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Evolutionary doctrine of Charles Darwin Biology lesson in 11th grade Teacher: Ivanova O. V.Slide 2
Prerequisites for the emergence of the teachings of Charles Darwin Socio-economic Natural science Expedition material of Charles Darwin
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Socio-economic prerequisites: Development of capitalism Demand of industry for raw materials and population for food Development agriculture Breeding development
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Adam Smith and his theory of free competition under capitalism (the unadapted perish). Thomas Malthus and his article “On Population,” which asserts the necessity of a “struggle for existence” between rapidly multiplying people due to slow growth production of goods.
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Natural science background: Comparative anatomy and morphology: a unified structural plan of vertebrates (Goethe, Bronn, Saint-Hilaire) Embryology: the law of embryonic similarity (K. Baer) Cell theory: the unity of origin of plants and animals Paleontology: foundations of geochronology, theory of catastrophes (J. Cuvier ) I. Kant laid the foundations for ideas about the possibility of evolution of cosmic bodies Geologist Charles Lyell developed the theory of the evolution of the Earth
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Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist, creator of the doctrine of evolution. Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh (1825-1827), theology at Cambridge (1827-1831), where he received a bachelor's degree. In 1831-1836. makes a trip around the world on the Beagle ship as a naturalist, from which he returns as a man of science. 1859 "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". 1866 "Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants." 1871 "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"
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Charles Darwin's expedition material: Paleontological finds: fossils of giant sloths and armadillos Comparison of the fauna of South and North America Analysis of island flora and fauna (Galapagos archipelago): animals came to the islands from the mainland and changed as a result of adaptation to new living conditions
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The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin The diversity of animal and plant species is the result historical development organic world. Main driving forces evolution - the struggle for existence and natural selection. The material for selection is provided by hereditary variability. The stability of the species is ensured by heredity.
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The evolution of the organic world predominantly followed the path of increasing complexity in the organization of living beings. The adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions is the result of the action of natural selection. Both favorable and adverse changes. But the “owners” of the latter, as a rule, are destroyed in the struggle for existence.
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The diversity of modern breeds of domestic animals and varieties of agricultural plants is the result of artificial selection. Human evolution is related to the historical development of ancient apes.
Teaching Theory
Evolution
Correct answers:
1 – b
9 – in
2 – a
3 – in
10 – in
4 – in
11 – b
5 – in
12 – in
6 – g
13 – in
14 – b
7 – a
15 – a, b, d
8 – in
Evaluation criteria:
1-3 errors – set to “4”
4-6 errors – set to “3”
7 or more errors – set to “2”
- Continued expansion and deepening of the state view natural sciences, socio-economic processes in the 18th century;
- Acquaintance with the life and work of Charles Darwin;
- Introduction to the rules of evolution;
- Renewing in memory information about the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
3. The struggle for existence -
occurs between individuals of the same or different types, while the vital resources for the organism are limited, the most adapted individuals survive and give birth to offspring.
4. Natural selection -
the process of survival and reproduction of organisms most adapted to environmental conditions, and death during the evolution of unadapted ones.
5. Speciation –
natural selection of individual isolated individuals in different conditions of existence gradually leads to divergence in the characteristics of these individuals and, ultimately, to the formation of a species.
Hereditary variability
The appearance of individuals with a variety of characteristics
The struggle for existence in different forms
“Victory” of the fittest individuals with favorable characteristics
“Defeat to the least adapted individuals who have unfavorable characteristics”
Death
Survival and preferential participation in reproduction
Unfavorable traits are not passed on to offspring
Favorable traits are passed on to descendants and intensify from generation to generation.
- essay “My attitude to Darwin’s theory of evolution”
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Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) – founder of evolutionary biology. C. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in the family of a doctor. While studying at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge, Darwin gained a deep knowledge of zoology, botany and geology, and a skill and taste for field research. The book of the outstanding English geologist Charles Lyell, “Principles of Geology,” played a major role in the formation of his scientific worldview. In 1854-1855, Darwin began to work closely on the theory of evolution: he collected materials on the variability, heredity and evolution of wild species of animals and plants, as well as data on methods of selection of domestic animals and cultivated plants, comparing the results of artificial and natural selection. He began writing a book, which, according to his estimates, should have consisted of 3-4 volumes. By the summer of 1858, he had written ten chapters of this work. This work was never completed and was first published in the UK in 1975. In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. driving force evolution called natural selection and uncertain variability. In 1868, Darwin published his second work, “Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants,” which included many examples of the evolution of organisms. In 1871, his work “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” appeared, where Darwin substantiated the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor.
