Today, using the network has become commonplace. Going online is sometimes easier than getting off the couch to turn on the TV because the remote has disappeared somewhere again :). But what is there, many already do not watch TV, because the network has everything you need, well, maybe they don't feed ... yet.
But who invented what we use daily, hourly? You know? Until now, I had no idea. And he came up with the Internet Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee. He is the one the inventor of the World Wide Web and the author of many other major developments in this area.
Timothy John Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 in London, in an unusual family. His parents were mathematicians Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, who conducted research on the creation of one of the first computers, the Manchester Mark I.
I must say that the time itself was conducive to various kinds of technological breakthroughs in the field of IT technologies: a few years earlier, Vannevar Bush (a scientist from the United States) proposed the so-called hypertext. This is a unique phenomenon that represented an alternative to the usual linear structure of development, narration, etc. and had a noticeable impact on many areas of life - from science to art.
And just a few years after the birth of Tim Berners-Lee, Ted Nelson came up with a proposal to create a "documentary universe" where all the texts ever written by mankind would be linked together using what we would today call "cross-references." ... On the eve of the invention of the Internet, all these and many other events, of course, created fertile ground and led to appropriate reflections.
At the age of 12, the parents sent the boy to private school Emanuel in the town of Wendsworth, where he took an interest in the exact sciences. After leaving school, he entered college at Oxford, where, together with his comrades, he was caught in a hacker attack and for this they were deprived of the right to access educational computers. This unfortunate circumstance prompted Tim to build his own computer based on the M6800 processor for the first time, with a regular TV instead of a monitor and a broken calculator instead of a keyboard.
Berners-Lee graduated from Oxford in 1976 with a degree in Physics, after which he began his career at Plessey Telecommunications Ltd. At that time, his field of activity was distributed transactions. After a couple of years, he moved to another company - DG Nash Ltd, where he developed software for printers. It was here that he first created a kind of analogue of the future operating system capable of multitasking.
The next place of work was already the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research, located in Geneva (Switzerland). Here, as a software consultant, Berners-Lee wrote the Inquire program (literal translation from English sounds like "interrogator", "reference" or "notebook"), which used the method of random associations. The principle of its work, in many ways, was an aid to the creation of the World Wide Web.
Then there were three years of work as a systems architect and scientific work at CERN, where he developed a number of distributed systems for data collection. Here, in 1989, he first introduced a project based on hypertext - the founder of the modern Internet. Later, this project was called the World Wide Web (eng. World wide web).
In a nutshell, its essence was as follows: the publication of hypertext documents that would be linked by hyperlinks. This made it possible to significantly facilitate the search for information, its systematization and storage. The project was originally intended to be implemented on the CERN intranet for local research needs, as a modern alternative to libraries and other data repositories. At the same time, downloading and accessing data was possible from any computer connected to the WWW.
Work on the project lasted from 1991 to 1993 in the form of collecting user feedback, coordination and all sorts of improvements to the World Wide Web. In particular, even then the first versions of the URL protocols (as a special case of the URI), HTTP and HTML were proposed. The first hypertext-based World Wide Web browser and WYSIWYG editor were also introduced.
In 1991, the very first website to have an address was launched. Its content was introductory and auxiliary information on the World Wide Web: how to install a web server, how to connect to the Internet, how to use a web browser. It also hosted an Internet directory with links to other sites.
Since 1994, Berners-Lee has chaired the 3Com Founders Department at the MIT Computer Science Laboratory (now the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, with the Massachusetts Institute), where he serves as a lead researcher.
In 1994 he founded at the Laboratory, which to this day develops and implements standards for the Internet. In particular, the Consortium is working to ensure that the World Wide Web has a stable and continuous development - in accordance with the latest user requirements and the level of technological progress.
In 1999, the famous book by Berners-Lee entitled "" was published. It describes in detail the process of working on a key project in the life of the author, discusses the prospects for the development of the Internet and Internet technologies, and outlines a number of important principles. Among them:
- the importance of web 2.0, the direct participation of users in the creation and editing of website content (a vivid example of Wikipedia and social networks);
- close interconnection of all resources with each other by means of cross-references in combination with equal positions of each of them;
- the moral responsibility of scientists who implement certain IT technologies.
