ISO 14000 standard system. Why does an enterprise need ISO standards? ISO 14000 standard is an international standard for creating an environmental management system. Therefore, we should also consider the worldwide environmental management system developed by the International Organization for Standardization ISO and published in 1996.
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Topic 8. International environmental management standards
(Questions to consider. Reasons and history of the emergence of international environmental management standards. EuropeanEMAS environmental management and audit scheme.ISO 14000 standard system. Why does an enterprise need ISO standards? Problems of implementation of environmental management in Russia).
“ Management (eng. management management, management, organization) production management, a set of principles, methods, means and forms of production management, developed and applied to increase production efficiency.”
In accordance with accepted international standards, the environmental management system is part of the overall management system, including organizational structure, activity planning, distribution of responsibilities, practical work, as well as procedures, processes and resources for the development, implementation, evaluation of achieved results and improvement of environmental policy.
The emergence of standards as an environmental management system was a response to growing public interest in the problemsenvironment. The origins of this interest can be traced to 1972, when United Nationsorganized a conference on problemsenvironment in Stockholm , on which it was launchedUN Environment Program. These initiatives have led to the creationWorld Commission on Environment and Development and acceptance Montreal Protocol And Basel Convention. In 1992, the first conference was held in Rio de Janeiro called Earth Summit , whose task was to create an orientation in society towards preservingenvironmentat the global level. During the conference it was adoptedAgenda 21, the goal of which is to achievesustainable development, that is, a high quality environment and a healthy economy for all the peoples of the world. However, achieving this goal is possible only with the coordinated activities of various participants in public life. As noted by the UN Sustainable Development Division, industry plays a key role in achieving sustainable development goals as a provider of goods and services to society, as a source of job creation and as an active participant in community life.
In order to minimize and, in the long term, prevent the negative impact of industry on the environment, economically developed countries and, above all, the European community are striving to create a strict system of environmental legislation and control over the implementation of its requirements. This is due to the desire to strengthen the Single European Market. An important role in achieving this goal is given to the development and implementation of environmental standards (more precisely, standards for organizing environmental management).
History of the standard
In 1992, BSI Group (British Standards Institution)The world's first standard for environmental management systems for organizations, BS 7750, was published.It is noteworthy that this standard did not appear as a result of government activity, but on the initiative of English industrialists, who were faced with tightening environmental legislation and the need to apply adequate management decisions.
The standard is not a regulatory document. It does not define the requirements for the environmental activities of the enterprise and, moreover, does not prescribe their implementation. It contains recommendations that may be useful for creating an effective environmental management system and developing proactive environmental auditing. It is believed that this should have a beneficial effect on improving the environmental situation as a whole.
The UK standard turned out to be a perfectly balanced document and therefore it is not surprising that many countries have adopted it as their own internal document. These were Finland, Holland and Sweden. France, Spain and Ireland have developed their own standards. Austria abstained; it preferred to wait for the release of pan-European documents regulating the requirements for environmental management. Such a document did not take long to arrive.
European Environmental Management and Audit Scheme.
In 1993, the European Community finally agreed on the requirements for the creation of an environmental management and audit scheme (Eco-management and audit scheme or EMAS ); enterprises have the opportunity to be certified in accordance with EMAS since 1995.
An environmental management system is a tool with which industry can achieve the goals set in its environmental policy, as well as solve specific immediate environmental problems. It should be noted that EMAS is an integral part of the “total quality management” system, which aims to effectively obtain quality products and services and is the core of management philosophy in developed countries.
Environmental management, in accordance with EMAS requirementsincludes five main components:
- developing an environmental policy and issuing a document confirming the organization’s (enterprise’s) commitment to solving specific environmental problems;
- assessment of the existing situation, i.e. determination of the initial (zero) level, in comparison with which the enterprise’s activities will be assessed;
- formulation of specific tasks facing the enterprise that meet the goals of the enterprise’s environmental policy (search for weak points and proposals for their improvement);
- development of an environmental program that establishes ways to solve these problems, specifying each stage;
- conducting environmental audits to periodically check how the enterprise solves its tasks, and whether the environmental management system allows improving the environmental situation.
The purpose of EMAS is to assess and improve the environmental performance of industrial enterprises and create conditions for the provision of environmental information to the public. Certification of organizations in accordance with the requirements of this program is voluntary.
ISO 14000 standard international standard for creating a systemenvironmental management.
EMAS is a European document. Therefore, the worldwide environmental management system developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and published in 1996 should also be considered.
ISO 14000 is a family of standards related toenvironment, which exists to help organizations:
- minimize the negative impact of the organization’s activities onenvironment,
- comply with applicable laws, regulations and other environmentally oriented requirements,
- continually improve on the above.
It is expected that the system of standards will reduce adverse environmental impacts at three levels:
Organizational - through improving the environmental "behavior" of corporations.
