

Kostrichenko V.V., Prostokishin A.A. Singing frigates. Large anti-submarine ships of Project 61.. - M.: Modelist-Konstruktor, 1999. - 35 p.
Zabolotsky V.P.; Kostrichenko V.V. Ocean Hounds. History of ships of Project 61.. - M.: Military Book, 2005. - 192 p. - ISBN 978-5-902863-03-1.
Apalkov Yu. V. Ships of the USSR Navy. Directory in 4 volumes. - St. Petersburg. : Galeya Print, 2005. - T. III. Anti-submarine ships. Part I. Large anti-submarine ships. Patrol ships. - 124 s. - ISBN 5-8172-0094-5.
Apalkov Yu. V. Anti-submarine ships. - Morkbook. - M., 2010. - P. 147. - 310 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903080-99-1.
Vasiliev A. M. et al. SPKB. 60 years with the fleet. - St. Petersburg. : History of the ship, 2006. - P. 3. - ISBN 5-903152-01-5.
Zablotsky V. P. Universal project. SKR, BPK, DBK, EM and frigates of projects 61, 61M, 61MP, 61ME. In 2 parts // Marine Collection. 2009 No. 10. P. 1 - 32; No. 11. P. 1 - 32..
Kovalenko V. A., Ostroumov M. N. Handbook of Foreign Fleets. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1971.
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1947-1995. - Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press, 1996. - ISBN 1557501327.



Project 57-A

Project 61

Projects 1135 and 1135M³

Project 1134

Project 1134A

Project 1134B

Project 1155

Project 1155.1

Notes: ¹ Disassembled on a slipway; ² Order cancelled; ³ Until 1977 they were classified as BOD, after that as SKR.



Main classes

Battleships

Cruisers

Destroyers

Large anti-submarine ships

Patrol ships

Small artillery ships

Small rocket ships

Small anti-submarine ships

Combat boats

Patrol boats

Gunboats

Torpedo boats

Anti-submarine boats

Missile boats

Ships special purpose USSR Navy

Aircraft carriers

Landing ships

Training ships

Minesweepers

An excerpt characterizing the Project 61 Large Anti-Submarine Ships

- Sooo! One word! Is it possible to torture me and yourself like this because of a fantasy? - Nikolai said, taking her hand.
Sonya did not pull his hands away and stopped crying.
Natasha, without moving or breathing, looked out from her ambush with shining heads. “What will happen now”? she thought.
- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! “You alone are everything to me,” Nikolai said. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you talk like that.”
- Well, I won’t, I’m sorry, Sonya! “He pulled her towards him and kissed her.
“Oh, how good!” thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and cunning look. – I need to tell you one thing. Here, here,” she said and led him into the flower shop to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
– What is this one thing? – he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll abandoned on the tub, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- Don't want to? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting with her thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking him by the arm, with a happy face she quietly walked next to him into the sofa.

The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the countess, addressing her eldest daughter, obviously unloved. - How come you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're out of place here? Go to your sisters, or...
Beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me long ago, mamma, I would have left immediately,” she said, and went to her room.
But, passing by the sofa, she noticed that there were two couples sitting symmetrically at two windows. She stopped and smiled contemptuously. Sonya sat close to Nikolai, who was copying out poems for her that he had written for the first time. Boris and Natasha were sitting at another window and fell silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha looked at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but the sight of them, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.”
She took the inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” said Vera. “Then they ran into the living room, so everyone felt ashamed of you.”
Despite the fact that, or precisely because, what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only looked at each other. She lingered in the room with the inkwell in her hand.
- And what secrets could there be at your age between Natasha and Boris and between you - they’re all just nonsense!
- Well, what do you care, Vera? – Natasha said intercedingly in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was even more kind and affectionate to everyone than always that day.
“Very stupid,” said Vera, “I’m ashamed of you.” What are the secrets?...
- Everyone has their own secrets. We won’t touch you and Berg,” Natasha said, getting excited.
“I think you won’t touch me,” said Vera, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions.” But I’ll tell mommy how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilyinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
- Leave it, Boris, you are such a diplomat (the word diplomat was in great use among children in those days) special meaning, what they attached to this word); It’s even boring,” Natasha said in an offended, trembling voice. - Why is she pestering me? You will never understand this,” she said, turning to Vera, “because you have never loved anyone; you have no heart, you are only madame de Genlis [Madame Genlis] (this nickname, considered very offensive, was given to Vera by Nikolai), and your first pleasure is making trouble for others. “You flirt with Berg as much as you want,” she said quickly.
- Yes, I certainly won’t start chasing a young man in front of guests...
“Well, she achieved her goal,” Nikolai intervened, “she said unpleasant things to everyone, upset everyone.” Let's go to the nursery.
All four, like a frightened flock of birds, got up and left the room.
“They told me some troubles, but I didn’t say anything to anyone,” Vera said.
- Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis! - Laughing voices said from behind the door.
Beautiful Vera, who had such an irritating, unpleasant effect on everyone, smiled and, apparently unaffected by what was said to her, went to the mirror and straightened her scarf and hairstyle. Looking at your beautiful face, she apparently became even colder and calmer.