Since 2004, Berners-Lee has been a professor at the University of Southampton, where he is working on the Semantic Web Project. It is a new version of the World Wide Web, where all data is suitable for processing using special programs... This is a kind of "add-on" that assumes that each resource will have not only ordinary text "for people", but also specially encoded content that can be understood by a computer.
In 2005, his second book was published - "Traversing the Semantic Web: Unlocking the Full Potential of the World Wide Web".
Currently, Tim Berners-Lee holds the title of Knight Commander from Queen Elizabeth II, is a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society, a foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences and many others. His work has received many awards, including the Order of Merit, a place in the list of "100 Greatest Minds of the Century" according to Time Magazine (1999), the Quadriga Prize in the Knowledge Network nomination (2005), the Mikhail Gorbachev Prize in the nomination "Perestroika" - "The Man Who Changed the World" (2011), etc.
Unlike many of his successful brothers, like, or, Berners-Lee has never been distinguished by a special desire to monetize and receive super-profits from his projects and inventions. His manner of communication is characterized as a "rapid flow of thought", accompanied by rare digressions and self-irony. In a word, there are all the signs of a genius living in his own, "virtual" world, which, at the same time, has a tremendous impact on the world today.
For the first time the idea of creating an information network between computers was expressed in 1960 by Joseph Lyklider, head of the computer department of the Ministry national security USA. In 1962, together with his colleague Welden Clark, he published the first scientific article on online communication.
6 years after the idea was voiced, the first practical developments began. The predecessor of the Internet was the ARPANET project. It was developed on the basis of the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Berkeley. In 1969, the first data packet was sent over the ARPANET.
Only small text messages could be sent over the first communication channel, since the computers were not powerful enough.
The network has evolved gradually. By 1981, more than 200 computers were connected to it, mainly related to scientific institutes and laboratories. Since the seventies, the development of a special software for remote computer communication. One of the first such programs was written by Steve Crocker. ARPANET existed autonomously until 1983, after which this network was connected to the TCP / IP protocol and became part of the future global Internet.
Along with the ARPANET, other LAN projects also emerged. In France, the information and scientific network CYCLADES was developed, launched in 1973. A little later, Fidonet appeared - the first network that became really popular among amateur users.
TCP / IP and WAN Creation
Those who tried to create local area networks, over time faced the issue of incompatibility of data transfer protocols. This problem was solved at the Stanford Research Institute, where the TCP / IP protocol was developed in 1978. By the mid-eighties, this protocol had supplanted all others within the ARPANET.
The very name of the Internet appeared in the seventies in connection with the development of the TCP / IP protocol.
In the second half of the eighties, the consolidation of local networks continued. The LANs of NASA and other US government organizations have switched to TCP / IP. TO common network European scientific institutions also began to join. At the end of the eighties, it was the turn of the countries of Asia and the states of the socialist bloc - the first network widespread in the USSR was Fidonet, but the Internet over time began to play an increasingly significant role.
Since the nineties, the Internet has ceased to be exclusively a tool of scientists and government organizations - the number of amateur users began to grow, which continues to this day.
Today we cannot imagine life without the Internet. The Internet has become for us both a source of information and a means of communication. For many, the worldwide network is an opportunity to make good money. A favorite movie, an awaited book, hot news - you can find anything you want on the Internet. But it was not always so. There were times when we did not even know about such a miracle of technology as a computer, what can we say about the Internet! I wonder who created the Internet and when. What is the history of the creation of the Internet. For what purposes the Internet was created. And whether its creators thought what their idea would result in.
Who Created the Computer and When: The Long Way of Computerization
Yes, you are not mistaken! Despite the fact that the topic of our conversation is: who created the Internet and when, we will have to step back a little from it. You must admit that without “smart electronics” there would be no Internet. Therefore, to begin with, let's find out who created the computer and when.
Due to the different classifications of computers, the indications about the date of their appearance may differ. Opening "komputers" differ from the technique that we are used to seeing now.
