Recently, there has been a tendency in society to turn to national traditions - this is manifested in the return of popularity of folk literature, rituals, and clothing. For example, many designers have Khokhloma painting in their collections, which attracts with its bright, almost fairy-tale pattern.
Khokhloma painting - the history of creativity
Khokhloma painting- a special type of drawing that appeared around the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region. This work received its name thanks to the town of Khokhloma - a large center at that time, which attracted merchants from all over the area.
There are two versions of the origin of this type of painting: the first attributes the idea of creation to the Old Believers - adherents of the so-called “old” Christian faith before the adoption of various religious reforms at the beginning of the 17th century.
Many of them, fleeing persecution for their beliefs, moved to the Nizhny Novgorod lands, bringing with them the skill of icon painting, book miniatures, a huge baggage of symbolism and patterns for painting. At the same time, tableware masters lived here, creating magnificent kitchen utensils from wood.
Having united, both human skills gave rise to the most beautiful tableware painting.
Supporters of the second version argue that the Nizhny Novgorod people used the method of imparting a golden color to kitchen utensils and their subsequent painting even before the appearance of the Old Believers. In the large artisan settlements of Murashkovo, Semenovskoye and Lyskovo, they created wooden utensils that were painted “to look like tin” - that is, they used technologies that predated the appearance of Khokhloma, which became on par with the favorite decoration techniques: carving and wood burning.
Khokhloma painting - technology
The basic technology for creating products to which Khokhloma painting is applied consists of several stages. Initially, the master does his best - prepares rough wooden blocks of approximately the same size as the product should be.
The next stage is planing on a special machine the object itself: plates, spoons, bowls, ladle, etc. This is how the master receives linen - a wooden blank for painting, which must be primed with liquid purified clay and left to dry for about 7-8 hours.
The key point in the work process is coating the item with drying oil or special linseed oil. The strength of the dishes and the durability of the painting on it depend on the quality of the coating. Using a special sheep's wool swab turned inside out, the master scoops drying oil from a bowl and begins to quickly rub it into the wooden surface - in total, the procedure is performed about three to four times during the day.
The last layer of drying oil is dried to such a state when the master’s finger sticks slightly to the coating, but no longer gets dirty. This technology prepares the item for the next stage - tinning, which involves rubbing aluminum powder into the item. The process is also performed using an inverted sheep's wool swab.
Only after these preparatory stages is Khokhloma done - painting a picture in a floral or animal pattern. The main colors used are red, black, yellow, but sometimes craftsmen also use green and brown. Drawings are made with oil paints using the technique of overhead painting or “under the background.”
Horse letter
The principle of top writing is very simple - a red, yellow or black pattern is applied to the processed workpiece.
As a rule, Khokhloma painting This technique uses a “gingerbread” pattern - a large pattern in the center, which is surrounded by circles of smaller ornaments.
Drawings for the background
Masters of painting “under the background” use the “curl” pattern - gold and red patterns on a black background.
They are obtained as follows: initially, large colored ornaments are drawn, after which the free space is filled with a black background. When the dark paint dries, a “grass” pattern is applied on top - patterns of long and short blades of grass.
Finished works are coated approximately 5 times with a translucent fixative varnish with a yellowish tint, after drying each layer. Dry products are sent to an oven heated to 150 degrees and kept there for about 3-4 hours, until the main element of Khokhloma is formed - a golden-bronze film.
Khokhloma painting templates
Khokhloma painting uses mainly pictures of plant origin - meaning blades of grass, berries, twigs, stems of climbing plants and flowers. Drawings of roses, rose hips, rowan, and grass are especially common.
However, masters often resort to animal ornaments, depicting fabulous birds, animals and insects in motion, forming simple scenes.
Despite the fact that the theme of the painting is clearly defined, masters must approach the process creatively, each time inventing unique drawings. Beginners, due to lack of experience, can use stencils to make Khokhloma painting look beautiful.
You can practice not only by redrawing ready-made drawings. Use these simple diagrams to help you draw simple floral designs.