The conversation continued in the living room.
- Ah! chere,” said the countess, “and in my life tout n”est pas rose. Don’t I see that du train, que nous allons, [not everything is roses. - given our way of life,] our condition will not last long for us! And all this is a club, and its kindness. We live in the village, do we relax? Theaters, hunting and God knows what. Well, how did you arrange all this? I’m often surprised at you, Annette. You, at your age, ride in a carriage alone, to Moscow, to St. Petersburg, to all the ministers, to all the nobility, you know how to get along with everyone, I’m surprised, how did this work out? I don’t know how to do any of this.
- Oh, my soul! - answered Princess Anna Mikhailovna. “God forbid you know how hard it is to remain a widow without support and with a son whom you love to the point of adoration.” “You’ll learn everything,” she continued with some pride. – My process taught me. If I need to see one of these aces, I write a note: “princesse une telle [Princess so and so] wants to see such and such” and I go myself in a cab at least two, at least three times, at least four, until I achieve what I need. I don't care what anyone thinks of me.
- Well, well, who did you ask about Borenka? – asked the Countess. - After all, yours is already a guard officer, and Nikolushka is a cadet. There is no one to bother. Who did you ask?
- Prince Vasily. He was very nice. Now I agreed to everything, reported to the sovereign,” said Princess Anna Mikhailovna with delight, completely forgetting all the humiliation through which she went to achieve her goal.
- That he has aged, Prince Vasily? – asked the Countess. – I haven’t seen him since our theaters at the Rumyantsevs’. And I think he forgot about me. “Il me faisait la cour, [He was trailing after me,” the countess recalled with a smile.
“Still the same,” answered Anna Mikhailovna, “kind, crumbling.” Les grandeurs ne lui ont pas touriene la tete du tout. [The high position did not turn his head at all.] “I regret that I can do too little for you, dear princess,” he tells me, “order.” No, he is a nice man and a wonderful family member. But you know, Nathalieie, my love for my son. I don't know what I wouldn't do to make him happy. “And my circumstances are so bad,” Anna Mikhailovna continued with sadness and lowering her voice, “so bad that I am now in the most terrible situation. My miserable process is eating up everything I have and is not moving. I don’t have, you can imagine, a la lettre [literally] no ten-kopeck piece of money, and I don’t know how to outfit Boris. “She took out a handkerchief and began to cry. “I need five hundred rubles, but I have one twenty-five-ruble note.” I am in this position... My only hope now is Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov. If he doesn’t want to support his godson - after all, he baptized Borya - and assign him something for his maintenance, then all my troubles will be lost: I will have nothing to outfit him with.
The Countess shed tears and silently thought about something.
“I often think, maybe this is a sin,” said the princess, “and I often think: Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhoy lives alone... this is a huge fortune... and what does he live for? Life is a burden for him, but Borya is just beginning to live.
“He will probably leave something for Boris,” said the countess.
- God knows, chere amie! [dear friend!] These rich people and nobles are so selfish. But I’ll still go to him now with Boris and tell him straight out what’s going on. Let them think what they want about me, I really don’t care when my son’s fate depends on it. - The princess stood up. - Now it’s two o’clock, and at four o’clock you have lunch. I'll have time to go.
And with the techniques of a St. Petersburg business lady who knows how to use time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.
“Farewell, my soul,” she said to the countess, who accompanied her to the door, “wish me success,” she added in a whisper from her son.
– Are you visiting Count Kirill Vladimirovich, ma chere? - said the count from the dining room, also going out into the hallway. - If he feels better, invite Pierre to dinner with me. After all, he visited me and danced with the children. Call me by all means, ma chere. Well, let's see how Taras distinguishes himself today. He says that Count Orlov never had such a dinner as we will have.