National - through the creation of a significant addition to the national regulatory framework and a component of state environmental policy.
International - through improving the terms of international trade.
ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 (family of standards forquality management), both refer to the process of making a product rather than the product itself. Like with ISO 9000 , certification is carried out by third parties and not ISO directly. Requirements ISO 14,000 are an integral part of the Schemeenvironmental management and audit European Union(EMAS).
The listed standards are similar, since they were created on the basis of the same British standard BS 7750. However, EMAS requirements are more stringent in matters of increasing the environmental efficiency of the organization, compliance with environmental legislation, reporting and employee engagement.
As of 2010, ISO 14001 is used by at least 223,149 organizations in 159 countries.(more than 160)
Despite the voluntary nature of the standards, the number of certifying organizations around the world is growing and, according to the chairman of the ISO/TC 207 Technical Committee, which is developing the ISO 14000 series of standards, in 8-10 years from 90 to 100 percent of large companies, including multinational corporations, will be certified in compliance with ISO 14001, that is, they will receive certification from an independent “third party” that their environmental management systems comply with this standard. The motivation for making such decisions for organizations is primarily that certification will be one of the indispensable conditions for marketing products in international markets.
Thus, in In the practice of modern environmental management, two systems of international standards play a leading role:
- International Environmental Management and Audit Scheme adopted in the European Union EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) and
- system of international standards ISO 14000.
The EMAS standard is regarded by experts as more stringent and formalized in comparison with ISO 14000 regarding compliance with the requirements prescribed by it, including in terms of drawing up an initial environmental review and audit procedures. These circumstances are seen as reducing its competitiveness and attractiveness.
(Reference. Recently, management experts are increasingly talking about the need (effectiveness) of integrating a quality management system (QMS) with other systems of standards (environmental protection, labor protection, etc.)
The principle of a systematic approach to management (ISO 9000:2000) involves a transition from quality management to quality management of the entire organization. In accordance with ISO 9004:2000, it is necessary to ensure a balanced (systematic) approach to the needs of consumers and the needs of other stakeholders (owners, suppliers, employees, society, partners).
Development of a series of standards ISO 14000
Family of standards ISO 14000 primarily includes the standard ISO 14001, which is a fundamental set of rules used by organizations around the world that design and implement effective Environmental Management Systems (EMS). Another standard included in this series is ISO 14004, which provides a set of additional guidelines for achieving an effective EMS. It also contains special rules related to specific aspectsenvironmental management. The main purpose of the series of standards ISO 14000 and the requirements they set is to promote the most effective and efficient practicesenvironmental managementin organizations, as well as providing: useful, usable, cost-effective, systematized, flexible and adaptable tools for the activities of various organizations. Series Standards ISO 14,000 also demonstrate the best practices used to collect, present and analyze information related to ecology.
In contrast to previous environmental regulations and regulations based on enforcement approaches, later replaced by market-based approaches, ISO 14000 was based on a voluntary approach to environmental regulation. Standard series ISO 14000 includes ISO 14001, which contains guidelines to create or improve an EMS. Standard ISO 14001 inherits many provisions from the quality management standard ISO 9000 , which served as a model for the internal structure ISO 14001 (National Academy Press 1999), both of which can be implemented in parallel along with each other.
Same as ISO 9000, ISO 14000 can serve as an internal tool management , as well as a way to demonstrate environmental responsibility with your clients and consumers .
EMS defined ISO as "part management systemsorganizations, including:
- organizational structure,
- activity planning,
- responsibility,
- practices,
- procedures ,
- processes and resources to develop, implement, implement and manage policy in the area ecology."
ISO 14001 standard
ISO 14001 establishes criteria for an EMS. It does not establish requirements for environmental performance, but describes the basic rules that an organization can follow to build an effective EMS. It can be used by organizations to improve usage efficiency resources, reducing losses and costs. Using ISO 14001 security can be demonstrated management organization and its employees. It can also be used to demonstrate to stakeholders that the company is measuring and improving their environmental impact. ISO 14001 can be integrated with other functions management to more easily achieve your environmental and economic goals.
Just like other standards, ISO 14001 is voluntary.Its main goal is to help companies improve their environmental performance while complying with current legislation.Organizations are responsible for setting their goals, tracking them, and achieving them. The standard serves to help achieve the company's goals and objectives, as well as their monitoring and measurement.
The standard can be applied to various levels of a company's activities, from organizational to production and service levels. Rather than focusing on specific environmental performance measurements and goals, the standard highlights what an organization must do to achieve those goals. The success of the system is highly dependent on the involvement of all levels of the organization, especially senior management, which must be involved in the development, implementation and management of the EMS.
ISO 14001 has the generic characteristics of management system standards that are useful for organizations that want to improve their operations and manage resources more efficiently.