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Scientific prerequisites E. Kant (1724-1804) in his famous work “General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens” rejected the myth of the first shock and came to the conclusion that the Earth and the entire solar system are something that arose in time. Thanks to the works of E. Kant, P. Laplace and W. Hertel, the Earth and the Solar system began to be viewed not as once created, but as developing over time. In 1830, the English naturalist and founder of historical geology, Charles Lyell (1797-1875), substantiated the idea of the variability of the Earth's surface under the influence of various causes and laws: climate, water, volcanic forces, organic factors. Lyell expressed the idea that the organic world is gradually changing, and this was confirmed by the results of paleontological research by the French zoologist J. Cuvier (1769-1832). In the first half of the 19th century. The idea of the unity of all nature was developed. The Swedish chemist I. Berzelius (1779-1848) proved that all animals and plants consist of the same elements as inanimate bodies. The German chemist F. Wöhler (1800-1882) was the first to chemically synthesize oxalic acid in the laboratory in 1824, and urea in 1828, thus showing that the formation organic matter perhaps without the participation of a certain “ vitality"inherent in living organisms.
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Scientific background In the XVIII-XIX centuries. due to existing historical conditions(colonization of vast territories and their exploration), ideas about the diversity of the organic world and the patterns of its distribution across the continents of the globe have expanded significantly. Systematics is developing intensively: the entire diversity of the organic world required its classification and reduction into a certain system, which was important for the development of the idea of the relatedness of living beings, and then of the unity of their origin. In the first half of the 19th century. a detailed study of the geographical distribution of organisms begins; Biogeography and ecology begin to develop, the first generalizing conclusions of which were important for substantiating the idea of evolution. Thus, in 1807, the German naturalist A. Humboldt (1769-1859) expressed the idea that the geographical distribution of organisms depends on the conditions of existence. The Russian scientist K. F. Roulier (1814-1858) tries to interpret the historical change in the face of the Earth and living conditions on it and explain the influence of these changes on the changes in animals and plants. His student N.A. Severtsov (1827-1885) expressed ideas about the relationship of organisms with environment, about the formation of new species as an adaptive process. Comparative morphology and anatomy are being developed. Her successes contributed to the elucidation not only of the similarity of structure various types animals, but also such a similarity in their organization that suggested a deep connection between them, about their unity. Comparative embryology is taking shape. In 1817-1818 I. X. Pander discovered the germ layers and the universality of their anlage in animal embryogenesis. The German researcher M. Rathke applied the theory of germ layers to invertebrates (1829). At the end of the 20s of the XIX century. Russian embryologist K. M. Baer (1792-1870) established the main stages of embryonic development and proved that all vertebrate animals develop according to a single plan. Subsequently, Baer's generalizations were called by Darwin the law of germinal similarity and were used by him to prove evolution. A remarkable sign of embryonic similarity is, for example, the presence of gill slits in the walls of the pharynx in the embryos of all vertebrates, including humans. In 1839, the German zoologist T. Schwann created the cell theory, which substantiated the common microstructure and development of animals and plants.
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Socio-economic prerequisites A. Smith created the doctrine of “free competition”. He believed that the engine of production development is free competition, which is based on the “natural self-interest” or “natural egoism” of man, which serves as the source of national wealth. Unfit competitors are eliminated in the process of free competition. The idea of competitive relations characteristic of the transition from feudalism to capitalism influenced, paradoxically, the formation of ideas about the development of living nature (C. Darwin subsequently substantiated the idea of competitive relations between living organisms). T. Malthus believed that the human population increases in geometric progression, while food production increases only in arithmetic progression. Overpopulation results in a lack of means of subsistence. Malthus explains this as an “eternal natural law of nature,” believing that its action can only be limited by a decrease in population. Otherwise, nature itself will restore balance through hunger, disease, etc., sharply increasing the intensity of competition. The idea of overpopulation in living nature, arising as a result of the ability of organisms to reproduce exponentially, will be used by Charles Darwin to explain the emergence of the struggle for existence.
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Charles Darwin's trip around the world Of no small importance for the creation of evolutionary theory was Charles Darwin's trip around the world on English ship"Beagle" (1831-1836). In connection with the tasks assigned to the expedition to study the outlines of the coasts of South America and other territories, Charles Darwin had the opportunity to make long excursions, explore geological rocks, flora and fauna of the visited areas. During the journey, he collected numerous facts that testified in favor of the variability of species and undermined the belief in their creation. These facts can be grouped into three groups.
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The first group of facts... ... testifies to the historical connection between extinct and living animals. Darwin discovered, for example, significant similarities between the fossil fauna of South America and modern sloths and armadillos.
