The forest sector of the Russian economy is traditionally divided into two parts: the timber industry complex and forestry. Both of these concepts refer to the forestry, pulp and paper and wood processing industry system and include the forestry, pulp and paper and wood processing industry itself and the state forestry management system. "Forest industry" in this context includes activities related to logging. Field of activity of the bodies involved public administration forests (forestry) were traditionally considered by the government as something additional to the timber industry complex, and the forests of Russia themselves were considered as a raw material base for logging. The timber industry has always been among the important sectors of the economy and determined the development of the socio-economic component of the regions, increasing the foreign exchange reserves of the State through the export of timber. Currently, the production of forest products occupies fifth place in the structure of the Russian economy in terms of gross domestic product and fourth place in terms of export volumes. In recent years, the logging industry, like the entire timber industry complex, has been experiencing an acute economic crisis, which is most clearly manifested in a decline in production volumes, an extremely low level of forest management, an almost complete cessation of construction and commissioning of new logging enterprises, and a multiple decrease in the production of domestic logging equipment. and equipment, deterioration in the living standards of residents of forest villages.
Forestry products - final goal forestry production. It includes: timber, non-timber products and services provided. Wood and non-wood products, when harvested and sold, form industrial products, which, when recorded, are divided into gross, marketable, sold, finished, pure and complex.
Raw materials for wood chemical production
This group includes goods obtained mechanically from the trunk, stumps, crowns and specially intended for use as raw materials for forest chemical production.
This includes:
- larch, spruce, willow and wood raw materials from oak, chestnut, production of tanning extracts);
- · pine stump and stem resin;
- wood raw materials of coniferous and hardwood, as well as raw materials for coal. rational purpose (GOST 8440 -- 74);
- · tree greens, resin and juices extracted from living trees
Timber
This group includes goods that are obtained by mechanical processing, mainly of a tree trunk. At the same time, industrial wood and firewood are harvested, which are suitable for use only as fuel. Low-quality industrial wood is called technological raw material.
Timber products are also obtained from logging waste (branches, tips, etc.) and sawmilling (slats, sawdust, etc.), which are used mainly for chemical processing. According to the method of mechanical processing, timber should be divided into six classes:
- 1. round (obtained by transversely dividing the whip into segments having a round cross-section);
- 2. sawn timber, or lumber products (obtained by longitudinal sawing or milling of wood and subsequent transverse cutting of the material);
- 3. peeled (obtained by cutting wood in a spiral - peeling);
- 4. planed (obtained by cutting wood with knives, forming a flat cutting surface);
- 5. split (obtained by dividing wood along the grain with a wedge-shaped tool);
- 6. crushed wood (obtained by special processing of wood using chippers, milling saw units, crushers, hammer mills, flaking machines and grinding devices, as well as in the processes of conventional sawing and milling)
Products of wood chemical industries
This group includes a variety of products (charcoal, turpentine, rosin, tanning extracts, biologically active substances, etc.), which are obtained from goods of group II.
Hydrolysis and yeast production products
Products include alcohol, feed and nutritional yeast and other products that are obtained from low-quality wood and waste.
Pulp and paper
This group combines cellulose, wood pulp, paper, cardboard for various purposes
The pulp and paper industry should be called basic for the entire forest sector of the economy, and not just the timber industry.
In the production of pulp and paper products, in addition to geographic location, demand plays a role, determined by its quality and competitiveness in the domestic and, especially, foreign markets.
In terms of output of pulp and paper products, Russia is not even among the top ten leading timber processing powers in the world.
Modified wood
This is solid wood with directionally modified properties. This group includes pressed wood, plasticized with ammonia, modified with synthetic resins, etc. The remaining groups of forest products are obtained by chemical processing of raw materials.
Composite wood materials
These are sheet, coniferous or other types of materials formed with the help of; forming, binding and other substances from pre-divided wood or bark (plywood, particle boards, wood fiber boards, wood concrete, etc.).
Forest products
Forest products are usually called materials and products obtained by mechanical, mechanical-chemical and chemical processing of the trunk, roots and crown of a tree.
Forestry industry - the oldest among the industries producing construction materials. It unites enterprises of the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries. It produces boards, wood products, paper and forest chemical products. The world is paying more and more attention to forest certification because the need for certified timber is increasing. In developed countries, environmentally sensitive markets have already formed, in which the buyer of wood or products made from wood is interested in the origin of wood raw materials. Russia is also actively involved in the forest certification process. Confirming that products are made from wood that comes from responsibly managed forests is increasingly becoming a key purchasing criterion. Customers who are aware of their environmental responsibility prefer to do business with similar companies that demonstrate their commitment through compliance with standards such as FSC and PEFC. Icon FSC have the right to place companies that have received a Forestry certificate board of trustees (Forest Stewardship Council or FSC) is an international non-profit, non-governmental environmental organization promoting responsible forest management around the world. Forest certification arose out of concern for the state of forests and to counter uncivilized, uncontrolled logging.