It is suitable for:
- All major transnational companies;
- Companies with both high and low risks;
- Manufacturing and service companies, including local government communities;
- All industry sectors, including public and private;
- Manufacturers of unique equipment and their suppliers.
All standards are reviewed periodically ISO on relevance to current market requirements.
Basic principles and methodology
Planning setting goals and necessary processes
Before ISO implementation 14001, it is recommended to conduct a compliance analysis of the organization's current processes this will facilitate the discovery of elements of the company's existing and future processes that interact withenvironment. These elements are determined by environmental aspects. Environmental aspects can be both direct those that arise as a result of production, and indirect those that are associated with the supply of raw materials.
This initial review helps companies:
- in setting its environmental goals and objectives, which must be accurately measurable;
- allows you to develop management procedures and processes;
- Helps identify relevant legal requirements that can then be incorporated into organizational policy.
Action process implementation
During this stage, the company determines the necessary resources and personnel organization responsible for implementing and monitoring the EMS.
The stage includes:
- documenting everything processes and procedures, including monitoring transactions and documents;
- creating procedures for emergencies;
- and employee training processes to ensure they have implemented the required processes and are recording observations.
The involvement and participation of all levels of the organization, especially senior management, is a vital condition at the implementation stage, since the effectiveness of the entire EMS depends on the active participation of all personnel of the organization.
Validation process measurement, monitoring and reporting
During the verification phase, performance is monitored and periodically measured to provide confidence that the organization's environmental goals and objectives are being met. In addition, internal audits are carried out regularly to determine whether the EMS is properly implemented and processes and procedures are being adequately measured and managed.
Impact carry out measures to improve the performance of the EMS based on the results achieved
Following the review phase, a planned review of the organization's operations is carried out to ensure that the EMS objectives are being met, that they are being achieved as intended, that relationships are being properly managed, and that changes in external conditions (e.g. regulatory requirements) are being assessed for further recommendations. to improve the functioning of the system. These recommendations are further taken into account at the planning stage in order to improve the EMS as a result of their implementation.
Continuous Improvement Concept
In ISO 14001 indicates 3 directions of the concept of continuous improvement:
- Development. Constant expansion of business areas covered by the implemented environmental management system.
- Saturation. Constant increase in types of activities, volumes of products, number of processes, resources managed by the implemented EMS.
- Improvement. This means both improving the structure and organization of the EMS, as well as developing our own methods for managing environmental problems.
In general, the concept of continuous improvement involves a shift from routine operational environmental activities to a strategic approach to solving environmental problems.
The main requirements that ISO 1400 imposes on an organization, and which are the subject of formal certification of an enterprise to ISO 1400:
1. The organization must develop an environmental policy - a special document about the intentions and principles of the organization, which should serve as the basis for the organization’s actions and the determination of environmental goals and objectives. Environmental policies must be appropriate to the size, nature and environmental impacts created by the company's activities, products and services. The document must be communicated to all employees of the organization and be available to the public.
2. Taking into account significant environmental impacts, legal and other requirements, the organization must develop environmental goals and objectives.To do this, the organization must develop and maintain procedures for identifying significant environmental impacts (here and elsewhere the standard refers to impacts associated not only with the organization's activities, but also with its products and services).Goals and objectives should be as quantitative as possible. They must be based on environmental policy (“including awareness of the need or commitmentpollution prevention"), and are defined for each function (area of activity) and level of the organization. Their formulation should also take into account the views of "stakeholders" (which are understood as any groups and citizens whose interests are affected by the environmental aspects of the enterprise's activities, or who are concerned these aspects).
3. To achieve its goals, the organization must develop an environmental management program. The program must determine the responsibilities, means and time frames for achieving goals and objectives.
4. The organization must have an appropriate structure of responsibility. Sufficient human, technological and financial resources must be allocated to ensure the operation of this system. There should be a designated person responsible for the operation of the environmental management system at the organizational level.
5. A number of requirements for personnel training, as well as preparation for emergency situations, must be met.
6. The organization should monitor or measure key parameters of those activities that may have a significant impact on the environment. Procedures should be established to periodically verify compliance with applicable legal and other requirements.
7. A periodic audit of the environmental management system should be carried out to determine whether it meets the criteria established by the organization and the requirements of ISO 14001, is implemented and is operating properly. The audit can be carried out either by the company itself or by an external party. The audit results are reported to the company's management.
8. The management of the organization should periodically review the operation of the environmental management system from the point of view of its adequacy and effectiveness.
All procedures, their results, monitoring data, etc. must be documented.
ISO 14000 standards are "voluntary". They do not replace legal requirements, but provide a system for determining how a company affects the environment and how legal requirements are met.
An organization may use ISO 14000 standards internally. It is assumed that the creation of such a system provides an organization with an effective tool with which it can manage the totality of its environmental impacts and bring its activities into line with various requirements. Standards can also be used externally to demonstrate to clients and the public that the environmental management system complies with modern requirements.
