Non-ferrous metallurgy produces a variety of physical and chemical properties construction materials. This heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.
The dynamics of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products are presented in Table 4.2.
By stages technological process Non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their mandatory enrichment (usually by flotation). Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is isolated sequentially (this is a multi-stage process). Enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and converted into the so-called rough metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities (refining). The resulting refined metal is used in the form of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium); precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).
Area of use of non-ferrous metals:
Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, electric power and other industries, both in its pure form and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminum (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel);
Lead is used in the production of batteries, cables, and is used in nuclear industry;
Tin is used to make tinplate, bearings, etc.;
Nickel is one of the refractory metals - many valuable alloys are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloy steels, as well as in the application protective coatings metal products;
Aluminum is used in various branches of mechanical engineering, incl. aircraft manufacturing, electrical engineering, as well as in construction and for the production of consumer goods;
Magnet - in radio engineering, aviation, chemical, printing and other industries;
Titanium - in shipbuilding, as well as in the manufacture of jet engines, nuclear reactors etc.
In terms of gold reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, and in terms of production it has moved from second to sixth place. South Africa produces about 583 tons of gold annually, and Russia produces a little more than 100 tons. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Silver is obtained by refining heavy metals. It is used in the manufacture jewelry and in industry (in the production of film and photographic films).
The location of enterprises for the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.
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Ores of heavy non-ferrous metals differ from light ores in their low metal content. Thus, ores containing copper, nickel, lead - about 1%, tin - less than 1% are considered industrial. To produce 1 ton of copper, 100 tons of ore are required, 1 ton of tin requires 300 tons of ore. Another feature of heavy non-ferrous metal ores is their completeness; in this regard, the calibration of enterprises is of particular interest.
Even more complex territorial combinations of different industries arise in the production of light non-ferrous metals. Thus, with the complex processing of nephelines, alumina (and subsequently aluminum), soda, potash and cement are obtained from this type of raw material (combined with enterprises of the chemical industry and the production of building materials).
The most important role in the location of enterprises for the smelting of light non-ferrous metals is played not by raw materials, but by the fuel and energy factor.
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Light metal ores are significantly richer in metal content than ores heavy metals, but their smelting requires huge amount electricity.
However, raw materials and energy factors have different effects on the location of enterprises in individual branches of non-ferrous metallurgy. Even in the same industry, their role can be different, based on the stage of the technological process.
Table - Territorial and raw material characteristics of heavy non-ferrous metal enterprises
| Industry type | Economic region | Industrial center | Type of enterprises | Raw material base |
| Copper | Ural | Revda, Kirovograd, Kras-nouralsk, Karabash, Mednogorsk | Black copper production | |
| Copper | Ural | Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kyshtym | Copper refining | Copper ores of the Urals (deposits: Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gaiskoye, etc.) and concentrates from Kazakhstan |
| Northern | Monchegorsk | Copper-nickel ores of the Kola Peninsula | ||
| East Siberian | Norilsk | Complete metallurgical cycle | Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit) | |
| Lead-zinc | North Caucasian | Vladikavkaz | Lead and zinc smelting | Local polymetallic (Sadon) and imported ores |
| Ural | Chelyabinsk | Zinc smelting | Copper-nickel ores of the Urals and imported concentrates | |
| West Siberian | Belovo | Lead and zinc smelting | Local polymetallic ores (Salair) and ores of East Kazakhstan | |
| Far Eastern | Dalne-gorek | Lead smelting | Polymetallic ores of the Far East | |
| Nickel-cobalt | East Siberian | Norilsk | Complete metallurgical cycle | |
| Ural | Orsk, Verkhniy Ufaley | Complete metallurgical cycle | Local and imported raw materials (ores of the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan) | |