People have always tried to simplify the painstaking computational process and automate it. Trial swallows can be called the usual abacus and the adding machine, invented in 1820. And in 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage prepared the concept of an intelligent machine, which later became considered the prototype of the first automatic computer. Unfortunately, until the project was fully implemented, there was not enough financial resources.
It is interesting! The concept of "computer" was first used in 1613. And it meant not a machine, but a person performing some computational actions.
The first experimental programmable model was a machine called the Z1. It was created by the German engineer K. Zuse in 1938. He, according to the Z1 principle, created the first computer Z3 in 1941, which already possessed the main characteristics of the current personal computers.
A year later, American physicists began work on the creation of an electronic "thinking machine." The project became the prototype of the first electronic computer called ENIAC. The first computer was created by the American John Mauchly in 1946.
Curious, but true!The first computers were so bulky that they often took up an area the size of a three-room apartment. And their weight reached 28 tons!
As for personal computers, their development began in the 1970s, when for the sake of exploration, "thinking machines" were assembled at home. And the first commercial PC was the Altair 8800 model. It was created in 1975 by Henry Edward Roberts.
It is impossible not to note a significant contribution to the development computer technology Americans Wozniak and Jobs. It was they who did important step to the computers we are used to working with today. In 1976, these two people developed a programmable device. And the main purpose of "Apple", that is how Wozniak and Jobs called their brainchild, were video games. In the future, the whole corporation "Apple" under the leadership of Jobs began to engage in the production of personal computers.
And computers, designed in 1986 by IBM, became the subject of mass exploitation in the nineties. These machines already featured a 16-bit Intel processor and Microsoft software.
Who created the internet and when
Well, that's all, let's leave the topic “who created the computer and when” - after all, she is not the hero of the day. Let's go directly to the question: who created the Internet and when. After all, the opportunities that he gives us today are simply colossal! For many today, it is the World Wide Web that is the main source of income.
By the way, if you also want to take part in generating income through the Internet, but have not yet decided on the type of activity, we suggest studying the publication.
And we go directly to the topic.
How it all began
The Internet was "born" in the United States of America. It was the American Defense Ministry in 1957 that thought about the need to own a proven information barter system. So in 1969 the ARPANET project appeared, which united four scientific institutions to create an information network.
And the date of birth of the Internet is October 29, 1969, when the first communication took place between the University of Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Center. At 21 o'clock, the first communication attempt was made, which was unsuccessful. An hour and a half later, an employee from Standford saw on his screen a word sent to him by a representative of the University of Los Angeles.
Two years later it was already invented Email through which people were able to communicate over the Internet. And its founder was Ray Tomlison. He also invented the "dog" symbol, which is still used today in any email address. It was since 1971, when e-mail appeared, that the network was able to interest millions of users and began to be considered global.
It is interesting! In different countries, the symbol "dog" is called differently. For example, in Greece its name is a little duck, and in Germany it is called a hanging monkey.
What's next: development prospects
1973 saw the first world debut of the Internet. To American information system Norway and Great Britain were connected via a transatlantic telephone cable.
And exactly ten years later, the term "Internet" itself appeared, which became both a means of communication and a platform for placing news and advertising feeds.
In 1988, the here and now communication service, the so-called "chat", appeared. And 1989 is considered the year of the emergence of the true World Wide Web. This has become a reality thanks to the emergence of the special abbreviation WWW. Briton Tim Berners-Lee invented a single World Wide Web by combining existing information networks into one. He also created the browser, and in 1990 the first website.
Internet in Russia
For a long time in the Soviet Union, information technology developed in parallel with the West. In many respects, their development became possible due to the appearance in the USSR of sources for the use of Western microprocessor base. Although Soviet scientists had their own progressive developments.
So, in the 1950s. computer networks were formed for projects to develop missile defense infrastructure. All data were accumulated on computers such as "Diana-I" and "Diana-II".
In the 1970s. data networks have also been used in the civilian environment. For example, systems such as ASU-Express and Sirena, which made it possible to reserve rail and air tickets.
The first institute connected to the global network was the Kurchatov Institute. It happened in the 1980s. And in 1990 the all-Union computer network "RELKOM" was created. At the same time, the domain was registered Soviet Union.
In 1992, the first providers appeared in the Russian Federation. And April 1994 was marked by the registration of the national domain.Ru.