The benefits that the implementation of an environmental management system gives to an enterprise
ISO standard 14001 was developed primarily to reduce the environmental impact of organizations' activities. In addition to the fact that organizations will be able to improve their activities within the framework of environmental standards, they will also receive a number of economic benefits, including an increased level of compliance with legal and regulatory requirements through the use of the standard ISO.
The implementation of an environmental management system provides the enterprise with the following advantages:
- systematic reduction of negative impacts on the environment;
- systematic reduction of production and operating costs, includingsignificantly reduce the consumption of electricity, water and other resources, as well as reduce the amount of waste and, accordingly, the costs of their disposal;
- reduction of environmental payments and more effective implementation of environmental legislation requirements.
In addition, the implementation of an EMS provides a range of additional benefits, including:
- reducing the risks of emergency situations and the scale of consequences if they occur;
- increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise in the domestic and foreign markets;
- the opportunity to develop new markets;
- acquiring a more favorable image and improving relations with consumers, partners, investors, government agencies, and the public;
- increasing trust on the part of inspection organizations;
- increasing investment attractiveness;
- reduction of interest rates on loans;
- reduction of payment rates for environmental insurance (insurance of environmental risks of an enterprise), etc.
It should be noted that in modern production, which has numerous connections with other manufacturers, it is difficult to fully implement an effective EMS (from bed to grave), especially when small and medium-sized businesses are involved in the supply of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, and components, which are difficult to implement at home. SEM in a short time. One of the standards in the series is designed to solve these problemsISO 14000 - ISO 14005:2010 "Environmental management systems - Guidelines for the phased implementation of an environmental management system, including the assessment of environmental performance." This new standard is intended for the gradual implementation of an environmental management system in small and medium-sized businesses
The main goal of environmental management is to increase the credibility of the enterprise where it is carried out through consistent improvement of the environmental situation in all areas of activity. The most characteristic improvement is the reduction of the negative impact of industrial enterprises on the environment. In the practice of the Russian Federation, the principles of environmental management at enterprises are found or at least declared by them extremely rarely.
Conformity assessment (enterprise certification according to ISO 14001
ISO 14001 may be implemented in whole or in part to help an organization (whether a commercial or non-profit organization) improve its interaction with the environment. If all components of the standard ISO 14001 are included in the control process, the organization can control these elements to demonstrate full compliance with the standard ISO 14001 using one of the four options listed:
- Exercise self-determination or self-government;
- Seek confirmation of conformity from interested parties, such as consumers;
- Seek confirmation of compliance from external organizations;
- Register with certified bodies.
All these possibilities are incomparable. Each function meets different needs in the market. Each organization determines for itself the function that is more necessary in a given situation.
The first function is sometimes mistakenly called “self-certification” or “self-certification”. This is not acceptable from a terminological point of view ISO and may lead to confusion in the market.
The second function is called second party audit, which is an acceptable term within the standard.
The third function involves the presence of an independent third party (when it, in turn, is not accredited by an international certification body) auditing the organization.
The fourth function also implies the presence of a third independent party and is most widely used among all organizations. Certification is also known in some countries as “Registration”. Certification providers are accredited by a national certification body (eg UKAS in the UK).
The ISO 14001 certificate confirms that the company’s activities comply with the requirements of the GOST R ISO 14001-2007 (ISO 14001:2004) standard, that is, the environmental management system at the enterprise operates effectively and is aimed at the rational use of resources and minimizing the negative impact on the environment.
(Reference - Of the ISO 14000 series (GOST R ISO 14000), only the ISO 14001 standard (GOST R ISO 14001) contains requirements for an environmental management system. Certification is carried out only according to this standard.
The remaining standards in this series are intended to complement the ISO 14001 standard. For example, ISO 14004 contains more detailed guidance on creating an environmental management system, document series 14010-14012 defines the principles for auditing an environmental management system, etc.).
ISO 14001 Consultation
ISO 14001 is associated with environmental issues. Although it is a systems standard, it requires an organization to identify and evaluate the environmental aspects of its activities and implement controls to reduce negative impacts on the environment. Many organizations require considerable effort to set environmental goals, so they order the services of consultants ISO 14001 for solving technical problems in ecology. Preparation is the first step to implementation ISO 14001. After preparation, the organization can turn to consulting companies ISO 14001.
List of series standards ISO 14000
- ISO 14001 Environmental management systems. Requirements and instructions for use
- ISO 14004 Environmental management systems. Guidance on principles, systems and methods of operation
- ISO 14005 Environmental management systems. Guidelines for the phased implementation of an environmental management system, including environmental performance assessment
- ISO 14010 Environmental Auditing Guidelines. General principles
- ISO 14011 Environmental Auditing Guidelines. Audit procedures. Conducting an audit of environmental management systems
- ISO 14012 Environmental Auditing Guidelines. Qualification criteria for auditors of environmental management systems
- ISO 14014 A guide to determining the “entry level” of a business’s environmental performance. Used before establishing a formal environmental management system.