There are two types of FSC certification:
- on the quality of forestry management;
- on the quality of tracking the sources of origin of products (the path of products from raw materials obtained in the forest to the consumer, including all successive stages of processing).
In order for a product to be declared (using a label or sales documentation) there must be an unbroken chain of authorities certifying all stages of change of ownership of the product from forest certification to the point of production of the final product or retail sales. In our country there is a Russian national standard according to the FSC scheme (FSC code - STD-RUS-V6-1-2012).
The FSC logo is increasingly found on the Russian market. These are office paper of the Snegurochka brand, IQ, Color Copy, Xerox and office furniture Kinnarps, Kährs parquet and Kronospan laminate, J7, Ya, Dobry juices. in Tetra Pak packages, wipes and toilet paper Kleenex, wood souvenirs. You can also find it on clothing labels, paper bags, cosmetics packaging. In many large stores, for example, in “Obi”, “Leroy Merlin”, “Metro”, you can see the FSC logo on garden furniture and various types of wooden products.
Pulp and paper industry – the most complex branch of the forestry complex associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them. By-products of the industry include ethyl alcohol, feed yeast, rosin, turpentine and fatty acids.
|
Types of products |
measurements | ||||
|
Wood removal |
thousand dense m 3 | ||||
|
incl. business | |||||
|
Lumber | |||||
|
Particle boards |
thousand conventional units m 3 | ||||
|
Fiberboards |
million conventional units m 2 | ||||
|
Plywood | |||||
|
Cellulose | |||||
|
million conventional units pieces | |||||
|
School notebooks |
Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Belarus, 2002, p. 361.
With the improvement of the economic situation in the republic and the planned accelerated development of the pulp and paper industry, the demand for low-value and small-sized wood will increase, which will make it possible to more fully and rationally use the country's logging fund and intermediate felling wood. Further development of the logging sub-industry is associated with the need to build logging roads, produce and update logging equipment and the transition from clear logging to more environmentally friendly selective and gradual felling.
The organization and management of the logging sub-sector has been changing (since 2004). The entire volume of logging will be carried out by enterprises of the recreated Ministry of Forestry. The harvested wood will be sold through the Forest Exchange.
The basis of the modern timber industry complex of the country is woodworking , represented by an almost complete set of technologically interrelated sub-sectors of mechanical and chemical-mechanical wood processing (see the above industry structure).
The technological chain of wood processing production begins with sawmilling. The share of sawmill production in pre-revolutionary Belarus accounted for 60% of woodworking products, currently – just over 9%. Nevertheless, almost half of the harvested wood is used for the production of lumber (see Table 8).
Sawmill production, like logging, has a departmentally and geographically dispersed nature - in total there are 2,716 sawmill enterprises and production facilities in the country, and there are several dozen sawmills in each administrative region of the country. Large quantity technically poorly equipped small sawmills reduce the efficiency of the sub-sector and the possibility of industrial use of sawmill waste. However, the main volumes of sawmilling are concentrated in large centers - Bobruisk, Mozyr, Rechitsa, Gomel, Borisov and some others, which have an advantageous transport and geographical position at the intersection of river routes with railways and a traditionally developed combination of various woodworking and microbiological industries.
The most developed sub-sector of woodworking in Belarus is the furniture industry. This was facilitated by the existing raw material base, traditions and established qualified personnel, high demand for furniture by the growing urban population and the favorable transport and geographical position of the republic for the export of furniture products. There are 326 furniture enterprises and production facilities in Belarus. The largest of them are located in the centers of product consumption as part of woodworking associations - “Pinskdrev”, “Gomeldrev”, “Bobruiskmebel”, “Molodechnomebel”, “Minskmebel”, “Mozyrdrev”, etc. Large furniture enterprises are characterized by the production of furniture of various design groups , but there is a subject specialization in the production of sets - offices, living rooms, dining rooms, etc. Until recently, up to 80% of the furniture produced by individual enterprises was exported, mainly to Russia. But in recent years, the price competitiveness of Belarusian furniture on the foreign market has decreased due to rising energy costs. Therefore, it is planned to expand the production of highly sought-after highly artistic furniture sets with facade elements made of solid wood and other types that meet the requirements of the European market, as well as the use of new resource-saving technologies.
Among the enterprises producing building parts from wood and boards, the largest are Bobruisk FanDok, Vitebskdrev, Baranovichidrev, Minskdrev. For the production of chipboards (chipboards) and fibreboards (fibreboards), whose properties are not inferior to lumber and plywood, mainly wood waste is used. Therefore, the production of fiberboard and chipboard is located for more efficient use of wood in combination with other woodworking industries in large forestry centers - Rechitsa, Pinsk, Mozyr, Ivatsevichi, Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Mosty, Borisov, Gomel.
Traditionally, significant volumes of plywood and matches are produced in Belarus, the production of which uses wood from less valuable soft-leaved species. The production of plywood is concentrated in Bobruisk, Mosty, Borisov, Gomel, Pinsk, Rechitsa, and matches - in Gomel, Borisov and Pinsk at plywood-woodworking and plywood-match factories.