Who made Google: name in the studio!
If we are talking about the Internet, such important points its development, like the creation of Google and YouTube. And first, we find out the name of the one who created Google.
Today it is simply impossible to imagine the Internet without Google. It turns out that this most popular search system in the world was born out of an ordinary student project! Moreover, its creators did not even count on success, the project was a kind of experiment.
And Google was created by two students Sergey Brin and Larry Page. In 1996, the idea emerged from an annual research project that had to be handed over to partners. Then it was the search engine "Back Rub". And a year later it became known as Google. A year later, the partners have already organized their own corporation "Google".
The original staff of the company consisted of only four people under the leadership of Brin. But already since 1999 only the lazy did not know about the company. The peak of success for partners was in 2004.
It is interesting! Truly fabulous conditions have been created for the company's employees, distinguished by their democratic nature. For example, 20% of the working time employees can go about their business, compensating for their maximum return in the remaining 80%. Also, staff are allowed to bring to workplace their pets.
By the way, on the pages of our site you can find an interesting review,which will introduce you even closer to this search engine.
So, the name of who created Google was recognized. Let's move on to the second point and find out who created YouTube and when.
Who created YouTube and when
Not two, but three people took part in the creation of YouTube. And this happened in 2005. It is noteworthy that the creators of YouTube, as well as the founders of Google, did not even think that their innocent venture would find such a success.
So, when - in 2005, who created YouTube - S. Chen, C. Hurley and D. Carim. All these comrades, while working at PayPal, decided to bring personal service to life.
The original YouTube format was somewhat different from the format we are used to seeing today. The guideline for its creation was the HotOrNot service, where users could share their photos and rate the pictures of other users. But the concept of partners was still based on the video.
This is curious! Initially, the project was conceived as a kind of dating site with video content. Therefore, the date of registration of his domain was February 14th.
The first video appeared on the service in April 2005, when one of the creators of YouTube appeared in front of cages with elephants. It was an unremarkable video that lasted 18 seconds. But the main goal - public testing of the site - was achieved.
It is noteworthy that newly registered users posted videos of various topics on the site, and not just for the purpose of dating. So, already in May 2005, the developers changed the concept and abandoned the original idea of the dating site.
Now attention!In November 2006, YouTube was acquired by Google. The company is constantly working to improve the service by developing new applications.
YouTube appeared in Russia in 2007. Today, in addition to news, music and humorous video materials, so-called video blogs are in great demand, where users upload subject videos aimed at a wide audience.
Conclusion
Well, it's time to return from the virtual world to the real world. Today we not only found out who created the Internet and when, but also found out when the computer appeared and who created the popular services Google and YouTube. Now ask yourself a question: what would we do without all this? Reflect at your leisure: you can come to completely different conclusions!
In May 1961, Kleinrock published an article entitled "The Flow of Information in Widespread Communication Networks." In 1962, American scientist Licklider became the first director of the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) and proposed his vision of the network. The ideas of Kleinrock and Licklider were supported by Robert Taylor. He also proposed the idea of creating a system that later became known as Arpanet.
This computer network became the prototype of the modern world wide web.
The first steps
In the late 60s of the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. Summer 1968 working group under the chairmanship of Elmer Shapiro, discussed how the main computers can communicate with each other.
In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro, along with Stanford research institute published under the title "Study of the design parameters of a computer network." This work was used by Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler to create the final version of a specialized mini-computer (IMP).
Later, BBN Technologies received a grant to design and build a computer subnet.
In July 1969, the creation of the Internet became known to the general public when the University of California at Los Angeles issued a press release.
In 1969, the first switch was shipped to the University of California, Los Angeles, and with it the first dedicated mini-computer. In the same year, the first signal is sent from the switch to the computer.
The emergence of email
The first e-mail was sent in 1971 by computer programmer Ray Tomlinson. The first message was transmitted between two cars literally standing side by side. After successfully sending the message, Ray Tomlinson sent emails to your colleagues, explaining how to send such messages.
The instructions for sending e-mail referred to the fact that the sign "dog" separates the username and the name of the computer from which the message is written.
This is how Ray Tomlinson became the creator of email.