| Northern | Dir | Intermediate product | Local and imported raw materials (ores southern Urals and Kazakhstan) | |
| Nickel | Intermediate product | |||
| Monchegorsk | Complete metallurgical cycle | Local ores of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk | ||
| Tin | West Siberian | Novosibirsk | Smelting of tin and alloys | Concentrates from state-owned processing plants (GOK) of Yakutia and Far East |
Table - Territorial raw materials characteristics of light non-ferrous metals enterprises
| Industry type | Economic region | Industrial center | Type of enterprises | Raw material base |
| I | ||||
| Aluminum | Northwestern | Volkhov | Full cycle(gly-nosemo-aluminum | Tikhvin bauxite deposit in Leningrad region. |
| Northwestern | Boxito-gorsk | Alumina production | Severonezhsk bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region; nephelines of the Murmansk region. | |
| Pikalevo | Alumina production | |||
| Northern | Nadvoitsy | Aluminum smelting | ||
| Kandalaksha | Aluminum smelting | |||
| Ural | Kamensk-Uralsk | Full cycle | Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit) | |
| Krasno-Turinsk | Full cycle | North Ural bauxite (Sverdlovsk region), South Ural bauxite (Chelyabinsk region) | ||
| Povolzhsky | Volgograd | Aluminum smelting | Imported raw materials | |
| West Siberian | Novokuznetsk | Aluminum smelting | Nephelines, Kemerovo region. And Krasnoyarsk Territory | |
| East Siberian | Bratsk, Shelekhov, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk | Aluminum smelting | Local nepheline of the Krasnoyarsk region. |
Continuation of Table 4.4
Aluminum industry of the Russian Federation uses its own and imported raw materials. The raw materials resources of Russia are represented by bauxite, which is mined in the Urals (near the cities of Severouralsk, Suleya) and in the North-Western economic region (Tikhvinskoye deposit in the Leningrad region), as well as nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (near the city of Kirovsk) and Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit) . Also, raw materials for the Russian aluminum industry are imported (both bauxite and alumina).
The geography of the location of aluminum smelters is varied, but almost all of them (with the exception of the Ural ones) are to some extent removed from raw materials, but are located near sources of cheap electricity - hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelkhov, Krasnoyarsk , Soyanogorsk) or large power plants operating on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).
Before the merger of the Irkutsk and Ural aluminum smelters (in 1996), the production of primary aluminum in Russia was carried out by 11 plants, with a total capacity of more than 3 million tons of metal per year. Currently, more than 75% of the industry's output comes from four large aluminum smelters: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuznetsk. Moreover, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters are among the largest in the world in terms of production volume.
Compared to other sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry experienced the smallest drop in production. During the 90s, the volume of production of primary aluminum decreased slightly.
Our country is still in the group of world leaders both in the production of primary aluminum (second place after the USA) and in the smelting of aluminum from secondary raw materials (along with the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and the UK) and is among the top six countries exporting primary aluminum in the world.
Copper industry. The main deposits of copper ores in Russia (copper pyrites) are located in the Urals: Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibaiskoye, as well as the best deposit in the country, Gayskoye, whose ores contain an average of 4% copper. In the future, it is planned to develop the unique Udokan copper ore deposit in Siberia.
Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw materials. Enterprises specializing in this stage of production are located either where there is metallurgical processing (factories in the Ural economic region) or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
Lead-zinc industry characterized by a more complex location of production, but in general it is confined to areas of distribution and mining of polymetallic ores. This North Caucasus(Sadonskoye field) Western Siberia - Kuzbass (Salairskoye field), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsky fields of the Chita region) and the Far East - Primorsky Territory (Dalnegorsk, Khrustalny). Ore beneficiation and metallurgical limit are often separated from each other, since lead-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are quite transportable.
Transbaikalia is the leading region for the production of lead-zinc concentrates without metallurgical processing; for the production of metal lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbass (Belovo); for lead and zinc smelting - North Caucasus (Sa-don); for the production of metallic zinc from imported concentrates - Ural (Chelyabinsk).