The priority direction in the further development of woodworking in the country is the production of highly artistic furniture, new structural materials competitive in the foreign market - large-format plywood, medium-density fiberboard, joinery and construction products that meet the requirements of European standards. New resource-saving technologies will be introduced in these industries using the achievements of computerization, automation, and microelectronics.
Pulp and paper industry, Less developed in Belarus than woodworking, it has great development prospects. They are due to: firstly, the need for more efficient use of available forest resources; secondly, the greater efficiency of exporting final products of deep wood processing than unprocessed timber and semi-finished timber; thirdly, the need of Belarus for cellulose for operating paper mills and for paper for the developed printing industry.
In Belarus, the first paper mills were built at the beginning of the last century in Dobrush and Shklov, and pulp production began only in the 1980s. at the Svetlogorsk pulp and cardboard mill. Currently, there are 105 enterprises and production facilities of the pulp and paper industry in the country, with a predominance of production of paper products. The largest enterprise in the industry is OJSC Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Mill, which has its own production of unbleached pulp (50 thousand tons per year) and specializes in the production of corrugated container board and packaging paper. The largest producers of paper and products made from it are OJSC Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant "Albertin" and Dobrush Paper Mill "Hero of Labor". There are also paper mills in Borisov, Shklov, Chashniki, and small cardboard factories in Molodechno (“Raevka”), Ostrovetsky (“Olkhovka”), Pukhovichsky (“Svetly Bor”) districts. Imported cellulose and waste paper are used as feedstock. Two large wallpaper factories operate using imported paper - in Minsk and Gomel.
Due to the fact that the composition of timber resources of Belarus is high specific gravity low-value soft-leaved wood and fine wood, unclaimed in the domestic market, and also the waste from logging and wood processing is not fully used, it was considered expedient to accelerate the development of the republic’s own production of pulp and paper. Especially considering the fact that Belarus is currently exporting low-value wood and importing pulp produced from it, as well as importing paper in large quantities. Therefore, a decision was made to commission already in the current five-year period the second stage of an unbleached pulp mill and to begin construction of a new bleached pulp enterprise as part of the Svetlogorsk pulp and cardboard mill, as well as to build a newsprint plant with an annual capacity of 100 thousand tons in Shklov. This will significantly increase the export potential of the country's timber industry, given that (according to the Research Institute of the Ministry of Economy) on the world market 1 ton of round timber costs 26 US dollars, 1 ton of lumber costs 115, 1 ton of uncoated paper and cardboard costs 640, 1 ton of wallpaper – 1500 US dollars.
Currently, the export of wood in raw and processed forms gives Belarus about $500 million a year. By comparison, Austria, which has fewer forest resources, sells $3 billion worth of forest products.
One of the oldest industries of the complex in Belarus is wood chemical industry . However, at present its role is small. Turpentine, rosin, charcoal and other wood chemical products are produced at the forest chemical sites of industrial forestry associations and at two large forest chemical enterprises in Borisov and Gomel. The raw materials are resin and stump resin, procured in the country's forestry enterprises.
Hydrolysis plants in Bobruisk and Rechitsa, related to the microbiological industry and included in the chemical complex, are directly related to the rational, integrated use of wood raw materials (see lecture 11).
The problem of more efficient, complete, integrated use and reproduction of forest resources, which are renewable national wealth and the basis for the effective functioning of the timber industry complex, has been and remains relevant. The main directions of its solution in modern conditions are set out in documents developed by Belarusian scientists and approved by the government - “Concept of sustainable development of forestry until 2015” and “Republican program for the rational and integrated use of wood resources for 2002-2010”:
security sustainable development forestry, scientifically based optimization of the forest cover of the country's territory, species composition and age structure of forests, sustainable multi-purpose forest management;
changing the intra-industry structure of the timber industry complex through the priority development of production for deep chemical (cellulose production) and chemical-mechanical (chipboard, fiberboard production) processing of wood raw materials (primarily small-sized and low-value wood) with an increase in the share of final high-value products (paper, cardboard and products from them);
introduction of resource-saving technologies: laser cutting of sheet materials (fibreboard, chipboard, plywood) optimal schemes on the basis of automated complexes, veneering furniture panels using new technologies, volume milling, using film materials with a “finish effect”, mastering an electronic system for developing wallpaper design, etc.;
rational territorial organization of the entire complex, in particular: bringing production closer to sources of raw materials, overcoming the discrepancy between the volumes and structure of production and the characteristics of the local raw material base (see Table 7), making full use of the advantages of combining, combining production, providing full use all components of wood, processing of generated waste to obtain additional products and reduce transport and energy costs.
The current state and prospects for the development of forestry, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries
The Republic of Belarus has a developed forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry. The structure of the timber industry complex is represented by the following industries: logging (13.5% of total output), wood processing (69.5%), pulp and paper (16.4%) and wood chemical industry (0.6%). It creates 3.8% of the cost of production industrial products, employs 11.6% of the total number of industrial production personnel in the country (2007). The industry is managed by the Ministry of Forestry.