By repeating the pattern several times, you will get the hang of it and creating interesting drawings with oil paints will be as easy for you as learning to draw with a pencil.
The diagrams show that when drawing, not only brushes of different sizes and shapes are used - some drawings can be made with stamps. Seals can be easily made from available materials: a round grater on a simple pencil, a vegetable or fruit cut in half.
The main use of the technique is to decorate dishes, but recently the beautiful pattern has become so popular that it has been used almost everywhere. For example, dresses, T-shirts, and jewelry with Khokhloma painting have come into fashion.
In addition, cars, bicycles, key rings, boxes, furniture are decorated in this way - it all depends on the imagination of the artist.
Step-by-step drawing - painting Khokhloma on a board
In fact, you can decorate items with Khokhloma even at home without using the complex basic technique described above. It is enough to paint the board with gold paint, draw patterns and fix it with a special varnish. Such a product can hardly be used for its intended purpose, but you will get an excellent souvenir for decorating the kitchen.
Prepare a wooden cutting board of the shape you like, PVA glue, gouache paints, wood varnish, painting brushes, and a paint brush.
- On A4 sheet of paper, draw the selected sketch of the image with a simple pencil - come up with it yourself or borrow an image from our article.
- Prime the board with egg white - just coat it with the substance and leave until completely dry.
- Apply an even coat of gold paint to the piece and let dry again.
- Using carbon paper, transfer the design onto the workpiece.
- First, color the berries and flowers red.
- Next, paint the veins and stems with thin black strokes.
- Using the brush that is most comfortable for you, draw a thin line around the outline of the design.
- Paint the background black.
- After the background has dried, paint the grass in a bright color.
- Leave the product in a dry, ventilated area until completely dry.
- Apply clear sealer over the entire surface of the board.
Your souvenir is ready! You can decorate your apartment with it or give it to a close friend for some holiday. In the same way it is done Khokhloma painting souvenir plate, spoons or any other product.
You can learn another simple technique for painting Khokhloma products at home from the following video tutorial.
One of the oldest crafts of arts and crafts in Russia is Khokhloma painting. For more than three hundred years, craftsmen have been making incredibly beautiful dishes, which can already be called the calling card of the Russian people. The process of creating a masterpiece is quite complex; it includes both the creation of blanks and their processing, as well as further painting. But anyone can master this skill; you just need to learn about the characteristic features of the creative process.
One of the oldest crafts of arts and crafts in Russia is Khokhloma painting
It is customary to apply complex ornaments to products using a stencil, which can be purchased or printed, but in order to learn this type of painting, you need to master the basics. The simplest patterns are applied with a brush.
Beginners should first master the following:
- blade of grass The pattern is a sideways curved line. The brush is pressed in the center, and pressure is kept to a minimum from the edges. There is a smooth but strong thickening;
- curl. The element is more complex. The brush is applied with the same degree of pressure, and the line should be curled like a snail;
- droplet. Ideal for pressing training. In this case, the brush must be placed with the base of the bristles and rotated 180 degrees, slowly removing it from the surface and pulling it forward;
- bush. The droplets are drawn in the form of a fan, and a small dot is placed at their base;
- leaf Drawing this pattern is quite simple. You just need to draw out the blades of grass in a mirror image, bending them outward, and fill the void inside with paint of a similar color.
Gallery: Khokhloma painting (25 photos)
Master class on Khokhloma painting (video)
Elements of Khokhloma for preschool children: step-by-step templates
Even a small child can create a Khokhlo pattern with his own hands, having mastered basic skills. Children's drawings have always been valued and pleased the eyes of parents. Often, an activity such as applique is carried out in the senior or preparatory group of a kindergarten. To create a pattern, it is enough to make a stamp from a tube and paper into which the paint will be dipped. Smaller elements are already painted with a brush, as in the pictures.