Nickel industry was developed: in the Northern economic region (Monchegorsk) on the basis of explored nickel deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; in the Urals (Verkhny Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh) - on local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on copper-nickel ores of the Talnakh deposit in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Taimyr Autonomous Okrug).
In the 90s, the production of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products, with the exception of lead smelting, greatly decreased: for lead smelting compared With 1990 ᴦ. by more than 50%, tin, zinc, nickel - by 35-40%, etc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 2017, 2018.
Non-ferrous metals are those that do not contain iron in significant quantities. These are alloys based on copper, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, lead and zinc. Copper provides high thermal and electrical conductivity, an alloy of copper and zinc (brass) is used as an inexpensive corrosion-resistant material, an alloy of copper and tin (bronze) ensures the strength of structures.
Nickel-copper alloys have high corrosion resistance, nickel-chromium alloys have high thermal resistance, and nickel-molybdenum alloys are resistant to hydrochloric acid. Aluminum alloys have high corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity. Magnesium-based alloys are very light, but not very strong; titanium-based alloys are strong and lightweight. All these varieties of non-ferrous metals and alloys are widely used in industry, aircraft manufacturing, instrument making, and for the production of items needed in everyday life.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that is engaged in the extraction, enrichment and processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Non-ferrous metal ores have a very complex composition, which varies not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit in different areas of ore mining. Commonly encountered polymetallic ores consist of lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, selenium, cadmium, bismuth and other rare metals.
The main task of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is to identify and separate metals, while ore can go through several dozen stages of processing. The main components can be processed at the mining site, others - at specialized enterprises, noble, rare and trace metals are extracted from the ore at specialized factories by refining non-ferrous metals.
IN Russian Federation There are deposits of ores of almost all non-ferrous metals. Copper ores are mined mainly in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Urals. Aluminum is mined in the Urals, in Western Siberia(Novokuznetsk), (Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk,). Lead-zinc deposits are being developed in the North (Sadon), in (Nerchinsk), and in the Far East (Dalnegorsk). Magnesium ores are widely found in the Urals and Eastern Siberia. There are deposits of titanium ores in the Urals and Western Siberia. Deposits of copper-nickel and oxidized ores are concentrated on the peninsula (Monchegorsk, Pechenga-nickel), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk), and in the Urals (Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye).
Currently, it is a leader in nickel reserves and has significant reserves of titanium, platinum group metals, copper, lead, zinc, silver and other non-ferrous metals. The largest enterprises non-ferrous metallurgy are MMC Norilsk Nickel, JSC Uralelectromed, Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, Novgorod Metallurgical Plant.
According to analysts from the INFOLine news agency, in 2007-2011 production capacity Russian metallurgical enterprises will increase significantly: the production of alumina - by more than 30%, primary aluminum - by more than 25%, refined copper - by more than 35%, zinc - by more than 50%.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important branches of heavy industry. Its tasks include the extraction, processing and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Three areas of this industry are of greatest importance: aluminum, nickel and copper.
General characteristics
Non-ferrous metals are widely in demand in industry, but highest value they have in construction, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.
In the production process of non-ferrous metals it is possible to distinguish 3 main stages :
- extraction of natural raw materials and their subsequent enrichment;
- processing of non-ferrous ore - obtaining an intermediate product;
- production of pure metal.
Rice. 1. Non-ferrous ores.
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is closely related to scientific and technical progress, thanks to which the scope of application of non-ferrous metals and their alloys has significantly expanded. If at the beginning of the twentieth century no more than 15 metals were in demand in industry, then at present this industry actively uses about 70 types of various non-ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has a number of features that affect its placement . These include:
- High energy intensity of production. The development of the industry will only be effective when production is located close to sources of inexpensive energy resources.
- High material consumption. Since non-ferrous metals are contained in ores in small quantities, it is advisable to build production facilities for their enrichment and processing directly near the sites of extraction of natural raw materials.
- The raw materials used are complex. This means that the vast majority of non-ferrous metal ores contain several metals. To make the most of them, in an efficient way is a combination.