- ISO 14015 Environmental management. Environmental assessment of sites and organizations
- ISO 14020 Environmental labels and declarations. Basic principles
- ISO 14031 Environmental management. Environmental performance assessment
- ISO 14040 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and structure.
- ISO 14050 Environmental management. Dictionary.
- ISO 14060 Guidance on integrating environmental aspects into product standards.
- ISO 14062 Environmental management. Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development
- ISO 14063 Environmental management. Exchange of environmental information. Recommendations and examples
- ISO 14064 Measure, quantify and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Experience in implementing environmental management systems in Russia
Nature management and environmental protection have become one of the new areas of interaction between the European Union and Russia. The conditions for Russia's accession to the WTO also reflect the percentage of Russian enterprises certified under the quality management system.
If international standards are not adopted, Russian enterprises, when the country enters the European, and even more so, the world economy, may become bankrupt or be absorbed by foreign companies. Taking into account the above, “it is necessary to regulate internal environmental audit at enterprises and companies with the creation of environmental management systems at enterprises, to establish principles and forms of interaction of industrial environmental control with other types of environmental control, to create systems of voluntary environmental certification, to revive environmental auditing, in which there is interest enterprises disappeared due to the incompetence and reckless actions of a number of audit firms, and most importantly, to create a regulated market for environmental works and services.”
World statistics show that there are an order of magnitude fewer certified environmental management systems in Russia than certified quality management systems (which generally reflects the global dynamics of implementation of management systems). According to data published at the end of November 2007. in the report “Overview of ISO Certificates. 2006", the number of certificates in Russia according to ISO 9001:2001 6398, according to ISO 14001:2004 223.
It is known that international standards were developed for developed Western markets. Therefore, the question arises: are they applicable to domestic enterprises? The answer cannot be clear-cut.
On the one hand, a number of domestic markets have already reached the saturation of Western markets, for example, the food market. On the other hand, the introduced international standards are very difficult for the less dynamically developing sectors of the economy to understand. They are designed for the Western mentality and are not adequately adapted to Russian conditions.
Due to a number of objective and subjective factors, achieving international standards, especially in the field of environmental protection, is a rather difficult task for domestic manufacturers. Although these standards do not set any standards, the entire system is organized in such a way that the negative impact on the environment should be constantly reduced. In addition, in Russia, even existing standards, for example, in the field of environmental auditing and environmental management, are being implemented extremely slowly into practice. On the one hand, this is explained by the advisory nature of these documents, on the other, by the lack of clear goals for their implementation and economic interest.
There is no unified certification system in the country: there are numerous systems supervised by different federal authorities.
Problems preventing distributionenvironmental management in Russia.
1. Low level of general management at enterprises. As noted, the environmental management system is closely related to the management system of the organization as a whole and should be an integral part of it. International standards imply that the implementation of an EMS is carried out in a specific organizational context. It is assumed that the mission of the organization is defined, a hierarchy of goals and objectives is formed, systematic planning is carried out, and procedures are developed and recorded. At the same time, for most Russian enterprises, many of the listed concepts are new and unusual. In addition, Russian industry as a whole is characterized by a low level of management, which is manifested, first of all, in the insufficient use of modern approaches to planning and performance analysis, inattention to personnel motivation, and a formalized approach to their training.
This situation certainly creates difficulties for the implementation of EMS in enterprises. It is with this that there is significant potential for reducing environmental impact using organizational and low-cost measures. For example, the development and observance of special procedures for handling hazardous substances actually leads to the prevention or reduction of the impact of such on the environment and enterprise personnel, and in some cases helps to reduce production costs. In addition, the implementation of an EMS provides the enterprise with the opportunity to test modern approaches to management using the example of solving environmental problems, which forms the basis for creating a quality management system that meets the principles laid down in the ISO 9000 series quality management system standards, as well as increasing the efficiency of the management system as a whole.
2. Limited understanding of the environmental activities of the enterprise and the environmental management system.In most cases, the environmental (environmental) activities of Russian enterprises are considered exclusively as activities carried out on the “end of the pipe” principle. Of course, the implementation and operation of environmental protection technology is an integral part of environmental activities, but in many cases a preventive approach based on a systematic analysis of the production process as a whole can lead to much more productive solutions. Thus, optimizing existing technological processes while reducing losses may require relatively low costs, which will ultimately lead to both a reduction in environmental impact and an economic effect.