“Mon cher Boris, [Dear Boris,”] said Princess Anna Mikhailovna to her son when Countess Rostova’s carriage, in which they were sitting, drove along the straw-covered street and drove into the wide courtyard of Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy. “Mon cher Boris,” said the mother, pulling her hand out from under her old coat and with a timid and affectionate movement placing it on her son’s hand, “be gentle, be attentive.” Count Kirill Vladimirovich is still your godfather, and your future fate depends on him. Remember this, mon cher, be as sweet as you know how to be...
“If I had known that anything other than humiliation would come out of this...” the son answered coldly. “But I promised you and I’m doing this for you.”
Despite the fact that someone’s carriage was standing at the entrance, the doorman, looking at the mother and son (who, without ordering to report themselves, directly entered the glass vestibule between two rows of statues in niches), looking significantly at the old cloak, asked who they wanted whatever, the princesses or the count, and, having learned that the count, said that their Lordships are worse off now and their Lordships do not receive anyone.
“We can leave,” the son said in French.
- Mon ami! [My friend!] - said the mother in a pleading voice, again touching her son’s hand, as if this touch could calm or excite him.
Boris fell silent and, without taking off his overcoat, looked questioningly at his mother.
“Darling,” Anna Mikhailovna said in a gentle voice, turning to the doorman, “I know that Count Kirill Vladimirovich is very ill... that’s why I came... I’m a relative... I won’t bother you, dear... But I just need to see Prince Vasily Sergeevich: because he is standing here. Report back, please.
The doorman sullenly pulled the string upward and turned away.
“Princess Drubetskaya to Prince Vasily Sergeevich,” he shouted to a waiter in stockings, shoes and a tailcoat who had run down from above and was peeking out from under the ledge of the stairs.
The mother smoothed out the folds of her dyed silk dress, looked into the solid Venetian mirror in the wall and walked briskly up the staircase carpet in her worn-out shoes.
“Mon cher, voue m"avez promis, [My friend, you promised me,” she turned again to the Son, exciting him with the touch of her hand.
The son, with lowered eyes, calmly followed her.
They entered the hall, from which one door led to the chambers allocated to Prince Vasily.
While the mother and son, going out into the middle of the room, intended to ask for directions from the old waiter who jumped up at their entrance, a bronze handle turned at one of the doors and Prince Vasily in a velvet fur coat, with one star, in a homely manner, came out, seeing off the handsome black-haired a man. This man was the famous St. Petersburg doctor Lorrain.
“C"est donc positif? [So, is this true?] - said the prince.
“Mon prince, “errare humanum est”, mais... [Prince, it is human nature to make mistakes.] - answered the doctor, rasping and pronouncing Latin words in a French accent.
– C"est bien, c"est bien... [Okay, okay...]
Noticing Anna Mikhailovna and her son, Prince Vasily released the doctor with a bow and silently, but with a questioning look, approached them. The son noticed how suddenly deep sorrow was expressed in his mother's eyes, and smiled slightly.
- Yes, in what sad circumstances did we have to see each other, Prince... Well, what about our dear patient? - she said, as if not noticing the cold, insulting gaze directed at her.
Prince Vasily looked questioningly, to the point of bewilderment, at her, then at Boris. Boris bowed politely. Prince Vasily, without answering the bow, turned to Anna Mikhailovna and answered her question with a movement of his head and lips, which meant the worst hope for the patient.
- Really? - Anna Mikhailovna exclaimed. - Oh, this is terrible! It’s scary to think... This is my son,” she added, pointing to Boris. “He himself wanted to thank you.”
Boris bowed politely again.
- Believe, prince, that a mother’s heart will never forget what you did for us.
“I’m glad that I could do something pleasant for you, my dear Anna Mikhailovna,” said Prince Vasily, straightening his frill and in his gesture and voice showing here, in Moscow, before the patronized Anna Mikhailovna, even greater importance than in St. Petersburg, at Annette’s evening Scherer.
