History of the development of computers, presentation to computer science. History of computer development

Slide 15

1950s

Under the leadership of B.I. Rameev, the first universal general-purpose computers in the USSR, Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural-3, Ural-4 (lamp-based), were developed. And in the 60s, the first family of software and structurally compatible universal general-purpose computers Ural-11, Ural-14, Ural-16 (semiconductor) was created in the USSR. B.I. Rameev, V.I. Burkov, A.S. Gorshkov took part in the project. Ural-1 Ural-16

Slide 16

XX century

Sergei Alekseevich LEBEDEV (2.11.1902 - 3.07.1974) The development of computers in the USSR is associated with the name of academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. In 1950, a digital computer department was organized at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT USSR Academy of Sciences) to develop and create a large computer. This work was headed by S. A. Lebedev, under whose leadership the MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1951 in Kyiv and BESM (large electronic calculating machine) in 1953 in Moscow.

Slide 17

1951 Tube element of SESM (Specialized Electronic Calculating Machine) BESM (Large Electronic Calculating Machine) 1953

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MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine)

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Element base – active and passive elements. Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room. Performance – hundreds of thousands – 1 million op./s. Operation has been simplified. Programming - algorithmic languages ​​appeared. The structure of the computer is a microprogram control method. 1959 - 1967 Second generation computers

Slide 20

1960

Creation of the first multi-purpose semiconductor control machine in the USSR, Dnepr, project leaders - V.M. Glushkov and B.N. Malinovsky. The computer included analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It was produced for 10 years. Development of the first machines in the USSR for engineering calculations Promin and Mir - predecessors of future personal computers, project leaders V.M. Glushkov and S.B. Pogrebinsky. 1959-1965

Slide 21

Third generation computers 1968 - 1973 Element base - integrated circuits, large integrated circuits (IC, LSI). Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room. Performance – hundreds of thousands – millions of op./s. Operation – repairs are carried out promptly. Programming – similar to the 2nd generation. The structure of a computer is the principle of modularity and connectivity. Displays and magnetic disks appeared.

Slide 22

Fourth generation computers from 1974 to the present day In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logical device made using VLSI technology. The element base is ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Creation of multiprocessor computing systems. Creation of cheap and compact microcomputers and personal computers and computer networks based on them.

Slide 23

In 1981, IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) (USA) introduced the first personal computer model - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers. The first personal computers

Slide 24

1983 Apple Computers Corporation built the Lisa personal computer - the first office computer controlled by a mouse. 1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer powered by the 32-bit Motorola 68000 processor

Slide 25

Test for knowledge of the history of computer development

1. The first tube computer was called: a) Ural - 11; b) ENIAC; c) Dnieper. 2. Which of the following scientists is not associated with the history of the creation of computers: a) Charles Babbage; b) Isaac Newton;

c) Blaise Pascal. 3. The first computers were created in the 20th century... a) in the 40s; b) in the 60s; c) in the 70s. 4. The main elemental base of fourth-generation computers are: a) electromechanical circuits; b) VLSI.

c) electric vacuum lamps;

Museum of Domestic Computers http://www.bashedu.ru/konkurs/tarhov/russian/index_r.htm Computerworld magazine No. 22-2000 Just a little before the PC era (Soviet models of personal computers, 1986) No. 25-2000 The last of Mohicans (In 1989, work on the last two Soviet supercomputers was completed) No. 27-28-2000 From Elbrus-3 to Elbrus-2000 http://www.osp.ru http://www.computer-museum .ru http://cisc.narod.ru http://www.epos.kiev.ua/pubs/pr/et.htm http://book.kbsu.ru/theory/chapter3/1_3_3.html

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>> Computer science: Classification of peripheral devices. History of the development of computing technology.

History of computer development

Content:

1. What is a computer?
2. V – VI century BC to XX century
3. First generation computer
4. Second generation computer
5. Third generation computer
6. Fourth generation computer
7. Test for knowledge of the history of computer development
8. Sources of information

COMPUTER = Computer

Slide 3

Computer (English word) – calculate

A computer is a device of interconnected technical devices that perform automated information processing.

5th – 6th century BC

The history of computing goes back centuries, just like the development of humanity.

One of the first devices (V-VI centuries BC) that facilitated calculations was a special board for calculations, called the “abacus”.

15th century AD

In Ancient Rus', when counting, a device similar to an abacus, called a “Russian shot,” was used. In the 17th century, this device already took on the appearance of the familiar Russian abacus.

Abacus that appeared in the 15th century. are in a special place, because They use the decimal number system, not the quinary number system, like all other abaci.