The creation of an EMS in many cases is also initially considered as a reorganization of the work of the environmental department. At the same time, the creation of an effective EMS requires top management to make a fundamental decision to understand the importance of such a system for the enterprise, active participation in its implementation, as well as the development of the management system as a whole. In addition, it is necessary to involve all personnel in the environmental activities of the organization and increase investments in the development of this area.
3. Misunderstanding of the nature of EMS standards.There are certain difficulties in understanding the very nature of voluntary standards and their relationship with methods of government regulation. Characteristic of Russian conditions is the desire to consider them as mandatory, which is largely facilitated by the position (or rather, the lack of a clear position of the Ministry of Natural Resources and its regional bodies). That is, business managers often view ISO 14000 series standards as another government regulatory tool that is about to be put into effect. Therefore, significant attention has to be paid not only to disseminating information about the principles and specific elements of an EMS, but also to explaining their voluntary nature. At the same time, it is noted that standards in the field of EMS offer a tool that allows, in addition to solving other problems, to effectively organize accounting and compliance by enterprises with the requirements of regulatory authorities.
4. Lack of international recognition of EMS certification systems in Russia.As follows from the statistics, after the official publication of the international standard ISO 14001, work on the certification/registration of EMS has expanded widely throughout the world. Many countries have created appropriate national accreditation bodies or expanded the scope of accreditation of previously existing bodies.
The Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology has registered several voluntary certification systems, the object of certification of which is EMS (or environmental management systems, according to GOST R ISO 14001-2007).One of the problems faced by the certification bodies of these systems is the recognition of the certificates they issue by certification bodies of other systems, in particular, by foreign certification bodies and, accordingly, by foreign consumers.
The lack of such recognition causes significant damage to the Russian economy, since foreign certification bodies operate in the Russian market, providing certification services for a very high (by Russian standards) fee. In addition, such services in some cases are not of high quality. Domestic enterprises incur high costs in obtaining foreign certificates, which have no legal force in the Russian Federation, because there is no mutual recognition of domestic and foreign EMS certification systems and there are no corresponding international agreements.
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- ISO has developed standards to help organizations take a proactive approach to environmental issues: ISO 14000 series of environmental management standards, which can be implemented in organizations of any type, in the public or private sector - from companies to administrative and utility organizations.
- ISO helps address climate change by setting standards for greenhouse gas emissions, emissions control and trading, and measuring the carbon footprint of products.
- ISO develops standards that facilitate the reconciliation of business and environmental interests by encouraging the inclusion of environmental performance in product design.
- ISO offers a comprehensive set of standards for sampling and research methods to address specific environmental issues. This organization has developed about 570 international standards for monitoring the situation in the field of air, water and soil quality, as well as noise, radiation, and control over the transport of dangerous goods. They also serve in a number of countries as the technical basis for environmental legislation.
Environmental protection and sustainability
Organizations around the world, and their stakeholders, are increasingly aware of the need for environmental management, socially responsible behavior, and sustainable growth and development.
Accordingly, as proactive environmental management merges with enterprise risk management, corporate governance, operational and financial practices and governance, international standards become particularly relevant for organizations working towards common and comparable environmental objectives within the organization's own sustainability agenda. , its products and services.
In addition, government and other regulatory bodies increasingly require ISO standards to provide a basis for consistency and consistency at national and international levels.
ISO International Standards and associated normative documents provide consumers, regulators and organizations in the public and private sectors with environmental tools with the following characteristics:
- technical reliability- ISO standards accumulate the knowledge of a wide group of international specialists and stakeholders;
- meeting stakeholder needs- the ISO standards development process is based on international input and consensus;
- assistance in the development of uniform requirements - the process of developing ISO standards is based on the participation of all interested national institutions from all regions of the world;
- promoting efficiency- the same standards are implemented in different markets, sectors and/or areas;
- promoting legislative coherence- the standards used satisfy market and regulatory requirements;
- increasing investor confidence - standards can be used to assess conformity, such as audit, inspection or certification. This increases confidence in products, services and systems, as demonstrated by ISO certification and provides practical regulatory support.
Overview of ISO 14000 series standards
Accepted Standards
ISO 14001- an internationally recognized basis for building environmental management systems (EMS)- introduced from Argentina to Zimbabwe. Implementation of this standard helps organizations simultaneously best manage their environmental impact and demonstrate environmental stewardship.
ISO 14001 standard has been adopted as a national standard by more than half of ISO's 160 national members and its use is encouraged by governments around the world. Although certification of conformance to a standard is not a mandatory requirement of the ISO 14001 standard, at the end of 2007, at least 154,572 certificates had been issued in 148 countries.
Other environmental management tools developed by ISO/TC 207: ISO 14004, which complements ISO 14001 by providing additional manuals and useful explanations.
Environmental audits are important tools for assessing how well an EMS is implemented and maintained. Auditing Standard ISO 19011 equally useful for conducting quality management system and environmental management system audits. It regulates the principles of auditing, the management of audit programs, the conduct of audits and the requirements for the competence of auditors.