“Try to serve well and be worthy,” he added, turning sternly to Boris. - I'm glad... Are you here on vacation? – he dictated in his dispassionate tone.
“I’m waiting for an order, your Excellency, to go to a new destination,” answered Boris, showing neither annoyance at the prince’s harsh tone, nor a desire to engage in conversation, but so calmly and respectfully that the prince looked at him intently.
- Do you live with your mother?
“I live with Countess Rostova,” said Boris, adding again: “Your Excellency.”
“This is the Ilya Rostov who married Nathalie Shinshina,” said Anna Mikhailovna.
“I know, I know,” said Prince Vasily in his monotonous voice. – Je n"ai jamais pu concevoir, comment Nathalieie s"est decidee a epouser cet ours mal – leche l Un personnage completement stupide et ridicule.Et joueur a ce qu"on dit. [I could never understand how Nathalie decided to come out marry this dirty bear. A completely stupid and funny person, and a player, they say.]
– Mais tres brave homme, mon prince, [But kind person, Prince,” Anna Mikhailovna remarked, smiling touchingly, as if she knew that Count Rostov deserved such an opinion, but asked to have pity on the poor old man. – What do the doctors say? - asked the princess, after a short silence and again expressing great sadness on her tear-stained face.
“There is little hope,” said the prince.
“And I really wanted to thank my uncle again for all his good deeds to both me and Borya.” C"est son filleuil, [This is his godson," she added in such a tone, as if this news should have greatly pleased Prince Vasily.
Prince Vasily thought and winced. Anna Mikhailovna realized that he was afraid to find in her a rival in the will of Count Bezukhy. She hastened to reassure him.
“If it weren’t for my true love and devotion to my uncle,” she said, pronouncing this word with particular confidence and carelessness: “I know his character, noble, straightforward, but he has only the princesses with him... They are still young...” She bowed her head and she added in a whisper: “Did he fulfill his last duty, prince?” How precious are these last minutes! After all, it can’t be worse; it needs to be cooked if it is that bad. We women, Prince,” she smiled tenderly, “always know how to say these things.” It is necessary to see him. No matter how hard it was for me, I was already used to suffering.
The prince apparently understood, and understood, as he did at the evening at Annette Scherer’s, that it was difficult to get rid of Anna Mikhailovna.
“Wouldn’t this meeting be difficult for him, chere Anna Mikhailovna,” he said. - Let's wait until evening, the doctors promised a crisis.
“But you can’t wait, Prince, at these moments.” Pensez, il va du salut de son ame... Ah! c"est terrible, les devoirs d"un chretien... [Think, it’s about saving his soul! Oh! this is terrible, the duty of a Christian...]
A door opened from the inner rooms, and one of the count's princesses, the count's nieces, entered, with a gloomy and cold face and a strikingly disproportionate long waist to her legs.
Prince Vasily turned to her.
- Well, what is he?
- Everything is the same. And as you wish, this noise... - said the princess, looking around Anna Mikhailovna as if she were a stranger.
“Ah, chere, je ne vous reconnaissais pas, [Ah, dear, I didn’t recognize you,” Anna Mikhailovna said with a happy smile, walking up to the count’s niece with a light amble. “Je viens d"arriver et je suis a vous pour vous aider a soigner mon oncle. J'imagine, combien vous avez souffert, [I came to help you follow your uncle. I can imagine how you suffered," she added, with participation rolling my eyes.
The princess did not answer anything, did not even smile, and immediately left. Anna Mikhailovna took off her gloves and, in the position she had won, sat down on a chair, inviting Prince Vasily to sit next to her.
- Boris! “- she said to her son and smiled, “I’ll go to the count, to my uncle, and you go to Pierre, mon ami, in the meantime, and don’t forget to give him the invitation from the Rostovs.” They call him to dinner. I think he won't go? - she turned to the prince.
“On the contrary,” said the prince, apparently out of sorts. – Je serais tres content si vous me debarrassez de ce jeune homme... [I would be very glad if you saved me from this young man...] Sits here. The Count never asked about him.
He shrugged. The waiter led the young man down and up another staircase to Pyotr Kirillovich.