The logging industry produces approximately 13.5% of the gross output of the timber industry. More than 7.5 million m3 of wood is harvested in the republic annually. The main timber harvesting areas are located in Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Brest regions.
The total area of the forest fund of the Republic of Belarus is 9.4 million hectares, 8.04 million hectares of which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forestry.
As a result of a targeted policy of reforestation and afforestation, the area of forested land is increasing, the formational structure and species diversity of forests are being preserved, and their sustainability and productivity are increasing.
Over the past 20 years, the forest fund of Belarus has undergone significant quantitative and qualitative changes in better side. They are caused both by the economic activities of forestry organizations and by the natural processes of forest growth.
Due to the creation of new forests on unproductive agricultural lands, the total area of the republic's forest fund during this period increased by 1 million 350 thousand hectares.
Simultaneously with the increase in the total area of the forest fund thanks to purposeful activities foresters, there is a qualitative improvement in the state of the republic's forest fund. The area of forested land increased by 927 thousand hectares. The forest cover of the republic's territory increased from 33.9% to 38.3%.
In addition, in the Republic of Belarus there is a steady increase in the areas of ripening, mature and overmature plantings. Over a twenty-year period, the area of mature forest stands has more than doubled.
As a result of planned regulation of forest cutting volumes, primarily final felling, the total stock of plantings increased 1.6 times and, as of January 1, 2010, already exceeded 1.5 billion cubic meters. m, and reserves of mature wood amounted to 188 million cubic meters. m.
As a result economic activity and natural forest growth, forest productivity has increased significantly: average stock plantings per 1 hectare of forested land during this period increased from 135 to 193 cubic meters. m, including mature and overmature stands - from 216 to 242.8 cubic meters. m. Middle age plantings increased by 12 years and reached 51 years.
Area of specially protected natural areas and specially protected areas - almost 2.3 million hectares or 24.2% of the total forest area.
Enterprises in the industry are engaged in primary processing and removal of timber. The main types of products of timber industry enterprises are lumber, particle boards and fiberboards, plywood and furniture.
Starting from 2008, it is planned to sell standing timber through exchange trading. The exchange trading mechanism will allow balancing the price of such raw materials for consumers based on supply and demand.
The efficiency of forest resource development depends on the transport accessibility of the logging fund and the availability of forestry roads.
The main indicator of meeting transport needs in forestry is the density of the road network, expressed by the linear length of roads per 100 hectares of forest area.
In 2006, the Program for the transport development of the forest fund and the construction of forestry roads in the forests of the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2010 was approved.
In accordance with the instructions of the President of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Industry, together with the Ministry of Forestry and the Bellesbumprom concern, developed a “Program for the production of logging and forestry machinery and equipment for 2006 - 2010”.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated January 12, 2007. No. 22 "On approval of the Program for the production of forestry and logging equipment for 2006 - 2010" and Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2006 No. 1760 "On approval of the Forestry Development Program of the Republic of Belarus for 2007 - 2011" provides for an increase in the current level technical equipment of the industry, implementation modern methods thinning and final felling in forests based on advanced technologies, which will allow for the comprehensive mechanization of logging operations by maximizing the replacement of manual labor with machines.
Exports of forest products and services in 2006 were carried out to 25 countries of the world, of which 13.6% accounted for the CIS countries (mainly to Russia - 13.5%) and 86.4% - to non-CIS countries (of which Poland accounted for - 29%, Latvia - 18.8%, Germany - 10.6%) of the export volume according to the Ministry of Forestry. Based on the results of work in January-August 2010, organizations of the Ministry of Forestry exported forest products and provided services in the amount of 65.5 million US dollars. The export growth rate compared to the same period last year was 264.5%.
The wood processing industry is divided into sawmilling, standard house production and construction parts wood, plywood, furniture, match production. Its share in the structure of the complex is 65%. The woodworking industry is engaged in the processing and processing of wood, mainly specializing in the production of sawmill materials, furniture, fiberboard (fibreboard) and particleboard (chipboard), matches, door and window blocks, parquet, plywood, sports equipment, etc.
The furniture industry accounts for almost 70% of the industry. There are 11 furniture production associations in Belarus. The largest ones - "Bobruiskdrev", "Minskmebel", "Gomeldrev", "Vitebskdrev", "Mostovdrev", "Pinskdrev" - produce furniture of various designs. In the structure of export goods of the industry, the share of the furniture industry today is about 45 - 50%. Belarus also has a large plywood industry, which began to develop at the beginning of the 20th century.
An important part of the timber industry is plywood production. Currently in Belarus there are six plywood production facilities with a total capacity of 183.5 thousand m3 of plywood per year. They are part of woodworking associations and enterprises in Borisov, Mostov, Pinsk, Rechitsa, Gomel and Bobruisk.
The production of particleboard and fiberboard (chipboard and fibreboard) is concentrated at enterprises located in Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Borisov, Pinsk, Mosty, Rechitsa, Ivatsevichi. About 55% of chipboard and 26% of fiberboard are used in the domestic market, the rest is exported (to Russia, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, etc.).
The production of matches is carried out at three enterprises: PA "Borisovdrev", PA "Gomeldrev" and PA "Pinskdrev".