The main merit of the inventors of the abacus was the creation of a positional system for representing numbers.

17th century

Blaise PASCAL
Blasé Paskal
(19.06.1623 – 19.08.1662)

At the beginning of the 17th century, when mathematics began to play a key role in science, the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal created a “summation” machine called Pascalina, which, in addition to addition, also performed subtraction.

17th century

Gottfried Wilhelm LEIBNITZ
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz
(1.07.1646 – 14.11.1716)

The first arithmetic machine that performed all four arithmetic operations was created in 1673 by the German mathematician Leibniz - a mechanical adding machine.

Charles Babbage
(26.12.1791 – 18.10.1871)

In 1812, the English mathematician and economist Charles Babbage began work on the creation of a “difference” machine, which was supposed not just to perform arithmetic operations, but to carry out calculations using a program that specified a specific function.

For program control, punched cards were used - cardboard cards with holes punched in them (perforations).

First generation computers 1948 - 1958

- Element base – electron vacuum tubes.
- Dimensions - in the form of cabinets and occupied machine rooms.
- Performance – 10 – 100 thousand op./s.
- Operation is very difficult.
- Programming is a labor-intensive process.
- The structure of the computer is based on a rigid principle.

XX century

John (Janos) von NEUMANN
(28.12.1903 – 8.02.1957)

The first computer "ENIAC" (digital integrator and computer, tube) was created in the USA after the Second World War in 1946. The group of creators of this computer included one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century. John von Neumann.

According to Neumann's principles, the construction and operation of universal programmable computers A computer consists of three main components: an arithmetic device, an input-output device, and memory for storing data and programs.

1950s

Under the leadership of B.I. Rameev, the first universal general-purpose computers in the USSR, Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural-3, Ural-4 (lamp-based), were developed. And in the 60s, the first family of software and structurally compatible universal general-purpose computers Ural-11, Ural-14, Ural-16 (semiconductor) was created in the USSR. B.I. Rameev, V.I. Burkov, A.S. Gorshkov took part in the project.

XX century

Sergey Alekseevich LEBEDEV
(2.11.1902 - 3.07.1974)

The development of computers in the USSR is associated with the name of Academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. In 1950, a digital computer department was organized at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT USSR Academy of Sciences) to develop and create a large computer. This work was headed by S. A. Lebedev, under whose leadership the MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1951 in Kyiv and BESM (large electronic calculating machine) in 1953 in Moscow.

MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine)

Second generation computers 1959 - 1967

- Element base – active and passive elements.

- Performance – hundreds of thousands – 1 million op./s.
- Operation has been simplified.
- Programming – algorithmic languages ​​appeared.
- Computer structure – microprogram control method.

1960

Creation of the first multi-purpose semiconductor control machine in the USSR, Dnepr, project leaders - V.M. Glushkov and B.N. Malinovsky. The computer included analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It was produced for 10 years.

1959-1965

Development of the first machines in the USSR for engineering calculations Promin and Mir - predecessors of future personal computers, project leaders V.M. Glushkov and S.B. Pogrebinsky.

Third generation computers 1968 - 1973

- Element base – integrated circuits, large integrated circuits (IC, LSI).
- Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room.
- Performance – hundreds of thousands – millions of op./s.
- Operation – repairs are carried out promptly.
- Programming – similar to the 2nd generation.
- The structure of the computer is the principle of modularity and connectivity.
- Displays and magnetic disks appeared.

Fourth generation computers from 1974 to the present day

- Element base – ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI).
- Creation of multiprocessor computing systems.
- Creation of cheap and compact microcomputers and personal computers and computer networks based on them.

In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logical device made using VLSI technology

The first personal computers

In 1981, IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) (USA) introduced the first personal computer model - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers.

1983 Apple Computers Corporation built the Lisa personal computer - the first office computer controlled by a mouse.

1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer powered by the 32-bit Motorola 68000 processor

Test for knowledge of the history of computer development

1. The first tube computer was called:
a) Ural - 11; b) ENIAC; c) Dnieper.

2. Which of the following scientists is not associated with the history of the creation of computers:
a) Charles Babbage; b) Isaac Newton; c) Blaise Pascal.

3. The first computers were created in the 20th century...
a) in the 40s; b) in the 60s; c) in the 70s.

4. The main element base of fourth generation computers are:
a) electromechanical circuits; b) VLSI. c) electric vacuum lamps;

You can get to the presentation by clicking on the text “Presentation” and installing Microsoft PowerPoint

Written by the computer science teacher of the International Lyceum "Grand" Cheban L.I.