- Non-ferrous metallurgy is widely used in the production of secondary raw materials - scrap metal .
Rice. 2. Production of scrap metal.
Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. The richest deposits of non-ferrous ores are located in South Africa, Australia, Chile, India, Guinea, Venezuela, and Peru. To increase the efficiency of developments in non-ferrous metallurgy, many countries are actively cooperating with each other.
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Rice. 3. Aluminum deposit.
The aluminum industry plays a leading role in the global non-ferrous metallurgy. The bulk of ore reserves containing this valuable metal are concentrated in the equatorial zone. However successful production aluminum is possible only in countries that have large sources of inexpensive energy:
- Canada, Norway, Russia, Brazil and the USA have significant hydrological resources and powerful hydroelectric power plants.
- The Netherlands, UAE, Iraq, and Great Britain are rich in natural gas.
- China, India, and Australia have large reserves of coal.
In countries with expensive energy (Austria, Hungary, France), where aluminum smelting was considered a traditional type of industry, the production of this non-ferrous metal is gradually disappearing.
Table “Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy”
|
Copper |
Aluminum |
Lead and zinc |
Tin |
|
|
Regions for the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores |
Chile, USA, Peru, Canada, Russia |
Jamaica, Guinea, Australia |
USA, Australia, Russia, Mexico, Peru |
Brazil, Malaysia, Bolivia, Thailand |
|
Ore processing centers |
Blister copper. USA, Chile, Zaire, Japan, Zambia, Canada |
Alumina. Canada, USA, Australia, Russia, Jamaica, Brazil |
||
|
Metal production centers |
Refined copper. Russia, USA, Chile, Japan |
Venezuela, Russia, Canada, USA, China, India |
Russia, USA |
Malaysia, Indonesia, Bolivia, Brazil, Thailand |
The production of non-ferrous metals poses a great threat environment. In this case, all components of nature suffer: the atmosphere, surface and underground waters, and soil. For example, sulfur dioxide, which enters the air in huge quantities every year, falls on the surface of the Earth in the form of acid rain, which has a detrimental effect on all living things.
What have we learned?
When studying the topic “Non-Ferrous Metallurgy” in the 9th grade geography program, we learned what the production of non-ferrous metals is. We found out how important it is in modern industry, on what factors its placement depends and what is its main problem.
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The main tasks of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are the extraction and enrichment of metals, as well as their processing, production of rolled products and alloys. This industry plays a very noticeable role in the Russian economy. In terms of the number of deposits of non-ferrous metals, our country ranks among the first in the world.
Main sub-sectors
- Arkhangelsk region;
- Irkutsk region;
- Krasnoyarsk region.
Potentially diamondiferous are Leningrad region and Karelia.
The most productive are the Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of this group, which develop diamonds in primary deposits. Alluvial mining is carried out mainly by small enterprises.
Silver mining industry
The geography of non-ferrous metallurgy in this sub-industry is very, very wide. Silver deposits are being developed in our country in more than 20 regions. Our country ranks first in the world in the extraction of this noble metal. The leading one is the Dukat deposit in the Magadan region.
Platinum mining
Most of this metal in Russia is mined in the Urals. There is also a lot of platinum in the Baikal region, Taimyr and the Kola Peninsula. Karelia and the Voronezh region are promising in this regard.
Despite the rather heavy economic conditions, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is a developing and promising industry. In any case, the majority of enterprises in this group remain profitable. The state also pays a lot of attention to metallurgical companies.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that produces construction materials. It includes mining, beneficiation of metals, redistribution of non-ferrous materials, production of alloys, rolled products, processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. IN former USSR 7 million tons of non-ferrous metals were produced.
The development of scientific and technological progress requires an increase in the production of durable, ductile, corrosion-resistant, lightweight structural materials (alloys based on aluminum and titanium). They are widely used in the aviation, rocket industry, space technologies, in shipbuilding, in the production of equipment for the chemical industry.