The Republic of Belarus has a developed packaging production. Up to 100 thousand m3 of box sets are produced annually, of which up to 60% are produced by forestry enterprises.
The pulp and paper industry produces approximately 20% of the gross output of the timber industry. In the Republic of Belarus there are 12 specialized enterprises that produce mass and special types paper and cardboard. The leading industry enterprises in the Republic of Belarus include: Svetlogorsk Pulp and Cardboard Mill OJSC, Belarusian Wallpaper OJSC, Gomeloboi OJSC, Dobrush Paper Mill Hero of Labor OJSC, Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant Albertin OJSC, OJSC "Paper Mill "Krasnaya Zvezda", Unitary Enterprise "Paper Mill" of Goznak of the Republic of Belarus, OJSC "Paper Mill "Spartak", OJSC "Molodechno Cardboard Factory "Raevka", OJSC "Cardboard Factory "Olkhovka", OJSC "Krovlya" and others.
Taking into account the fact that in the republic the imbalance in the production of paper and cardboard is 5:1, it is planned to build the second stage of the association with specialization in the production of bleached cellulose. Thinning wood, wood waste and deciduous wood can be used as raw materials.
Paper and cardboard are produced on small factories in Dobrush, Shklov, Chashniki, Slonim, Pukhovichi, Borisov and other cities and towns. Expanding the production of paper and cardboard at domestic enterprises will make it possible in the future to reduce import volumes. For this purpose, technical re-equipment of the industry is being carried out.
The timber chemical industry produces about 1% of the gross output of the timber industry. It is based on chemical processing of wood. This includes: dry distillation of wood, charcoaling and various types rosin and turpentine production.
It is presented open joint stock company"Lesohimik" - manufacturer of turpentine and rosin.
There are two hydrolysis plants in the republic in Bobruisk and Rechitsa, which produce feed yeast, ethyl alcohol, furfural and tanning extract from wood raw materials.
There are 12 resin factories in Belarus that are focused on the production of charcoal.
Further development of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in the Republic of Belarus will be carried out in accordance with the Government-approved Program for the Rational and Integrated Use of Wood Resources for 2002 - 2010.
Literature
1. http://www.mlh.by/ru/forestry/resources.html
2. Ecology and life. - 2010. No. 1. P.72
3. Economics. Finance. Control. - 2010. No. 4. P.34
4. Bektobekov, G.V. Improving the technogenic risk management system at furniture and woodworking enterprises / G.V. Bektobekov, N.E. Garnagina, A.S.Verbitsky // Woodworking industry.- 2010.-No.3.-P.25-26
5. Gubanau, Ya. Instead of problems - a solution / Yagen Gubanau // Belarus.Belarus. - 2010.- No. 7. - P. 26
When starting to consider the forestry and wood processing industry, we must first of all remember everything that we already know about the forest resources of the world - about the total wood reserves, forest cover indicators of countries, the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth, etc. It is these resources that serve as the natural basis to form a whole complex of forestry and woodworking industries. The composition of this complex is quite complex and includes several successive production and technological stages. Firstly, this is the harvesting (removal) of wood. Secondly, this is its mechanical processing into lumber, plywood, chipboard (chipboard) and fibreboard (fibreboard), etc. Thirdly, this is its chemical (and chemical-mechanical) processing, including the production of cellulose, and then paper and cardboard. We will consider all these three stages further.
Almost all countries of the world carry out timber harvesting to one degree or another, so its total volume is gradually increasing and in 2005 already exceeded 3.4 billion cubic meters (Fig. 58). But, as usual, we are primarily interested in the leading countries, which you can get acquainted with in the table. 30.
Table 30
Top five countries by timber harvesting volume, 2005
years
Rice. 58. World timber harvesting
It turns out that only the five leading countries account for 45.6% of all timber harvested in the world. As for the set of these countries itself, in general it is quite expected, since it more or less corresponds to the ranking of countries in terms of the size of forest area. Some exception is only Russia, which, as you already know, ranks first in the world in terms of forest (and forest-covered) area, but nevertheless remained “overboard” in Table 30. In terms of timber harvesting, it ranks sixth in the world ( 105 million cubic meters). Of course, this is also a very high figure, but still it is 4.4 times lower than the US indicator and 3.1 times lower than the Indian indicator.
You have probably already noticed that in the table. 30 presents countries belonging to both the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth. But the data in this table do not yet provide a complete picture of the relationship between these two belts in global timber harvesting. The fact is that in the last two or three decades the share of the southern belt has been increasing all the time. Quite large logging countries included India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand - in foreign Asia; Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, South Africa, Tanzania - in Africa; Mexi-
Textile industry of the world in Chile - in Latin America. As for the main logging countries in the northern belt, this group has remained virtually unchanged. It still includes the USA, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, and Germany.
But this is only the most general view of timber harvesting. The fact is that it is usually divided into industrial wood, which goes into further mechanical and chemical processing, and firewood, which is used as fuel. The ratio between them is approximately 50:50. But it is precisely in this matter that there is a large qualitative difference between the countries of the two forest belts. In the countries of the northern forest belt, harvesting of commercial timber sharply predominates, and in most countries of the southern belt, wood harvesting predominates.