History of computers Prepared by: Korotich Ekaterina

11th grade student

The first devices for calculations were probably the well-known counting sticks, which are still used today. primary school many schools for teaching counting. The first devices for calculations were probably the well-known counting sticks, which are still used today in the primary classes of many schools for teaching counting.

When people got tired of counting by bending their fingers and moving sticks, they invented the abacus (abacus). When people got tired of counting by bending their fingers and moving sticks, they invented the abacus (abacus).

The number of items counted corresponded to the number of dominoes of this instrument moved.

In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard invented the "Counting Clock" - the first mechanical calculator that could perform four arithmetic operations. The device was called a counting clock because, like in a real clock, the operation of the mechanism was based on the use of sprockets and gears. Practical use This invention found its way into the hands of Schickard's friend, philosopher and astronomer Johannes Kepler. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard invented the “Counting Clock” - the first mechanical calculator that could perform four arithmetic operations. The device was called a counting clock because, like in a real clock, the operation of the mechanism was based on the use of sprockets and gears. This invention found practical use in the hands of Schickard's friend, philosopher and astronomer Johannes Kepler.

This was followed by machines by Blaise Pascal (Pascalina, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Around 1820, he created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator - the Thomas Adding Machine, which could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was mainly based on the work of Leibniz. Mechanical calculators that counted decimal numbers were used until the 1970s, followed by machines by Blaise Pascal (Pascalina, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Around 1820, he created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator - the Thomas Adding Machine, which could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was mainly based on the work of Leibniz. Mechanical calculators that count decimal numbers were used until the 1970s.

Pascalina

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the embroidered pattern was determined by punched cards. The series of cards could be replaced, and changing the pattern did not require changes in the mechanics of the machine. This was an important milestone in the history of programming. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the embroidered pattern was determined by punched cards. The series of cards could be replaced, and changing the pattern did not require changes in the mechanics of the machine. This was an important milestone in the history of programming.

In 1838, Charles Babbage moved from developing the Difference Engine to designing a more complex Analytical Engine, the programming principles of which directly traced back to Jaccard's punched cards.In 1838, Charles Babbage moved from developing the Difference Engine to designing a more complex Analytical Engine, the programming principles of which directly traced back to punched cards Jacquard.

In 1890, the US Census Bureau used punch cards and sorting mechanisms developed by Herman Hollerith to process the decennial census data stream. In 1890, the US Census Bureau used punch cards and sorting mechanisms developed by Herman Hollerith to process the decennial census data stream.
Hollerith's company eventually became the core of IBM. This corporation developed punched card technology into a powerful tool for business data processing and produced an extensive line of specialized data recording equipment. By 1950 IBM technology has become ubiquitous in industry and government. The warning printed on most cards, “do not fold, twist or tear,” became the motto of the post-war era.

Slide No. 10

Slide No. 11

By 1900, early mechanical calculators cash registers and adding machines were redesigned using electric motors, representing the position of a variable as the position of a gear. Beginning in the 1930s, companies such as Friden, Marchant, and Monro began producing desktop mechanical calculators that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The word "computer" was a job title for people who used calculators to perform mathematical calculations. By 1900, early mechanical calculators, cash registers, and adding machines were redesigned to use electric motors to represent the position of a variable like gear positions. Beginning in the 1930s, companies such as Friden, Marchant, and Monro began producing desktop mechanical calculators that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The word "computer" (literally - "calculator") was the name of the position - these were people who used calculators to perform mathematical calculations.

Slide No. 12

In 1948, Curta appeared, a small mechanical calculator that could be held in one hand.

Slide No. 13

In the 1950s and 1960s, several brands of similar devices appeared on the Western market. The first fully electronic desktop calculator was the British ANITA Mk. VII.

Slide No. 14

In 1936, while working in isolation in Nazi Germany, Konrad Zuse began work on his first Z-series computer, which had memory and (still limited) programmability. Created primarily on a mechanical basis, but based on binary logic, the Z1 model, completed in 1938, never worked reliably due to insufficient precision in the execution of its component parts. In 1936, working in isolation in Nazi Germany , Konrad Zuse began work on his first Z-series calculator, which had memory and (still limited) programmability. Created mainly on a mechanical basis, but based on binary logic, the Z1 model, completed in 1938, never worked reliably enough due to insufficient precision in the execution of its component parts.