Copper widely used in mechanical engineering and electrometallurgy, both in pure form and in the form of alloys - with tin (bronze), with aluminum (duralumin), with zinc (brass), with nickel (cupronickel).
Lead used in the production of batteries, cables, and in the nuclear industry.
Zinc and nickel used in ferrous metallurgy.
Tin used in the production of tinplate and bearings.
Noble metals have high ductility, and platinum has high melting point. Therefore, they are widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and equipment. Without silver salts it is impossible to produce film and photographic film. Based on their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be divided into 4 groups.
Classification of non-ferrous metals:
Basic
heavy– copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel
lungs– aluminum, titanium, magnesium
small– arsenic, mercury, antimony, cobalt
Alloying agents – molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, silicon
Noble– gold, silver, platinum
Rare and scattered– gallium, selenium, tellurium, uranium, zirconium, germanium
Non-ferrous metallurgy industries:
lead-zinc heavy metal metallurgy
nickel-cobalt
tinaluminum
titanium-magnesium metallurgy of light metals
Non-ferrous metals have excellent physical properties: electrical conductivity, malleability, fusibility, ability to form alloys, heat capacity.
Based on the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into:
Extraction and beneficiation of ore raw materials (GOK - mining and processing plants). Mining and processing plants are based at sources of raw materials, since on average 100 tons of ore are required to produce one ton of non-ferrous metal.
Particle metallurgy. Enriched ores are supplied to processing. Production related to copper and zinc is based on raw materials. Energy sources include production related to aluminum, zinc, titanium, and magnesium. The consumer has tin-related production.
Processing, rolling, production of alloys. Businesses are based at the consumer's site.
Russia has many types of non-ferrous metals. 70% of non-ferrous metal ores are mined open method.
Specifics Non-ferrous metal ores consist of:
a) in their complex composition (multicomponentity)
b) in the low content of useful components in the ore - only a few%, sometimes even a fraction of %:
copper – 1-5%
zinc – 4-6%
lead – 1.5%
tin – 0.01-0.7%
To obtain 1 ton of copper concentrate, 100 tons of ore are used, 1 ton of nickel concentrate – 200 tons, tin concentrate – 300 tons.
All ores are pre-enriched at mining and processing plants and in metallurgical processing. Concentrates are produced there:
copper – 75%
zinc – 42-62%
tin – 40-70%
Due to significant material consumption, non-ferrous metallurgy is focused on raw material bases. Since ores of non-ferrous and rare metals have a multicomponent composition, then practical significance has a comprehensive use of raw materials. The integrated use of raw materials and recycling of industrial waste connects non-ferrous metallurgy with other industries. On this basis whole industrial complexes, for example, the Urals. Of particular interest is the combination of non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry. When sulfur dioxide gases are used in industry, zinc and copper are produced.
Placement factors:
raw material– copper, nickel, lead
fuel and energy– titanium, magnesium, aluminum
consumer– tin
Metallurgy of heavy metals (copper, nickel, zinc, tin, lead).
Heavy metal ores are characterized by a low metal content per unit of ore.
Copper industry.
The copper industry is confined to raw material areas due to the low grades in concentrate, except for the refining of the crude metal. Main types of ores:
copper pyrites– concentrated in the Urals. Krasno Uralsk ( Sverdlovsk region), Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Gai (very high metal content - 4%), Sibay, Baymak.
copper-nickel. Talnakhskoye (northern Krasnoyarsk Territory). The Norilsk Combine is based on it
cuprous sandstones. A promising deposit is Udokanskoye in the Chita region north of the city of Gara.
Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials (copper is obtained from them in the form of matte).
Copper production is broken down into 2 cycles:
production of blister copper (matte)
production of refined copper (purification by electrolysis)
Copper smelters are located at:
Urals: Krasno-Uralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, Karabash.
Electrolyte plants:
Kyshtym, Verkhnyaya Pyshma.