To prove this thesis, we will give several examples. Thus, in Canada, the share of firewood in logging is only 1.5%, in Sweden, Finland and Germany - 8-9%, in the USA - 10%, in Russia - 22%. In the countries of the southern forest belt, this indicator looks completely different. For example, in Brazil the share of firewood is 58%, in China - 67%, in Indonesia and Thailand - 71%. Moreover, in Nigeria and Myanmar it rises to 88%, in Pakistan to 90%, in Uganda to 92%, in India to 94%, in the DRC to 96%, and in Ethiopia to 97%. The indicators of the last two countries are generally typical for most countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mechanical wood processing is most often judged by the production of sawn timber, which has already reached a level of 410 million cubic meters worldwide. The leading countries in this case include the USA (110 million cubic meters), Canada (65), China, Japan, Russia (22), Brazil, India, Germany, Sweden. Basically, these same countries stand out for the production of plywood and chipboard.
Now let's turn to the chemical (chemical-mechanical) processing of wood, which is needed for the production of pulp, paper and cardboard. Pulp is produced mainly in the countries of the northern forest belt, where coniferous wood predominates, and half of all world production comes from just two countries - the USA and Canada. However, the top ten pulp-producing countries already include China and Brazil. Even more important for us is data on paper products, 30% of which is writing and printing paper, 13 - newspaper and 57% other
Topic 3. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
varieties of paper and cardboard used for packaging, technical, sanitary needs, etc. Note that global production of paper and cardboard increased from 130 million tons in 1970 to 360 million tons in 2005, and approximately 1/2 of it is obtained from waste paper. (According to forecasts, by 2015 this production should increase to 440 million tons.) And you can get acquainted with the main manufacturers of paper products in the table. 31.
Table 31
Top five countries in the world by paper and cardboard production, 2005
In addition to them, the top ten countries in the world also include Finland, Sweden, the Republic of Korea, France and Italy. As for Russia, its positions look greatly weakened. In 2006, the country produced 7.5 million tons of paper and cardboard (2% of the world), being approximately at the level of Indonesia. If we compare large regions of the world, the leap made by the countries of foreign Asia is striking. Back in 1980, this region provided less than 4% of global paper and cardboard production, but now (with 30%) it has taken second place, ahead of foreign Europe and second only to North America.
In the literature, along with data on paper production, you will find information on its consumption. In the context of the globalization of the world economy, they are probably even more indicative. In addition, they to some extent reflect not only the level of economic development, but also the level of civilization. This is especially clearly demonstrated by the data not so much on the total, but on the per capita consumption of paper and cardboard (Fig. 59). Its analysis shows that the deepest differences between the countries of the North and the South still remain. Thus, a resident of the United States consumes 7.4 times more paper than a resident of China and almost 45 times more than a resident of India.
Rice. 59. Consumption of paper and cardboard per capita,
2005
In conclusion, we note that forestry and wood processing products occupy an important place in world trade. Among the countries located in the northern forest belt, forest paper products are an important export item for Canada, Sweden, Finland, Russia, as well as for the United States, which ranks first in exports of rough wood and lumber, but is also the largest importer of round wood. paper and plywood. Within the southern forest belt, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia specialize in exporting forest products. You can see how the main “forest bridges” pass in Fig. 60.
As a large-scale example of a country where the forestry and wood processing industry is an industry of international specialization, it is best to cite Canada.
Textile industry of the world The main natural prerequisite for the development of this industry in Canada is its vast forest resources. The belt of coniferous forests stretches here for several thousand kilometers from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and covers an area of 450 million hectares; Its timber reserves reach 22 billion cubic meters. m. Although these figures are very impressive in themselves, the specific indicators for sparsely populated Canada look even more convincing: both in terms of forest area (10 hectares) and timber reserves (more than 700 cubic meters) per capita it ranks first place in the world. On this basis, Canada has created a powerful forestry and woodworking industry, which employs more than 800 thousand people. Canada ranks second in the world in industrial timber production after the United States, and in terms of per capita (6.2 cubic meters) it ranks first. Today we already talked about the fact that Canada is one of the top five countries in the production of lumber, pulp, paper and cardboard, and on a per capita basis it ranks first in the world for both lumber and pulp, and is second in paper only Finland and Sweden. We especially note that Canada accounts for 1/4 of the world's total production of newsprint, which also serves as an important export item. In the USA, many newspapers are printed on Canadian paper, and they often have up to 100 pages.
For Russia, the forestry and wood processing industry also serves as one of the branches of its international specialization. For a long time, Russia, which has the world's largest timber resource base, was one of the main producers and suppliers of various timber and paper products. However, in the 90s, this industry experienced a strong decline: in 2000, compared to 1988, timber harvesting decreased by almost 4 times, lumber production - by 4.3 times, cellulose - by 2.6, paper - by 2 ,4 times. As a result, Russia's rating has noticeably decreased: according to some indicators, it has dropped out not only from the top five, but from the top ten countries. The main problems of the domestic timber and paper industry today include: 1) the discrepancy between wood processing and the capabilities of the timber resource base; 2) territorial disproportion between the areas of main forest resources (Siberia, Far East) and the main areas of consumption of wood products; 3) export of round timber, not wood products.