Pierre never had time to choose a career for himself in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was exiled to Moscow for rioting. The story told by Count Rostov was true. Pierre participated in tying up the policeman with the bear. He arrived a few days ago and stayed, as always, at his father's house. Although he assumed that his story was already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, always unkind to him, would take advantage of this opportunity to irritate the count, he still went after his father’s half on the day of his arrival. Entering the drawing room, the usual abode of the princesses, he greeted the ladies who were sitting at the embroidery frame and behind a book, which one of them was reading aloud. There were three of them. The eldest, clean, long-waisted, stern girl, the same one who came out to Anna Mikhailovna, was reading; the younger ones, both ruddy and pretty, differing from each other only in that one had a mole above her lip, which made her very beautiful, were sewing in a hoop. Pierre was greeted as if he were dead or plagued. The eldest princess interrupted her reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; the youngest, without a mole, assumed exactly the same expression; the smallest one, with a mole, of a cheerful and giggling character, bent over the embroidery frame to hide a smile, probably caused by the upcoming scene, the funnyness of which she foresaw. She pulled the hair down and bent down, as if she was sorting out the patterns and could hardly restrain herself from laughing.
“Bonjour, ma cousine,” said Pierre. – Vous ne me hesonnaissez pas? [Hello, cousin. Don't you recognize me?]
“I recognize you too well, too well.”
– How is the count’s health? Can I see him? – Pierre asked awkwardly, as always, but not embarrassed.
– The Count is suffering both physically and morally, and it seems that you took care to cause him more moral suffering.
-Can I see the count? - Pierre repeated.
- Hm!.. If you want to kill him, completely kill him, then you can see. Olga, go and see if the broth is ready for uncle, it’s time soon,” she added, showing Pierre that they were busy and busy calming his father down, while he was obviously busy only upsetting him.
Olga left. Pierre stood, looked at the sisters and, bowing, said:
- So I’ll go to my place. When it is possible, you tell me.
He went out, and the ringing but quiet laughter of the sister with the mole was heard behind him.
The next day, Prince Vasily arrived and settled in the count's house. He called Pierre to him and told him:
– Mon cher, si vous vous conduisez ici, comme a Petersbourg, vous finirez tres mal; c"est tout ce que je vous dis. [My dear, if you behave here as in St. Petersburg, you will end very badly; I have nothing more to tell you.] The Count is very, very sick: you don’t need to see him at all.
Since then, Pierre was not disturbed, and he spent the whole day alone upstairs in his room.
While Boris entered his room, Pierre was walking around his room, occasionally stopping in the corners, making threatening gestures towards the wall, as if piercing an invisible enemy with a sword, and looking sternly over his glasses and then starting his walk again, uttering unclear words, shaking shoulders and arms outstretched.
- L "Angleterre a vecu, [England is finished," he said, frowning and pointing his finger at someone. - M. Pitt comme traitre a la nation et au droit des gens est condamiene a... [Pitt, as a traitor to the nation and people rightly, he is sentenced to ...] - He did not have time to finish his sentence on Pitt, imagining himself at that moment as Napoleon himself and, together with his hero, having already made a dangerous crossing through the Pas de Calais and conquered London - when he saw a young, slender and handsome officer entering him He stopped. Pierre left Boris as a fourteen-year-old boy and definitely did not remember him; but, despite this, in his characteristic quick and welcoming manner, he took him by the hand and smiled friendly.
– Do you remember me? – Boris said calmly, with a pleasant smile. “I came with my mother to the count, but he seems to be not entirely healthy.
- Yes, he seems unwell. “Everyone worries him,” Pierre answered, trying to remember who this young man was.
Boris felt that Pierre did not recognize him, but did not consider it necessary to identify himself and, without experiencing the slightest embarrassment, looked him straight in the eyes.
“Count Rostov asked you to come to dinner with him today,” he said after a rather long and awkward silence for Pierre.
- A! Count Rostov! – Pierre spoke joyfully. - So you are his son, Ilya. As you can imagine, I didn’t recognize you at first. Remember how we went to Vorobyovy Gory with m me Jacquot... [Madame Jacquot...] a long time ago.
“You’re mistaken,” Boris said slowly, with a bold and somewhat mocking smile. – I am Boris, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov's father is called Ilya, and his son is Nikolai. And I didn’t know any m me Jacquot.
Pierre waved his arms and head as if mosquitoes or bees were attacking him.
- Oh, what is this! I got everything mixed up. There are so many relatives in Moscow! Are you Boris...yes. Well, you and I have agreed. Well, what do you think about the Boulogne expedition? After all, the British will have a bad time if only Napoleon crosses the canal? I think the expedition is very possible. Villeneuve would not have made a mistake!
Boris knew nothing about the Boulogne expedition, he had not read the newspapers, and this was the first time he had heard about Villeneuve.
“Here in Moscow we are more busy with dinners and gossip than with politics,” he said in his calm, mocking tone. – I don’t know anything about it and don’t think anything about it. Moscow is most busy with gossip,” he continued. “Now they’re talking about you and the count.”
Pierre smiled his kind smile, as if he was afraid for his interlocutor, lest he might say something for which he would repent. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly and dryly, looking directly into Pierre’s eyes.
“Moscow has nothing better to do than gossip,” he continued. “Everyone is busy with who the count will leave his fortune to, although perhaps he will outlive us all, which is what I sincerely wish...
“Yes, it’s all very difficult,” Pierre picked up, “very difficult.” “Pierre was still afraid that this officer would accidentally get into an awkward conversation for himself.
“And it must seem to you,” Boris said, blushing slightly, but without changing his voice or posture, “it must seem to you that everyone is busy only with getting something from the rich man.”
“So it is,” thought Pierre.
“But I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you count me and my mother among these people.” We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask or accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the sofa, grabbed Boris’s hand from below with his characteristic speed and awkwardness and, flushed much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed feeling of shame and annoyance.
- This is strange! I really... and who could have thought... I know very well...
But Boris interrupted him again:
“I’m glad I expressed everything.” Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, excuse me,” he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him, “but I hope I didn’t offend you.” I have a rule of saying everything directly... How can I convey it? Will you come to dinner with the Rostovs?
And Boris, apparently having relieved himself of a heavy duty, getting out of an awkward situation himself and putting someone else in it, became completely pleasant again.
“No, listen,” Pierre said, calming down. - You amazing person. What you just said is very good, very good. Of course you don't know me. We haven’t seen each other for so long... since we were children... You can assume in me... I understand you, I understand you very much. I wouldn't do it, I wouldn't have the guts, but it's wonderful. I am very glad that I met you. It’s strange,” he added, after a pause and smiling, “what you assumed in me!” - He laughed. - Well, so what? We'll get to know you better. Please. – He shook hands with Boris. – You know, I have never been to the count. He didn’t call me... I feel sorry for him as a person... But what to do?
– And you think that Napoleon will have time to transport the army? – Boris asked, smiling.
Pierre realized that Boris wanted to change the conversation, and, agreeing with him, began to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the Boulogne enterprise.
The footman came to summon Boris to the princess. The princess was leaving. Pierre promised to come for dinner in order to get closer to Boris, firmly shook his hand, looking affectionately into his eyes through his glasses... After he left, Pierre walked around the room for a long time, no longer piercing the invisible enemy with his sword, but smiling at the memory of this dear, smart and strong young man.
As happens in early youth and especially in a lonely situation, he felt an unreasonable tenderness for this young man and promised himself to certainly make friends with him.
Prince Vasily saw off the princess. The princess held a handkerchief to her eyes, and her face was in tears.
- It's horrible! terrible! - she said, - but no matter what it costs me, I will do my duty. I'll come over for the night. He can't be left like that. Every minute is precious. I don’t understand why the princesses are delaying. Maybe God will help me find a way to prepare it!... Adieu, mon prince, que le bon Dieu vous soutienne... [Farewell, prince, may God support you.]