Other inventions
After the creation of email, scientists continued to come up with new inventions.
In 1974 a commercial version of Aparnet appeared, called Telenet.
In 1973, engineer Bob Metcalfe proposes the idea of creating Ethernet.
In 1977, Dennis Hayes and Dale Hatherington release the first modem. Modems are becoming popular among Internet users.
Great contribution to development modern internet contributed by Tim Berners-Lee. In 1990, he invented the HTML code, which greatly influenced appearance the Internet.
Most modern internet browsers are derived from the Mosaic browser. This is the first graphical browser used in world wide web and established in 1993. Its authors are Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina.
The Internet is, without exaggeration, the main technological breakthrough of recent decades. But by whom and when was it invented? In fact, the invention of the Internet is a rather complicated story, and we will understand it in this post.
First Internet projects
For the first time ideas and projects of the global computer network appear in the early 1960s. In 1962, in the United States, Joseph Licklider, who was then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, released a series of notes in which he described the concept of the "Galactic Network." The name was comic, and Licklider saw the main purpose of this network in the convenient exchange of data and program code, but his concept really described some of the principles of the global computer network, reminiscent of the modern Internet. Likladier soon became head of department information technologies DARPA, and largely thanks to his efforts, after a while this agency begins the implementation of a project of one of the first ARPANET computer networks.
V. M. Glushkov
In the same 1962, an article by Academician Kharkevich was published in the Soviet Union, in which he wrote about the need to create a nationwide computer network that would allow all institutions to exchange information and become the basis for planning and management in various industries. Soon Academician Glushkov came up with an even more detailed project, called OGAS (National automated system accounting and processing of information). The project envisaged the creation of a unified computer network in the USSR, within the framework of the project it was planned to create 6,000 computer centers and train 300 thousand IT specialists. Khrushchev approved the plan and its implementation began, but after Brezhnev came to power, the Soviet bureaucracy began to openly sabotage the project. Instead of united network Soviet ministries began to build their own computer centers that were not connected to each other, and attempts to network them did not go beyond experiments. So the USSR missed the opportunity to overtake the West in the field of information technology.
OGAS Glushkova
ARPANET
In 1964, two years later than in the USSR, the ARPANET network project was launched in the USA. But, unlike in the USSR, this project was brought to the end there. In 1969, this network began work, although at first it had only 4 nodes.
ARPANET in 1969
Later, many began to consider this year as the year of the emergence of the Internet. But in fact, the ARPANET network was quite far from the modern Internet. The main problem that they tried to solve with the help of this network was the problem of optimal use of computer power. Computers were still quite expensive, and if someone could remotely connect to another computer and use its power while idle, there would be big savings. Due to various difficulties, this task was never realized, but ARPANET continued to develop.
Larry Roberts
In 1972, Larry Roberts, one of the developers of ARPANET, who had by then succeeded Licklider as director of the IT department of DARPA, organized an international conference on computer communications in Washington DC. At this conference, an ARPANET demonstration was held, during which those who wished could connect to 20 computers from different US cities and execute different commands on them. At the time, the demonstration made a big impression on skeptics who did not believe in the reality of computer networks.
In 1972 e-mail appeared in ARPANET. Soon the transmission of messages by e-mail became one of the most popular functions of ARPANET. Some even believe that e-mail “saved” ARPANET, making this network really useful and in demand. Then other ways of using the network began to appear - file transfer, instant messaging, message boards, etc. However, ARPANET was not yet the Internet. And the first obstacle further development network was the lack of a universal protocol that would allow computers to exchange information different types and with different software.
TCP / IP protocol
The variety of hardware and software created enormous challenges for networking computers. To overcome them, in 1973, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn decided to create a universal information exchange protocol that would allow connecting a variety of computers and local networks.
Vinton ("Screw") Cerf
Robert ("Bob") Kahn
The protocol was named TCP (Transmission-Control Protocol, or Transmission Control Protocol). Later the protocol was split into two parts and was called TCP / IP (IP - Internet Protocol). By the way, at the same time, around the mid-70s, the word "Internet" itself appeared.