Even a small child can create a Khokhlo pattern with his own hands, having mastered basic skills
Drawing with children:
- lingonberry. Using a stamp, red circles are drawn, which do not need to be supplemented with other elements;
- currant. Berry circles are collected near a blade of grass, on which golden dots must be placed with a brush;
- rowan Berries are drawn with a stamp, and fairly narrow and elongated droplets are added with a brush, as well as leaves at the base of the resulting bunch. Additionally, you need to make inclusions of gold color;
- raspberry. Six circles are drawn with a stamp, without maintaining a certain distance, but slightly overlapping one on one. Highlights are added using the grass blade technique. Additionally, dots are placed with a brush;
- sepal. Blades of grass are gathered together, a twig and leaves are drawn.
Decorating a kitchen board: Khokhloma painting on wood step by step
Khokhloma painting is more often used when painting on wood.. Craftsmen often resort to decorating kitchen boards with classic patterns. This product can be presented as a souvenir to guests, or you can decorate your own kitchen.
What you will need:
- cutting board;
- glue;
- gouache;
- egg white;
- paper;
- pencil;
- paint brushes;
- paint brush.
Khokhloma painting is more often used when painting on wood.
Work progress:
- Coat the board with egg white and leave to dry.
- Take paper and draw a sketch on it with a pencil.
- Now apply gold paint to the board and let it dry.
- Transfer the drawing to the board.
- Color floral patterns and berries red.
- Draw the stems and veins with thin stripes.
- Thinly outline all the contours with a brush.
- Color the board so that the drawing appears on a black background.
- After the paint has dried, continue painting.
- Add green grass.
After the board has completely dried, apply varnish to its entire surface.
Khokhloma painting on a plate: step-by-step description
Decorating a plate or wooden spoon with an ornament is not at all difficult, the main thing is to know the basic principles. The drawn elements look colorful and solemn. Even a schoolboy can cope with this task.
What you will need:
- acrylic paints;
- pencil;
- tassels;
- palette;
- disposable plate;
- jar;
- ornament.
Decorating a plate with an ornament is not at all difficult
Work progress:
- Choose a pattern that will be applied to the plate. It could be a rooster, a bird or simple berries.
- Transfer the ornament to a plate.
- Make the bon red.
- Carefully paint all other elements.
- Be sure to make a black rim both on the inside of the plate and along the edge.
- Add droplets along the rim.
- Leave the plate to dry completely in a suitable place.
Apply varnish and let the product dry.
Painted Khokhloma box: master class
The very name of this product indicates its nobility and grace. The box turns out to be fabulous, traditionally colorful, but very unusual.
What you will need:
- paints;
- background paint (bronze or copper);
- masking tape;
- squirrel brushes;
- varnish brush;
- pencil;
- tracing paper;
- sandpaper;
- wooden box.
The box turns out fabulous, traditionally colorful, but very unusual
Work progress:
- Plaster all uneven areas on the box. Only after the surface becomes smooth can you begin to work.
- Cover the surface of the product with background paint and wait until it dries.
- Draw a drawing on paper that will later be applied to the box.
- After the box has dried, transfer the prepared sketch onto it with a pencil. To do this, attach the paper to the box itself using tape.
- Outline the outline of the design with black paint using the thinnest brush.
- Paint larger elements black as well.
- Wait until the black paint dries.
- After this, paint all the other elements and give the paint more time to dry.
- Additionally decorate the product with tendrils and droplets.
Apply varnish to the box (at least two layers) and let it dry.
Master class: Painting the plate “Autumn leaf”
Purpose: The product is intended for decorating a service office.
All the leaves are like leaves,
Here everyone is golden.
Such beauty people
They call it Khokhloma!
For work we will need:
1. Disposable plate
2. Wooden spoon
3. Acrylic paints in red, yellow and black
4. Brushes, pencil, palette, water jar
5. Clear varnish
6. Ornament of future painting
Khokhloma is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, done in red, green and black on a gold background. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
So today we will try to paint a plate and spoon with Khokhloma patterns.
The pattern will fit into a circle.