ISO 14031 provides guidance for organizations to assess environmental performance. The standard also addresses the selection of appropriate performance indicators, thereby allowing performance to be assessed based on criteria established by the organization's management. This information can be used as the basis for internal and external reporting on environmental performance.
Sharing information on the environmental aspects of products and services is an important way to use market leverage to improve the environment. True and accurate information provides the basis for consumers to make informed purchasing decisions.
Standard series ISO 14020 aims to address a range of different approaches to environmental labeling and claims, including eco-labels (seal of approval), self-declaration of environmental conformity, and quantified environmental information about products and services.
ISO 14001 concerns not only the environmental aspects of the processes occurring in the organization, but also its products and services. ISO/TC 207 has therefore developed additional tools to assist in resolving such issues. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for identifying and assessing the environmental performance of products and services from cradle to grave, from determining the input flow of resources to the end use of the product or its waste. Standard ISO 14040 Establishes guidelines for conducting life cycle studies that provide organizations with information on how to reduce the overall environmental impact of products and services.
ISO 14064 parts 1, 2 and 3- standards for accounting and control of international greenhouse gases (GHGs), which establish a list of clear requirements for supporting organizations and initiators of projects to reduce GHG emissions.
ISO 14065 complements ISO 14064 with specific requirements for the accreditation or recognition of bodies that validate and verify GHG calculations using ISO 14064 or other relevant standards or technical documents.
ISO 14063- a guide to environmental communication with examples, helps companies make important connections with external stakeholders.
ISO 64 Guide serves as a guide for the reflection of environmental issues in product standards. Although this document is primarily aimed at standards developers, it is also useful for product developers and manufacturers.
Expected new standards
Sustainable development policies and practices have received significant attention and debate over the past 15 years. Our understanding and concerns about the environment and sustainable development have also evolved over time. Just as existing ISO 14000 series standards support organizations in addressing today's priorities, future standards will help address challenges that will become priorities in the future.
An integral part of an organization's environmental management system is a commitment to continuous improvement. ISO/TC 207 adheres to this principle as a core principle, and continually improves the process of identifying and responding to new standardization needs. The success of ISO/TC 207 comes from continuous work on relevant standards, as evidenced by the development of the following new standards:
ISO 14045- will establish principles and requirements for assessing environmental performance. Eco-efficiency is measured by the ratio of environmental performance to value created. The standard will establish an internationally standardized methodological framework for assessing environmental performance, thereby supporting the scope, clarity and transparency of environmental performance measurement.
ISO 14051 - will enable the development of general principles guidance and a material flow cost accounting (MFCA) framework. MFCA is a tool for managing the efficient use of resources, mainly in production and distribution, in order to reduce relative resource consumption and material costs.
MFCA measures the flow and stock of materials and energy resources within an organization, expressed in physical units (mass, power, volume, etc.) and values them according to production costs. This factor is usually overlooked in conventional cost accounting. MFCA is one of the main environmental management accounting (EMA) tools and is aimed at internal use within an organization.
ISO 14067, which regulates the measurement of the carbon footprint of products, provides requirements for the quantification and transfer of greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with products. Each part of the standard regulates the following issues: quantification of carbon footprint (Part 1); harmonization methodology for sharing carbon footprint information, as well as guidance for such sharing (Part 2).
ISO 14069 will regulate the rules for calculating the carbon footprint of products, services and the entire supply chain.
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The ISO 14000 series of international standards are standards that establish requirements for environmental management systems in order to provide organizations with a tool for developing policies and setting objectives for reducing their environmental impact.
A number of 14000 series standards have now been developed, including:
ISO 14001 - "Environmental management systems - specification and guidance for use." The standard contains requirements that can be verified during an audit carried out for the purpose of certification of compliance with the ISO 14000 standard. Compliance with the ISO 14001 standard is currently the subject of this certification. Thus, the ISO 14001 standard is central to the ISO 14000 system of standards.
ISO 14004 - "Environmental management systems - general guidance on principles, systems and methods."
ISO 14010, 14011/1, 14012 are guidelines for environmental auditing.
ISO 14050 - "Glossary".
In Russia, the ISO 14001 standard operates in the form of GOST R ISO 14001-2007.
The ISO 14001 standard does not operate with exact values and does not establish any absolute requirements for the environmental performance of an enterprise. The main requirement is that the management of the enterprise must commit itself, in accordance with its capabilities, to constantly improve the environmental performance of the enterprise. To do this, the enterprise must identify aspects of its activities that affect the environment and build a system for managing such aspects.
The main requirements that constitute compliance with the ISO 14001 standard are:
- The organization must develop an environmental policy - a document about the intentions and principles of the organization. The environmental policy should contain statements of commitment to compliance with environmental regulations adopted in a given country, as well as to continuous improvement of the environmental management system.