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The second group of facts... ...refuted the concept of species constancy and revealed patterns of geographical distribution of animal species. Comparing the fauna of South and North America, Darwin thought about the reasons for their significant differences. There are species in South America (monkeys, llamas, tapirs, anteaters, armadillos) that are not found in North America; in turn, the latter contains forms that are not found in South America. In analyzing these facts, Darwin applied the historical method, assessing the fauna of North and South America as it varied in accordance with the geological past. He believed that initially the Northern and South America inhabited similar forms. Subsequently, due to the emergence of a vast plateau in the southern part of Mississippi, the faunas of these continents became isolated. The original species became extinct, and those that replaced them, thanks to isolation, developed in different directions, which determined the difference in the fauna of North and South America.
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The third group of facts... ...is associated with the fauna of the Galapagos Islands. On these volcanic islands, Charles Darwin discovered finches, mockingbirds, Galapagos buzzards, owls, lizards, turtles, etc., which are not found anywhere else, but are very similar to South American species. Each island of the Galapagos archipelago has its own form, for example, finches , but all of them taken together form one natural group. Charles Darwin suggested that all Galapagos species of finches apparently descended from one ancestral species that came here from the mainland.
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Basic provisions of the teaching of evolution 1. Within each species of living organisms, there is a huge range of individual hereditary variability in morphological, physiological, behavioral and any other characteristics. This variability may be continuous, quantitative, or intermittent qualitative, but it always exists. 2. All living organisms reproduce exponentially. 3. Life resources for any type of living organisms are limited, and therefore there must be a struggle for existence either between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species, or with natural conditions. In the concept of “struggle for existence,” Darwin included not only the individual’s actual struggle for life, but also the struggle for success in reproduction.
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Basic provisions of the teaching of evolution 4. In the conditions of the struggle for existence, the most adapted individuals survive and give birth to offspring, having those deviations that accidentally turned out to be adaptive to given environmental conditions. This is fundamental important point in Darwin's argument. Deviations do not arise directionally - in response to the action of the environment, but randomly. Few of them prove useful in specific conditions. The descendants of a surviving individual, who inherit the beneficial deviation that allowed their ancestor to survive, turn out to be more adapted to the given environment than other members of the population. 5. Darwin called the survival and preferential reproduction of adapted individuals natural selection. 6. Natural selection of individual isolated varieties in different conditions of existence gradually leads to divergence (divergence) of the characteristics of these varieties and, ultimately, to speciation.
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Artificial selection - the preservation and reproduction of specimens of plants and animals that are in some way advantageous or useful to people
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Forms of artificial selection Unconscious selection is selection in which the goal is not to create a new variety or breed. People preserve the best, in their opinion, individuals and destroy (cull) the worst. Unconscious selection arose a long time ago, from the moment the dog was domesticated. Unconscious selection leads to changes in plants and animals, to the improvement of breeds and varieties, to the creation of new local breeds and varieties. The desired result of this selection is formed slowly, but it can be impressive. Methodical selection is a selection carried out by a person according to a specific plan, with a specific goal - creating a breed or variety. Features: a goal is set: the breeder decides which characteristics need to be changed and in which direction, i.e. the direction of selection is determined (egg production, fleshiness, a beautiful comb, a beautiful tail, beautiful plumage); a plan for creating a breed (variety) is drawn up: which breeds (varieties) and in what order need to be crossed, what types of crossing should be used; are being created special conditions life; methodical selection is creativity.
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Material for selection Two main aspects are involved in changing the breeds of domestic animals and plants cultivated by people: VARIABILITY, which provides material for breeding new breeds; HERITANCE is a common property of all living beings, thanks to which the characteristics of the parents are passed on to the offspring *Darwin personally studied all the breeds of domestic pigeons available to him and found that they all descended from the wild rock pigeon. From one form, placing when creating new breed Each time there were special requirements, people received large puffers with high legs, and a small pigeon - a seagull, and homing pigeons with their fast flight, and peacock pigeons with a fan-shaped tail, and many others.
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Natural selection has two sides: differential (selective) survival; differential mortality *i.e. natural selection has positive and negative sides. The negative side of natural selection is elimination. Positive side- preservation of phenotypes most appropriate to the conditions of the ecosystem in at the moment. *Natural selection increases the frequency of these phenotypes, and therefore the frequency of genes that form these phenotypes.
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Comparative characteristics artificial and natural selection Features of the evolutionary process Evolution cultural forms Evolution of species in nature Prerequisites and driving forces of evolution Hereditary variability. Artificial selection Hereditary variability. Struggle for existence. Natural selection Pace of evolution Fast (it takes from 8-10 to 20 years to create a variety or breed) Slow (thousands and millions of years) Results Diversity of varieties, breeds Diversity of species Adaptability Living organisms are adapted to human needs. Forms with less beneficial properties, are rejected. Living organisms are adapted to environmental conditions. Forms with less useful traits die out.