KTOF, ship service in the 80s.

1982 - The Sposobny BOD became part of the 201st brigade of anti-submarine ships of the KTOF, based at berth 33, in the center of Vladivostok.

In 1982 the ship (tail number 544)twice went out into the Sea of Japan tracking American ships.

In 1982, from June 9 to 13 - an official visit to Colombo (Sri Lanka) as part of the OBK of the 8th OPESK of the Navy (TFR "Threatening" and the tanker "Pechenga") under the command of the deputy commander of the 8th OPESK of the Navy Rear Admiral G.I. Semenov (Chronology taken from various sources, discrepancies may occur)

From December 17, 1982 to June 23, 1983 g. - BS in the Indian Ocean, a ship withtail number 544. Calls were made to the base in Cam Ranh (NRT), Colombo (Ceylon - Sri Lanka), Aden (PDRY - South Yemen).

During the visit to the port of Aden, several signalmen sailors were brought there, who then served there for 3 years with our military mission. It is interesting that in 1985 the Sposobny BOD transported these sailors back from Aden, already for demobilization.

In March 1983, the ship took part in an operation to evacuate a submarine that splashed down in the Indian Ocean.arata "BOR-4", a prototype of the space ship "Buran"(official name"Cosmos-1445"). On March 16, 1983, the device splashed down in the Indian Ocean 556 km south of the Cocos Islands after a one-orbit flight in orbit; the evacuation took place under the supervision of Australian reconnaissance aircraft.

In 1983, the Sposobny BOD (like another BOD 61 Ave. KTOF Gifted) went to the crash site of the downed South Korean Boeing Flight 007.

From March 26 to April 23, 1984 - a short BS in Vietnam, fulfilling the task of ensuring the towing of an emergency nuclear submarine in the village of Cam Ranh, then returning to Vladivostok.

From October 23, 1984 to July 1, 1985 - BS in the Indian Ocean. Ship (tail number 505)made 3 visits to the port Aden (Yemen) , was on combat duty at Fr. Socotra, Abd El-Kuri, Pirim (PDRY), performed tasks in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and on the Dahlak and Notra islands (Ethiopia). The final assessment of task completion is “good”.

In 1985, the ship celebrated its 15th anniversary. While the ship was being repaired in Dalzavod, on the initiative of the ship's command, a commemorative badge was issued, which was presented to all sailors of the Sposobny.

1985 - After leaving the factory, the ship went out into the Sea of Japan to track the aircraft carrier RANGER (side number 61), developing maximum speed every night, in pursuit of the enemy trying to evade pursuit.

In total, there have been four “61st projects” at the KTOF since the beginning of the 80s: the BOD “Odarenny”, “Strogiy” and “Sposobny”, and the BOD “Steregushchy” is being mothballed. Ships of this type were operated under increased load. By the mid-80s, Sposobny needed major renovation. In 1986, it was decided to send it to Sevmorzavod in Sevastopol for medium repairs with modernization, and “on the way” to carry out the tasks of the BS, as it later turned out, the last one.

BS 1986 - 1987 began on the morning of December 2, 1986, when, during the march “Farewell of the Slavic Woman,” the ship (side number 505) left berth 33 of the port of Vladivostok and entered the roadstead of Patroclus Bay. They set off at 16:58.

From December 10, 1986 to February 1, 1987, it became part of the 17th operational squadron based in the port

2009

Project Country Manufacturers Operators Years of construction - Years in service-present Built 20 In service 1 Sent for scrapping 18 Losses 1 Main Features Displacement3550 (standard)
4510 (full) Length131.96 (according to KVL)
143.95 (highest) Width13.99 (according to KVL)
15.78 (highest) Draft4.47 (average) EnginesGTU M3 Power72,000 l. With. Travel speed32 knots (full)
35 knots (maximum) Cruising range1520 miles at 33 knots
3500 miles at 18 knots Sailing autonomy10 days (according to provisions) Crew266 people (including 22 officers) Armament Radar weapons2 radars for detecting VTs and NC MR-310
2 MP-105 artillery fire control radars Electronic weaponsAll-round GAS "Titan" Flak2x2-76mm AU AK-726 Missile weapons4x1 anti-ship missile "Termite"
2x2 Volna air defense missile launchers (24 9M38 missiles or 32 V-601 missiles) Anti-submarine weapons2x12-213mm RBU-6000 (192 RGB-60)
2x6-305mm RBU-1000 (48 RGB-10) Mine and torpedo weapons1x5-533mm TA PTA-53-61 (5 torpedoes 53-65K or SET-65) Aviation group1 Ka-25 helicopter, no hangar. Media files on Wikimedia Commons

Background

Late 1950s and 1960s - This is an era of great changes in the history of the navy, an era of new opportunities and new weapons. This was primarily due to the advent of sea-based nuclear missiles, which turned submarines into strategic weapons. The appearance of nuclear power plants on submarines has greatly increased their autonomy, cruising range, underwater speed and, as a consequence, the seriousness of the threat they pose.