Slide No. 15

Zuse's next car, the Z3, was completed in 1941. It was built on telephone relays and worked quite satisfactorily. Thus, the Z3 became the first working computer controlled by a program. In many ways the Z3 was similar to modern cars. Zuse's next car, the Z3, was completed in 1941. It was built on telephone relays and worked quite satisfactorily. Thus, the Z3 became the first working computer controlled by a program. In many ways, the Z3 was similar to modern cars

Slide No. 16

In 1939, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry of Iowa State University developed the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). It was the world's first electronic digital computer. The design consisted of more than 300 vacuum tubes, and a rotating drum was used as memory. Although the ABC machine was not programmable, it was the first to use vacuum tubes in the adder. In 1939, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry of Iowa State University developed the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). It was the world's first electronic digital computer. The design consisted of more than 300 vacuum tubes, and a rotating drum was used as memory. Although the ABC machine was not programmable, it was the first to use vacuum tubes in the adder.

Slide No. 17

The American ENIAC, often called the first general-purpose electronic computer, publicly proved the applicability of electronics for large-scale computing. This became a key moment in the development of computing machines, primarily because of the enormous increase in computing speed, but also because of the possibilities for miniaturization that emerged. Created under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, this machine was 1000 times faster than all other machines of the time. The development of ENIAC lasted from 1943 to 1945. The American ENIAC, often called the first general-purpose electronic computer, publicly proved the applicability of electronics for large-scale computing. This became a key moment in the development of computing machines, primarily because of the enormous increase in computing speed, but also because of the possibilities for miniaturization that emerged. Created under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, this machine was 1000 times faster than all other machines of the time. Development of ENIAC lasted from 1943 to 1945.

Slide No. 18

The ENIAC was able to perform several thousand operations per second for several hours before another failure due to a burnt-out lamp. The ENIAC was able to perform several thousand operations per second for several hours before another failure due to a burnt-out lamp.

Slide No. 19

The first working machine with von Neumann architecture was the Manchester “Baby” - Small-Scale Experimental Machine, created at the University of Manchester in 1948; in 1949 it was followed by the Manchester Mark I computer. The first working machine with von Neumann architecture was the Manchester “Baby” - Small-Scale Experimental Machine, created at the University of Manchester in 1948; it was followed in 1949 by the Manchester Mark I computer.

Slide No. 20

In 1955, Maurice Wilkes invented microprogramming, a principle that was later widely used in the microprocessors of a wide variety of computers. Microprogramming allows you to define or extend basic set commands using built-in programs called firmware. In 1955, Maurice Wilkes invented microprogramming, a principle that was later widely used in the microprocessors of a wide variety of computers. Microprogramming allows you to define or extend a basic set of instructions using built-in programs called firmware.

Slide No. 21

The next major step in the history of computer technology was the invention of the transistor in 1947. They have become a replacement for fragile and energy-intensive lamps. Transistorized computers are usually referred to as the "second generation" that dominated the 1950s and early 1960s. Thanks to transistors and printed circuit boards, a significant reduction in size and energy consumption, as well as increased reliability, was achieved. However, second generation computers were still quite expensive and therefore were used only by universities, governments, and large corporations. The next major step in the history of computer technology was the invention of the transistor in 1947. They have become a replacement for fragile and energy-intensive lamps. Transistorized computers are usually referred to as the "second generation" that dominated the 1950s and early 1960s. Thanks to transistors and printed circuit boards, a significant reduction in size and energy consumption, as well as increased reliability, was achieved. However, second generation computers were still quite expensive and therefore were only used by universities, governments, and large corporations.

Slide No. 22

"Setun" was the first computer based on ternary logic, developed in 1958 in the Soviet Union. "Setun" was the first computer based on ternary logic, developed in 1958 in the Soviet Union.

Slide No. 23

The rapid growth in the use of computers began with the so-called. "3rd generation" of computers. This began with the invention of integrated circuits, which were independently invented by Nobel Prize winner Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. This later led to the invention of the microprocessor by Tad Hoff (Intel). The rapid growth in the use of computers began with the so-called. "3rd generation" of computers. This began with the invention of integrated circuits, which were independently invented by Nobel Prize winner Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. This later led to the invention of the microprocessor by Tad Hoff (Intel).

Slide No. 24

The advent of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers, small, inexpensive computers that could be owned by small companies or individual people. Microcomputers, members of the fourth generation, first appeared in the 1970s, became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond. Steve Wozniak, one of the founders of Apple Computer, became known as the developer of the first mass home computer, and later - the first personal computer. Computers based on microcomputer architecture, with capabilities added from their larger cousins, now dominate most market segments. The advent of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers—small, inexpensive computers that could be owned by small companies or individuals. Microcomputers, members of the fourth generation, first appeared in the 1970s, became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond. Steve Wozniak, one of the founders of Apple Computer, became known as the developer of the first mass-produced home computer, and later the first personal computer. Computers based on microcomputer architecture, with capabilities added from their larger cousins, now dominate most market segments.

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