Now let's move on to consider the textile industry - how main industry light industry, which provides approximately half of its output, and also ranks first in it in terms of the number of employees. The development of the textile industry is determined by everything economic development, on which the consumer demand of the population depends.
Topic 8. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
The main products of this industry - fabrics and knitwear - belong to the category of mass-produced and relatively inexpensive products that can be produced by medium- and low-skilled workers. As B.N. noted. Zimin, the textile industry is characterized by a rapid turnover of assortments associated with changes in fashion. So I don’t remember whose aphorism comes to mind: “In all languages of the world, the word “fashion” is feminine, so it has its own whims...”
The textile industry is a typical old industry. You are still in high school in history and geography they taught that the industrial revolution in England in the 18th century. started with her. Although since then basically production process This industry retained spinning and weaving; scientific and technological revolution, of course, greatly influenced it. Spinning equipment was enriched with spindleless spinning machines. And in weaving production, traditional shuttle looms began to be replaced by more productive shuttleless ones. In addition, knitting production arose, in lately switching to equipment with electronically controlled. Nonwoven materials appeared. All this means expanding the range and widespread use of labor-saving technologies. And yet, the pace of development of the textile industry in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. turn out to be significantly lower than in other industries. As a result, recently the world production of all types of fabrics has remained at a stable level of approximately 100-110 billion square meters.
But in the raw material balance of the textile industry and, accordingly, the structure of fabric production over the past decades there have been very large changes. The main one is constantly increasing consumption of chemical fibers, the share of which in total consumption in 1950 was 16%, and in 2005 rose to 62% (Fig. 61). In addition, the predominance of synthetic fibers (the most common of them are polyester) over cellulose fibers has sharply increased in the composition of chemical fibers. As we already noted in the last lecture, now the ratio between them is 93:7. Each of us clearly feels these structural shifts.
Rice. 61. Changes in the global structure of textile fibers, %
(1950-2005)
I remember how in the post-war period, when synthetic fabrics began to become widespread, men tried to acquire nylon shirts, and women nylon stockings; Both of them wore bologna raincoats - it was very fashionable then. Then the fashion for natural fibers returned again and now, when buying underwear or clothes, you probably ask how much cotton or wool is in this fabric. But to answer this question mostly can be quite difficult because natural fabrics without the admixture of chemical fiber, they are now almost never produced. Such fabrics are usually called mixed fabrics. Or, as N.V. noted. Alisov, statistics combine them into the category “cotton fabrics and cotton-type fabrics.”
We should be even more interested in the shifts taking place in the location of the global textile industry.
You know well that in the 19th century. and in the first half of the 20th century. Europe (in a broad sense, i.e. including the European part of Russia) occupied the leading position in the world’s textile industry. Capitalist industrialization led to the fact that it was here that such large ones developed (lectures 39-50)
and world-famous regions of this industry, such as Lancashire and Yorkshire in the UK, Alsace in France, Flanders in Belgium, Saxony in Germany, Tuscany and Lombardy in Italy, and the Central region in Russia. And this is not to mention such centers as Lyon, Lille, Lodz, Ivanovo, etc. If we keep in mind the countries of the North, then a large textile industry also arose in the USA and Japan. Already in the 20th century. it has experienced crises and production declines more than once. Currently, the main task is to increase labor efficiency and product quality, which allows for higher sales prices and, consequently, an increase in turnover per employee.
Unlike the countries of the North, of the countries of the South, perhaps only China and India had a large textile industry. No wonder the first Prime Minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called his country the “Lancashire of Asia.” But after the collapse of the colonial system, many liberated countries embarked on the path of industrialization, starting with the textile industry.
Availability of raw materials and cheap labor force led to the fact that in the countries of the South this industry began to develop at a very high pace. As a result, at the beginning of the 21st century. their share in global fabric production reached 2/3. A main center The production of textile fibers and fabrics moved from Europe and the USA to Asia.
More specifically, this territorial shift from developed to developing countries can be illustrated by the example of the main textile industry - cotton, which produces 75 billion square meters. m per year. Back in the middle of the 20th century. The top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics included five countries Western Europe, USA, Japan, USSR, China and India. It now includes the United States, Russia, the Republic of Korea and seven developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. You can get acquainted with the location of the world cotton industry in more detail using Fig. 62. It follows from this that there are currently 21 countries in the world producing more than 100 million square meters. m and incl. 6 - more than 1 billion sq. m of cotton fabrics per year. Please also note that the non-competitive position in the production of such fabrics is occupied by two developing countries - China and India. Moreover, both of them are already significantly
Topic 8. Geography of sectors of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
exceeded the world average production of cotton fabrics per capita (11-12 sq. m). And now, in order to preserve the tradition, I will introduce you to the top five countries (Table 32).