We come up with (or take from the Internet) a suitable ornament and transfer it to our plate.
Golden leaves with dark berries will look very good against a red background. Carefully fill the background with red, outlining every leaf and curl.
Since initially there was a colored edging on the plate, which we didn’t need at all, and we couldn’t drown it out with red, we made a black rim in the inside of the plate and along the very edge.
The manual contains 11 lessons and a group work “Khokhloma Bouquet”. Samples of patterns characteristic of Khokhloma painting are given, which the child is invited to copy or reproduce independently.
The book offers training “copybooks” on the topic of Khokhloma painting. The main patterns and ornaments ("grass", "leaves", "berries") are shown and examined in detail (including pressure, application of the brush).
Objects with a characteristic pattern are also depicted, and the child can decorate the object with elements in the image and likeness in accordance with the task. These include spoons, cups, and all kinds of vases.
The first page contains methodological recommendations for each lesson. The last page contains the history of the Golden Khokhloma.
Let's learn to draw the simplest elements of a grass pattern. Children perform exercises to repeat the main distinctive elements of the “grass” pattern. In Khokhloma painting, “grass” is an ornament made with separate rhythmically arranged strokes.
All elements of the herbal ornament are drawn immediately with a brush, without applying a preliminary drawing with a pencil, and the brush must be held with three fingers perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. The exercise includes the main elements of “grass”:
“Sedges” are the simplest element of the pattern; it is performed by lightly moving the tip of the brush from top to bottom;
“Blanks of grass” are strokes with a slight smooth thickening;
“Droplets” are drawn by applying the brush to the paper;
“Whiskers” are drawn as a continuous line of equal thickness, twisted into a spiral.
“Curls” are performed with light pressure in the middle of the element;
“Bush” is the most complex element of “grass”; it consists of simpler symmetrically arranged elements - “sedges”, “blades of grass”, “droplets”, “tendrils” and “curls”.
In all improvisation tasks, children first look at the painting done by the master, and then independently paint the design of the product.
With your children, look at a cup with a grass pattern made by a master. The festive and solemn color of the painting is achieved by a combination of gold, red and black colors.
Children are invited to independently invent and decorate a spoon with elements of a herbal ornament, using two colors - black and red.
The purpose of the lesson is to gradually, using a method from simple to complex, teach children to draw a complex herbal ornament, using all previously studied elements.
First, children practice pointing the leading stem of the “criul.” The main element of the “criul” is the “curl”, it has the same length and twists alternately up and down. The pattern is then complicated by adding red and black “bushes”.
When examining a salt shaker with a grass pattern, we draw the children’s attention to the rhythmic alternation of ornamental elements. The smooth flow of the leading line - “kriulya” - emphasizes the rounded shape of the product, red and black colors give the painting a solemn and festive sound.
Children decorate the cup with a herbal design, drawing the leading stem themselves and using previously learned elements of the herbal design.
In the Khokhloma “leaf” pattern, in addition to red and black, green and yellow are also used.
When examining the work of the masters, children should pay attention to the location of the branch with autumn leaves. The free arrangement of leaves and grass emphasizes the shape of the product and gives lightness and splendor to the pattern.
Children improvise, create their own composition using the Khokhloma palette of colors: red, green, black and yellow.
In this lesson, children learn to draw patterns with a brush and a poke stamp. The poke is made of paper; for this, a strip of paper is rolled into a tight tube.
The berries of lingonberries, currants and mountain ash (the left side of the sheet) are drawn with a poke signet.
Gooseberries, strawberries and raspberries are painted with a brush. Once the paint has dried, they are “revived” with a yellow color.
Children paint the product with a brush and a stamp, using “painting” and other painting techniques.
Children practice drawing the Khokhloma ornament using previously studied elements, completing the ornamental stripe according to the model.
When examining a vase painted by a master, draw the children’s attention to the correspondence between the pattern and the shape of the object. A branch of ripe berries wraps around the surface of the product, creating a continuous strip of ornament.