In the Urals, the recycling of industrial waste for chemical purposes is widely developed: Krasno-Uralsk, Revda. After roasting zinc and copper, sulfur dioxide gases are obtained. Based on sulfur dioxide gases it is obtained sulfuric acid, with the help of which phosphate fertilizers are produced based on imported apatites from the Kola Peninsula.
Copper along with nickel is produced in Norilsk on the basis of the Tanakh deposit.
Kazakhstan. Dzhezkazgan, Kounrad, Sayak (Dzhezkazgan region), Bozshakul (in Pavlodar region).
Copper smelters – Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan. Irtyshsky in the city of Glubokoe (East Kazakhstan region) uses polymetallic and copper-nickel ores.
Uzbekistan. Almalyk – copper smelter + deposit.
Nickel-cobalt industry (nickel production).
It is closely linked to raw material sources due to the low metal content of the ore. In Russia - two types of ores:
sulfide(copper-nickel) – Kola Peninsula (Nickel), Norilsk
oxidized ore in the Urals
Enterprises:
Ural – Rezh (north of Yekaterinburg), Verkhniy Ufaley (north of Chelyabinsk), Orsk
Norilsk
Monchegorsk, “Severonickel” (ores from the Sobelevskoe deposit are used) - Murmansk region
Lead-zinc industry.
It uses polymetallic ores. Generally confined to ore. Lead-zinc concentrates have a high content of useful components (up to 62%), and, therefore, are transportable, so beneficiation and metallurgical processing are separated from each other, unlike the copper industry. Thus, zinc production in Chelyabinsk is based on imported concentrates from Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The lead-zinc industry is distinguished by its disposal of waste for chemical purposes. By electrolysis of a solution of zinc sulfate, sulfuric acid is obtained, which can also be produced from sulfur gases obtained by roasting zinc concentrates. Deposits:
Sadonskoe (North Ossetia)
Salair (Kemerovo region)
Nerchinsky deposits (Chita region)
Dalnegorskoe (Primorsky Territory)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc at the local deposit, the Sadonskoye enterprise in Vladikavkaz
Production of zinc from imported concentrates - Chelyabinsk (cheap electricity - state district power station), Belovo (based on the Salair deposit). Long-distance transportation is possible due to the high zinc content in the concentrate – up to 62%. Raw materials are imported from the Nerchinskoye field
Production of metal lead – Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Territory)
Kazakhstan.Deposits:
Zaryanovskoye ( V-K region)
Leninogorskoe (E-K region)
Tekeli (Taldy-Kurgan region)
Achisay (Chimkent region)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc – Leninogorsk (V-K region), Ust-Kamenogorsk (V-K region)
Lead production – Shymkent
Ukraine. Production of zinc from imported Sadonsky concentrates - Konstantinovka. Donbass - electricity
Kyrgyzstan. Aktyuz – mining and enrichment of polymetallic ores
Tajikistan. Kansai – ore mining and beneficiation
Tin mining industry.
Deposits:
Sherlovskaya Mountain (Chita region)
Khabcheranga (Chita region)
ESE-Khaya - in the river basin. Lena (Sakha Republic)
Irradiation (Jewish autonomous region)
Solnechny (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
Kavalerovo (Khrustalnoye) – Primorsky Krai
The tin mining industry is divided into stages of the technological process. Metallurgical processing is not associated with sources of raw materials. He focuses on consumption areas finished products : Moscow, Podolsk, Kolchugino (north of the Vladimir region), Saint Petersburg or located along the routes of concentrates: Novosibirsk. This is due to the fact that the extraction of raw materials is dispersed over small deposits, and concentrates are highly transportable (concentrate content is up to 70%).
Metallurgy of light metals (aluminium, titanium, magnesium).
Aluminum industry.
Aluminum production breaks down into two cycles:
obtaining alumina (aluminum oxide). At the same time, soda and cement are obtained, i.e., a combination occurs chemical industry with the production of building materials. Alumina production, being a material-intensive production, gravitates towards raw materials.
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