The second major threat at sea is new high-speed jets and cruise missiles, which have made traditional anti-aircraft artillery systems virtually useless against a massive air attack.

In the USSR, the need to create specialized anti-submarine missile ships was realized in the late 1950s, when it became clear that our fleet did not have adequate measures to counter modern American attack aircraft and nuclear submarines. It was decided to create a layered anti-submarine defense, where in the far zone the boats were intercepted by helicopter carriers (Project 1123) and basic anti-submarine aircraft, and in the near zone by small missile patrol ships, the first of which was the Project 61 ship.

History of creation

After the approval of the main tactical and technical elements at the beginning of 1957, TsKB-53, headed by B.I. Kupensky, began developing a preliminary design. The technical project was completed and approved in 1958, after which at the plant. 61 Communards in Nikolaev On September 15, 1959, the lead ship was laid down - “Komsomolets of Ukraine”. On December 31, 1960, it was launched, and on October 15, 1962, it was transferred to the fleet for state tests. The test program was fully completed except for full speed tests, which, due to the undeveloped propulsion system, were postponed to 1963. It was also discovered that there was a lack of sufficient stability and displacement reserves, however, taking into account the fundamental novelty of the ship, the result was considered satisfactory.

Among other, smaller criticisms, which were subsequently successfully eliminated, was the insufficient reliability of the first samples of the Volna air defense system and the Turel artillery fire control system. It was noted that the small radius of detection of submarines by hydroacoustic means did not allow the use of anti-submarine torpedoes and RBU-6000 bomb launchers to their maximum range. The tests confirmed the good seaworthiness of the ship, ensuring full speed in seas up to 4-5 points, and good performance of the anti-roll bars. The maximum speed of the lead ship was 35.5 knots, and on all other ships of the series it did not fall below 34 knots.

On December 31, 1962, after the State Acceptance Act was signed, the ship was enlisted in the USSR Navy. In 1966, the creators of the ship were awarded the Lenin Prize.

Classification

Frame

Propulsion system

From the very beginning, two options for the main power plant were considered - a traditional steam turbine (STU) and a gas turbine (GTU). The latter, due to its lightness and compactness (specific weight 5.2 kg/hp versus 9 kg/hp), reduced the ship's displacement from 3600 to 3200 tons and increased efficiency. In addition, starting from a cold state took 5-10 minutes for a gas turbine compared to several hours required for a steam turbine. For these reasons, the option with gas turbine engines was adopted.

Because of the melodious whistle of gas turbines, the ships of the series were dubbed “singing frigates” by the navy.

The bow and stern engine rooms occupied one compartment each. Each housed an all-mode main gas turbine gear unit (GGTZA) M-3 with a capacity of 36,000 hp. With. produced by the Southern Turbine Plant in Nikolaev, two gas turbine generators GTU-6 with 600 kW each and a diesel generator DG-200/P with 200 kW. The compartments between the compartments were occupied by auxiliary mechanisms (roll stabilizer, auxiliary boilers). Fuel was stored in double-bottom tanks with a capacity of 940 tons, 70 tons of fresh water for the crew and 13 tons of water for auxiliary boilers were also stored there.

The total power of the power plant was 72,000 liters. With. Each GTZA consisted of two irreversible gas turbine engines (GTE) with a power of 18,000 hp each. With. with reversible mating gearbox. Each gas turbine engine had its own gas outlet pipe. Each of the two shafts had a four-bladed fixed-pitch propeller.

The anchor device consisted of two Hall anchors. The steering wheel is semi-balanced.

Armament

Hydroacoustic equipment included the Titan all-round viewing station and the Vychegda fire control station, located in the under-keel fairing. The detection range of the submarine was 3.5 km.

Modernization

Modernization of the ship began during construction. Since 1966, one of the two Angara radars was replaced by the Kliver radar.

The military representative of the 61st Kommunar plant, Nikolaev, captain 1st rank Dragunov Genrikh Vasilyevich, made an invaluable contribution to the design and acceptance of the Volna anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as to a number of several other main combat complexes of Project 61, and its modernizations.

Composition of the series

Project 61 ships were built from 1973 to 1973 in Nikolaev at the shipyard named after. 61 communards (shipyard No. 445) and in Leningrad at the shipyard named after. A. A. Zhdanova (shipyard 190).