Children independently invent and paint a vase, paying attention to the correspondence of the pattern and the shape of the object.
This is a final lesson in which children can use everything they have previously learned. Children are invited to decorate the red and yellow petals and flowers themselves with a variety of Khokhloma patterns. Then these blanks can be cut out and made into an applique in the form of a colorful Khokhloma bouquet. The bouquet will be more beautiful and lush if the children complement it with light sprigs of grass. The notebook shows one such bouquet as an example.
If they want to make a large bouquet, children can cut out similar blanks from colored, yellow or red paper and then decorate them to their liking.
Collective work “Khokhloma bouquet”
As a final lesson, you can create a collective work with the participation of all children. To do this, each child prepares several petals from yellow or red colored paper and paints them. Then a colorful Khokhloma bouquet is glued onto a large sheet of whatman paper, in which there is a place for each child to work. The bouquet can be decorated with tendrils and bushes. Such collective work will be a good decoration for a group or classroom.
From such blanks you can glue not only a bouquet, but also a garland, an ornament, an ornamental frame, etc.
Plan - summary of the GCD on the topic: Khokhloma painting. Golden Khokhloma.
Educational field: Artistic creativity (visual activity), social and communicative development (socialization, development of communication, moral education), cognitive development (familiarization with sociocultural values), speech development (enrichment of vocabulary).
Purpose of the lesson:
To acquaint students with the history of fishing and works of folk arts and crafts, the technology of painting and the features of the Khokhloma design.
To cultivate interest and love for folk art, a sense of pride and patriotism for the rich cultural heritage of Russia. Give children the opportunity to feel like folk craftsmen.
· To develop children's cognitive activity, creative imagination, and artistic taste. Stimulate the desire to create beauty with your own hands.
· Develop practical skills and drawing skills. Teach children to make a pattern based on Khokhloma painting.
· To cultivate interest in the art of Khokhloma painting and respect for the creative heritage.
· Develop qualities such as perseverance, attention, and accuracy when working with paints. Give children the opportunity to feel like folk craftsmen.
Equipment:
model for coloring “Saucer”
water jar
signet-poke (cotton swabs 2 pcs.)
sheet of paper
napkin
simple pencil
eraser
Demo material:
products with Khokhloma painting, postcards, reproductions
poster “Khokhloma painting”
presentation "Khokhloma painting"
Organizational moment. Theoretical part. Introductory conversation with demonstration of Khokhloma painting and presentations. Explanation of the painting sequence. 10 min.
Practical part. Self-painting of a model for coloring. 15 min.
The final part. Summing up. 5 min.
Educator:
Khokhloma painting,
In the green grass.
Groves, copses,
Silk splashes,
Sunny honey
Golden foliage.
The beauty is chiseled
Brocade sundress,
Along the waves of patterns
The yachts are burning.
What kind of sorcerers
They dressed Khokhloma
In this unspeakable
Holiday outfit?
(P. Sinyavsky)
A long time ago, in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, the custom of decorating wooden utensils with painting arose. In this forested region, almost everything was made of wood. The entire territory of the region was like one workshop scattered across hundreds of villages. Residents, as if by agreement, divided among themselves all types of production of wooden products. Each group of villages had a center - a large trading village, where peasants came every week to the market to sell their products. The villages where wooden utensils were sharpened and painted were located around the large trading village of Khokhloma, which gave its name to the entire art of painting. It was from here that cups and spoons scattered like firebirds all over the earth. When the merchant was asked: “Where does such a miracle come from?”, he proudly answered: “From Khokhloma.” And so it happened: Khokhloma and Khokhloma. To this day, painted dishes are called Khokhloma.
These fake spoons
Saucers, ladles, nesting dolls,
She painted it for us herself
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)
Chairs, boards and floors,
And cribs and beds,
She painted it for us herself
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)
There is no more elegant coloring book,
As if she came to us from a fairy tale,
Where are the kings and the tower,
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)
But before the dishes fell into the hands of merchants, they were made by the “golden” hands of craftsmen. How did craftsmen come up with the idea of painting wooden utensils golden without using gold? This still remains a mystery even to experts. But the process, developed over centuries, even now turns ordinary white wood into a shiny gold product.