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Bottom line Evolutionary theory Darwin fundamentally undermined the metaphysical ideas about the constancy and immutability of species and their creation by God. This theory became the basis for further development science about the evolution of the organic world, as well as for all biological sciences.
DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Chemistry and biology teacher
Lepeshenko Tatyana Ivanovna
GBOU NPO RO PU No. 61
Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov region
Objective of the lesson:
Consider Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as a holistic teaching; form an idea of the main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
Updating of reference knowledge
Why in the 19th century? it became possible
creation and justification
evolutionary doctrine?
Choose the correct answer: option 1 – Zh.B. Lamarck option 2 – C. Linnaeus
- Created the first natural classification
- Believed that species exist and do not change
- Created the best artificial system
- Reinforced the use of binary nomenclature for the species
- Created the first evolutionary theory
- Described more than 8,000 species
- I posed 3 questions to science
8. He considered the cause of evolution to be the desire of organisms for improvement
9. Believed that acquired characteristics are inherited
10. Contributed great contribution in the development of science.
Compose a syncwine about C. Linnaeus,
J.B. Lamarque
Ch. Darwin
"The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" or the preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life"
Charles Darwin
Place of birth: Shrewsbury, England
Place of death: Down, England
Scientific field: Biology, Geology, Paleontology
Place of work: Royal geographical society
Naturalist's Voyage on the Beagle 1831-1836
Captain Robert Fitz Roy
Darwin's handwritten diary
The main provisions of Darwin's evolutionary teachings.
The diversity of animal and plant species is the result of the historical development of the organic world.
The main driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection. The material for selection provides variability. The stability of the species is ensured by heredity.
The role of natural selection in the formation of adaptations
The evolution of the organic world predominantly followed the path of increasing complexity in the organization of living beings.
Convergent evolution: the development of aerial adaptations in vertebrates.
Basic scientific works Darwin
- 1839 – A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle
- 1842 – Zoology of travel – (participation in a multi-volume monograph)
- 1851-54 – Barnacles
- 1859 - Origin of species...
- 1862 – Pollination in orchids
- 1868 – Variability of animals and plants in the domesticated state
- 1871 – The origin of man and sexual selection
- 1872 – Expression of emotions in humans and animals
- 1876 – The effect of cross-pollination and self-pollination in the plant world.
Consolidation of knowledge
The essence of Darwin's concept of evolution comes down to a number of logical, experimentally verifiable and confirmed a huge number actual provisions. Was Darwin the first and only?
Answer
In 1858, the young English scientist Alfred Wallace sent Darwin the manuscript of his article “On the Tendency of Varieties to Deviate Unlimitedly from the Original Type.” This article contained an exposition of the idea of the origin of species through natural selection.
The meaning of evolutionary theory.
- The patterns of transformation of one organic form into another have been revealed.
- The reasons for the expediency of organic forms are explained.
- The law of natural selection was discovered.
- The essence of artificial selection is revealed.
- The driving forces of evolution have been identified.
Question
Today, Darwin's teachings are recognized by many scientists. Do you agree with them?
Summing up the lesson
- What provisions of the theory of evolution make you feel unproven, disagree, or doubt?
- How do you yourself assess the reason for your attitude towards this theory?
Homework
- Answer to the question in the form of a message: What is the significance of Mendel's laws for understanding the mechanism of evolution?
- Prepare a message and presentation on the topic “Darwin and the trip around the world on the Beagle.”
- Page 153 - 159 Textbook “Biology” for NPOs and SPO V.M. Konstantinov et al. M., Academy, 2014.
- Answer questions 1 – 7 on page 159 of the textbook.
Charles Darwin uBorn in 1809. uStudied at the faculties of medicine and theology, and was planning to become a priest. u In 1831, he goes on a 5-year voyage on the Beagle ship as a naturalist. u In 23, he systematizes the factual material. u In 1859, he published the first natural science evolutionary theory.
1859 - “The Origin of Species by Natural Selection” The main provisions of the theory of Charles Darwin uOrganisms are changeable. uFor evolution, only hereditary(uncertain) variability. uCauses of evolution: the struggle for existence and natural selection.
The mechanism of evolution (according to the theory of Charles Darwin) The ability of organisms for unlimited reproduction Limited environmental resources Hereditary variability The struggle for existence Natural selection The emergence of adaptations The emergence of species The results of evolution
Forms of variability (according to Darwin) uDefinite, group, non-hereditary (modern - modification). Caused by the influence external environment. uIndefinite, individual, hereditary (modern - mutational). uCorrelative, correlative - a change in one organ causes a change in others.
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