The development of the protocol took quite a long time. Initially, many doubted that small computers were capable of supporting such a complex protocol at all. It was only in 1977 that the first data transmission using this protocol was demonstrated. And ARPANET switched to a new protocol only in 1983.
And in 1984, the first DNS server was launched, which made it possible to use domain names instead of poorly remembered IP addresses.
Development of computer networks and the end of ARPANET
In the late 70s, the first personal computers intended for home use. In the 80s, more and more such computers began to appear, and computer networks developed at the same time. Along with state and scientific networks, commercial and amateur networks appeared, to which it was possible to connect via a modem through a telephone line. However, the functions of computer networks were still rather limited and were limited mainly to sending e-mail and exchanging messages and files through electronic bulletin boards (BBS). It was still not the Internet we are used to.
ARPANET, which at one time served as an impetus for the development of computer networks, fell into decay, and in 1989 this network was closed. The Pentagon, which funded DARPA, did not really need it, and the military segment of this network from the civilian one was separated in the early 80s. At the same time, the alternative global network NSFNET, created in 1984 by the US National Science Foundation, was actively developing. This network originally united American universities. In the mid-80s, this network first began to use high-speed lines for data transmission with a data transfer rate of 1.5 Mbit / s instead of 56 Kbit, which was the standard for modems and telephone lines... In the late 80s, the remnants of ARPANET became part of NSFNET, and NSFNET itself in the early 90s will become the core world internet... This will happen, however, not immediately, since the network was initially focused on using only for scientific and educational purposes, but then these restrictions were nevertheless removed. In 1994 NSFNET was effectively privatized and completely open for commercial use.
WWW
But for the Internet to become as we know it, in addition to computer networks and a universal protocol, something else had to be invented. That something was site organization technology. It was she who made the Internet really popular and massive.
Tim Berners-Lee
In 1989 British scientist Tim Berners-Lee worked on a document viewing system at CERN (the famous international nuclear research center in Switzerland). And then it occurred to him, based on the hypertext markup that he used in the documents, to implement a large-scale project. The project was named the World Wide Web.
For 2 years Tim Berners-Lee worked hard on the project. During this time, he developed the HTML language for creating web pages, a method for specifying page addresses in the form of URLs, the HTTP protocol and the first browser.
On August 6, 1991, Tim Berners-Lee launched the first website on the Internet. It contained basic information about WWW technology, how to view documents, how to download a browser.
This is how the first users saw the first website in the world.
1993 saw the introduction of the first graphical browser. In the same year, CERN issued a statement in which it notified that WWW technology would not be protected by any copyright and its free use was allowed to everyone. This wise decision led to an explosive growth in the number of sites on the web and to the emergence of the Internet as we know it today. Already in 1995, the WWW service became the most used in comparison with all others (e-mail, file transfer, etc.), and for modern users it is practically synonymous with the Internet.
So who invented the internet? The inventor of the Internet is not one person. But of those who made the greatest personal contribution to its appearance, the following people can be distinguished.
- The initiators and developers of ARPANET. Among them, there are people like Joseph Licklider, Larry Roberts, and Paul Baran and Bob taylor.
- The creators of the TCP / IP protocol: Screw Cerf and Bob Kahn.
- WWW creator Tim Berners-Lee.
The emergence of Runet
The first computer networks in the USSR appeared long ago, even earlier than in the West. The first experiments in this area date back to 1952, and in 1960 a network was already deployed in the USSR that united computers as part of a missile defense system. Later, specialized civil networks appeared, designed, for example, for accounting for railway and air tickets. Unfortunately, with the development of general-purpose networks, there were big problems due to the pervasive red tape.
In the 1980s, Soviet scientists first began to connect to foreign networks, at first only sporadically, for example, to hold some kind of conferences on scientific topics. In 1990, the first Soviet computer network "Relcom" appeared, uniting scientific institutions from different cities of the USSR. Its creation was carried out by employees of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov. In the same year, the su zone, the domain zone of the Soviet Union, was registered (the ru zone appeared only in 1994). In autumn 1990, Relcom established the first connections with foreign countries... In 1992 "Relcom" implements the TCP / IP protocol and establishes a connection with the European network EUnet. Runet is becoming a full-fledged part of the Internet.
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