What is the secret of colorful Khokhloma dishes? How is it made? It turns out that this is not at all easy.
1. A wooden product is coated with a liquid solution of “vapa” clay. Clay closes the pores of the wood, creating a waterproof layer.
2. After this, the products are moistened with raw linseed oil and dried well. Then cover with drying oil and dry again, repeating this operation 3-4 times.
3. The next stage is tinning. The product is covered with half-milk: tin or aluminum powder is rubbed into the product with a swab. The products become smooth, shiny and resemble metal.
4. And only now does the dyer (the person who applies the pattern) get to work. The painting is done with oil paints. All elements of painting are performed immediately with a brush, without preliminary pencil drawing.
5. The painted and dried product is coated with oil varnish (previously it was covered with drying oil) and placed in the oven to “heat”. When exposed to temperature, the varnish turns yellow. Then this delightful honey-golden color appears. This is how the phrase “Golden Khokhloma” arose.
According to the craftsmen, such dishes are not afraid of either heat or cold, wash well, last a long time, compete with gold in elegance, and are affordable for everyone.
Question: What colors do craftsmen use?
Answer: Red, black, just a little yellow and green for fine detailing.
Question: What patterns do you see on the dishes?
Answer: Leaves, berries, curls, dots.
Question: What can these drawings be compared to? Do craftsmen invent them themselves or borrow them from somewhere?
Answer: Nature has twigs, leaves, grass.
Educator: Correct! The master knows and loves the forest side: here there is viburnum, rowan, lingonberry - all sorts of fruits, flowers and herbs have freedom.
Let's take a closer look and see that Khokhloma painting is divided into two types: “top” writing and “background”.
The peculiarity of “mountain” painting is to apply a pattern with strokes over a golden background.
The peculiarity of the “background” painting is that the background around the pattern is painted red or black. With this method, leaves, flowers or birds stand out against this background in the form of golden silhouettes.
But usually these two types of painting are intricately intertwined in one product.
The most favorite among Khokhloma artists is the “grass pattern” or “grass”, which vaguely resembles sedge. Often among the “grass” a flower, bird, or fish is depicted. The most intricate patterns are called “curls”: grass turns into large curls - curls.
Here are the berries. For lingonberry, currant and mountain ash berries, use a seal-poke (a cotton swab). But gooseberries, strawberries and raspberries are painted immediately with a brush. After the red paint has dried, the berries are “enlivened” with yellow.
A blade of grass is a thin, smoothly bending stem, from which curved stems with curls extend in all directions. The pressure of the brush is applied to the widest part of the blade of grass.
“Kudrina” is a floral-leaf pattern with rounded wide leaves with curls.
The leaflet is most often a stylized currant leaf. Leaves and flowers begin with drawing the stems, then draw the main shape of the leaf or flower. Next, draw the veins on the leaves and the stamens of the flowers.
From such elements you can create a pattern.
"The World of Magic Khokhloma"
Sprouting,
Somehow festively alive
Not easy,
Black and red grass.
The leaves are turning red
From the breath of winter.
We enter the kingdom of Berendey -
Into the world of magical Khokhloma.
(B. Dubrovsky)
And today we will try to turn into masters of Khokhloma painting and make a “grass” pattern. The art of Khokhloma is the pride of our culture. The golden patterns of Khokhloma have absorbed all the beauty of the Russian land.
Question: Do you agree with this?
Answer: Yes!
Educator: And if you agree, then get to work.
In the process of independent work, the teacher provides children with creative freedom, providing individual assistance. You can turn on soft folk music. At the end of the lesson there is an exhibition. The children place their saucers on a special stand and, together with the teacher, choose the best works. The teacher does not forget to praise each child and note what he did best.
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