№	Name	Shipyard	Pawned	Lowered	In service	Decommissioned	Fleet
1.	Komsomolets of Ukraine	Nikolaev	15.09.1959	31.12.1960	31.12.1962	24.06.1991	Black Sea Fleet
2.	Savvy	Nikolaev	20.07.1960	04.11.1961	26.12.1963	03.07.1992	Black Sea Fleet, Northern Fleet
3.	Prompt	Nikolaev	10.02.1961	21.04.1962	25.12.1964	21.08.1990	Black Sea Fleet
4.	Fire	Leningrad	05.05.1962	31.05.1963	31.12.1964	25.04.1989	BF, SF
5.	Exemplary	Leningrad	29.07.1962	23.02.1964	29.09.1965	30.06.1993	BF
6.	Gifted	Leningrad	22.01.1963	11.09.1964	30.12.1965	19.04.1990	Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet
7.	Brave	Nikolaev	10.08.1963	17.10.1964	31.12.1965	12.11.1974†	Black Sea Fleet
8.	Glorious	Leningrad	26.01.1964	24.04.1965	30.09.1966	24.06.1991	BF
9.	Slim	Nikolaev	20.03.1964	28.07.1965	15.12.1966	12.04.1990	SF
10.	Steregushchiy	Leningrad	26.07.1964	20.02.1966	21.12.1966	30.06.1993	Pacific Fleet
11.	Red Caucasus	Nikolaev	25.11.1964	09.02.1966	25.09.1967	01.05.1998	Black Sea Fleet
12.	Decisive	Nikolaev	25.06.1965	30.06.1966	30.12.1967	08.07.1996	Black Sea Fleet
13.	Smart	Nikolaev	15.08.1965	22.10.1966	27.09.1968	22.02.1993	SF
14.	Strict	Nikolaev	22.02.1966	29.04.1967	24.12.1968	30.06.1993	Pacific Fleet
15.	Sharp-witted	Nikolaev	15.07.1966	26.08.1967	25.09.1969	-	Black Sea Fleet
16.	Brave	Nikolaev	15.11.1966	06.02.1968	27.12.1969	05.03.1988	Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet
17.	Red Crimea	Nikolaev	23.02.1968	28.02.1969	15.10.1970	24.06.1993	Black Sea Fleet
18.	Capable	Nikolaev	10.03.1969	11.04.1970	25.09.1971	20.11.1993	Pacific Fleet
19.	Fast	Nikolaev	20.04.1970	26.02.1971	23.09.1972	22.11.1997	Black Sea Fleet
20.	Restrained	Nikolaev	10.03.1971	25.02.1972	30.12.1973	03.05.2001	Black Sea Fleet

The BOD "Smiely" was leased and subsequently sold to the Polish People's Republic. The “Decommissioned” column indicates the date of transfer of the ship.

Project evaluation

Project 61 ships were a very successful series of Soviet BODs (de facto destroyers). They represented a significant advance in terms of defensive systems over the previous Class 58.

For the first time in the world, gas turbine units are installed as the main drive on production ships. The number of functioning missile launchers and fire control channels was doubled, and the artillery was located more rationally, which made it much more difficult for enemy aircraft to strike the ship.

At the same time, as anti-submarine ships, the Project 61 ships at the time of their construction no longer fully met modern requirements. Although in terms of characteristics, both jet bomb launchers used were superior to the RUR-4 Weapon Alpha installation adopted by the US Navy in 1951 (exceeding the rate of fire by almost 2 times (RBU-6000) and the range by 6 times), but in 1960 in service with the American The fleet has a new family of anti-submarine weapons PLUrk RUR-5 ASROC. As a result, the ship's anti-submarine warfare capabilities did not fully meet the requirements for combating modern US submarines and nuclear submarines, although this deficiency was partially compensated by the presence of 5,533-mm torpedo tubes, with the possibility of using anti-submarine torpedoes of the SET and TEST families.

Comparison with closest analogues

In general, as a comparison shows, Project 61 BODs were approximately equivalent to the American missile-carrying destroyers of their time. An important advantage of the Soviet ship was its gas turbine unit, which was much more compact, less noisy, and capable of reaching full power almost immediately after launch without the need to increase the steam pressure in the boilers.

Anti-submarine missile weapons Absent 8-round PU RUR-5 ASROC Anti-submarine torpedo weapons 1x5-pipe TA caliber 533 mm 2x3-pipe TA with caliber 324 mm Anti-submarine bombs 2 bomb launchers RBU-6000 and 2 bomb launchers RBU-1000 Absent Artillery weapons 2x2 76mm AU 2x1 127 mm gun Aviation weapons Platform for 1 helicopter Absent

. .

Zablotsky V. P. Universal project. SKR, BPK, DBK, EM and frigates of projects 61, 61M, 61MP, 61ME. In 2 parts // Marine Collection. 2009 No. 10. P. 1 - 32; No. 11. P. 1 - 32..

Kovalenko V. A., Ostroumov M. N. Handbook of Foreign Fleets. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1971.

Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1947-1995. - Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press, 1996. - ISBN 1557501327.

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