Table 32
Top five countries in the world for the production of cotton fabrics, 2005
Next, we will briefly consider other sectors (sub-sectors) of the textile industry. Firstly, there is the wool industry, which produces much more expensive woolen fabrics. These fabrics are produced many times less than cotton fabrics - 9.5 billion square meters. m per year. Traditionally, their main producers are countries of foreign Europe, Russia, Japan, but recently some countries of East Asia have been added to them. So the top five countries for the production of such fabrics now include China, Italy, Japan, India and France. And Russia (together with Turkey, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) is only in the second five.
Secondly, this is the silk industry, which for centuries was based on expensive natural silk and had a relatively small scale. But after the invention of artificial silk, the pace of its development began to increase rapidly and now, in terms of annual production of fabrics, it exceeds the wool industry by about 10 times. The geography of this industry is also not entirely usual: almost 1/2 of the world production of silk fabrics comes from the USA, and the rest comes from Asian countries, especially China and Japan, India, and the Republic of Korea.
Thirdly, this is the flax industry, which has received the greatest development in Russia, Belarus, and some foreign European countries.
Textile industry of the world
Fourthly, this is the hemp-jute industry, which processes jute stems into technical and furniture fabrics, carpets, and ropes. The world's main production area is located in the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, in India and Bangladesh.
As a special sub-sector of the textile industry, we can name the production of knitwear, which has acquired paramount importance in Western countries. Suffice it to say that the cost of producing knitwear has already exceeded the production of fabrics themselves. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in the knitting industry is several times higher than, for example, in weaving production. But the production of nonwoven materials, which are increasingly used for technical purposes, is developing at an even faster pace.
It remains to add that textiles are one of the most traditional goods international trade. Until relatively recently, the economically developed countries of Western Europe, the USA, and Japan acted as the main exporters and importers of fabrics. But then developing countries, most of which have a heavily export-oriented textile industry, actively intervened in this trade. Nowadays, in the export of textiles, China occupies the uncompetitive first place (especially together with Hong Kong), followed by Italy, Germany, the USA, the Republic of Korea, Fr. Taiwan, France. And the main importers of textile goods are the USA, Japan and the European countries of the G7.
For Russia, the textile industry has always been one of the most traditional industries, which played an important role in both the gross domestic product and the international geographical division of labor. Back in 1991, Russia produced 7.5 billion square meters. m of fabrics, which put it in one of the leading places in the world. But with the beginning of economic reform and its transfer to a market basis, the Russian textile industry experienced an unprecedented drop in production volumes.
As a result of the collapse in 1991 - 1996. the total volume of fabric production decreased by more than 5 times. Accordingly, Russia's share in world production has sharply decreased: for cotton fabrics from 5.2 to 1.4%, for woolen fabrics from 12.2 to 2.2%. In 1997, in the magazine “Textile Industry” you could read an article entitled “The Death of the Oldest Industry in Russia.” As for the reasons for such a deep crisis, you must understand that they include:
(lectures 39-50)
1) severe technological backwardness of production and, as a consequence, low quality of products; 2) absence working capital; 3) intense competition from imported goods; 4) loss of domestic sources of cotton and wool; 5) decrease in the solvency of the country's population.
At the beginning of the 21st century. The situation in the Russian textile industry has improved, and the decline in production has stopped. But it has not yet reached the level of 1991: for example, the Russian Federation’s share in the world production of cotton fabrics is 3.5-4%, woolen fabrics - 2-2.5%.
Test questions Describe the main components forest complex of the world. Describe the main features of the location of the global timber and paper industry. Explain the dynamics of the global textile industry and changes in its sectoral structure. Describe the major shifts in the location of the world's textile industry.
Literature
Main Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Tutorial for universities. Book 1. General characteristics peace. Ed. 4th - M.: Bustard, 2008. Topic 5. Maksakovsky V.P. Economic and social geography of the world. Textbook for 10th grade. Ed. 16th. - M.: Education, 2008. Rodionova I.A. World economy: industrial sphere. Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. Section 2.
Additional Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview). Textbook for universities. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. Section VIII. Geography. Textbook / Ed. E.V. Baranchikova. - M.: Academia, 2005. Chapter 5.
Textile industry of the world Lyubimov I.M. General political, economic and social geography. Textbook for universities. - M.: Helios ARV, 2001. Chapters 5,6,7. Rodionova I.A. Macrogeography of world industry. Textbook for universities. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2000. Rodionova I.A. Industry of the world: territorial shifts in the second half of the 20th century. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2002. Russia and the countries of the world. Official publication. - M.: Rosstat, 2008. Section “ Industrial production" Smirnov E.N. Introduction to the course of world economics (economic geography foreign countries). Textbook for universities. - M.: KNORIS, 2008. Chapter 5. Socio-economic geography of the world. Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V. Volsky. - M.: Bustard, 2001. Part II, chapter 3. Kholina V.N., Naumov A.S., Rodionova I.A. Socio-economic geography of the world. Reference Guide. - M.: Drofa-DiK, 2006.
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