- The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for identifying significant environmental impacts.
- The organization must develop environmental goals and objectives.
- The organization must develop an environmental management program.
- Sufficient human, technological and financial resources must be allocated to ensure the operation of the environmental management system.
- A number of personnel training requirements must be met.
- The organization must monitor the main parameters of those activities that may have a significant impact on the environment.
- Periodic audits of the environmental management system should be carried out.
- The management of the organization should periodically review the operation of the environmental management system from the point of view of its adequacy and effectiveness.
Compliance with this requirement is verified during audits, the regulations of which are described in ISO standards 14010, 14011/1, 14012.
As follows from the above, ISO 14000 standards are applicable to any organization wishing to implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system, regardless of the official environmental requirements and regulations in force in a given country.
Along with the advantages of this approach, there is also a drawback - ISO 14000 standards create favorable conditions for the “export of pollution” - the transfer of hazardous industries to developing countries.
WHAT DOES ISO 14000 CERTIFICATION DO FOR ENTERPRISES?
Certification to ISO 14000 series standards is often a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive procedure. Moreover, it is voluntary. Why do enterprises need it, which usually lack qualified personnel and who know how to count money?
Compliance with ISO 14000 standards is used primarily to demonstrate to clients and the public that the environmental management system is up to date. This is increasingly becoming a prerequisite for successful marketing of products in international markets. Thus, the driving force for enterprises to implement environmental management systems is mainly the need to obtain formal certification.
The emergence of ISO 14000 - a series of international standards for environmental management systems in enterprises and companies - is called one of the most significant international environmental initiatives. This article briefly describes the ISO 14000 standards system, discusses the need and prerequisites for its implementation, as well as the main sources of information on the problem.
What is ISO 14000
The ISO 14000 standard system, unlike many other environmental standards, is not focused on quantitative parameters (volume of emissions, substance concentrations, etc.) and not on technology (the requirement to use or not use certain technologies, the requirement to use the “best available technology” ). The main subject of ISO 14000 is s environmental management system- environmental management system, EMS). Typical provisions of these standards are that certain procedures must be established and followed within the organization, certain documents must be prepared, and a person must be assigned responsibility for a certain area. The main document of the series, ISO 14001, does not contain any “absolute” requirements for an organization’s environmental impact, except that the organization must declare in a special document its commitment to meeting national standards.
This nature of the standards is due, on the one hand, to the fact that ISO 14000, as international standards, should not interfere with the scope of national regulations. On the other hand, the predecessor of ISO are “organizational” approaches to product quality (for example, the concept of “global quality management” - total quality management), according to which the key to achieving quality is building an appropriate organizational structure and distributing responsibility for product quality.
The decision to develop ISO 14000 was a result of the Uruguay Round of World Trade Agreement negotiations and the Rio de Janeiro Summit on Environment and Development in 1992. ISO 14000 standards are developed by Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The standards are modeled after the British Standards BS 7750, published in 1992, to which around 500 companies now voluntarily participate. The ISO 14000 system of standards also used the proven model of international standards for product quality control systems (ISO 9000), according to which more than 70,000 enterprises and companies around the world are currently certified. The first standards in the ISO 14000 series were officially adopted and published at the end of 1996.
It is expected that the system of standards will reduce adverse environmental impacts at three levels:
1. Organizational- through improving the environmental “behavior” of corporations.
2. National- through the creation of a significant addition to the national regulatory framework and a component of state environmental policy.
3. International- through improving the terms of international trade.
ISO 14000 standard system
Documents included in the system can be divided into three main groups:
· principles of creation and use of environmental management systems (EMS);
· environmental monitoring and assessment tools;
· product-oriented standards.
In the three named areas, the following documents have been developed and are being developed:
| Principles of environmental management | Accepted | |
| ISO 14001 | Environmental Management Systems (EMS) - Specifications and Application Guide | + |
| ISO 14004 | EMS - General guidance on principles, systems and methods | + |
| ISO 14014 | A guide to determining the "entry level" of a business's environmental performance. Should be used before establishing a formal environmental management system | |
| Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Tools | ||
| ISO 14010 | Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - General Principles of Environmental Auditing | + |
| ISO 14011/1 | Environmental Auditing Guide - Audit Procedures - Audit of Environmental Management Systems | + |
| ISO 14012 | Environmental Auditing Guide - Qualification Criteria for Environmental Auditors | + |
| ISO 14031 | Guidelines for assessing the environmental performance of an organization | |
| Product-specific standards | ||
| ISO 14020 (Document Series) | Principles of eco-labeling of products | |
| ISO 14040 (Document Series) | "Life cycle assessment" methodology - assessing the environmental impacts associated with a product at all stages of its life cycle | |
| ISO 14050 | Glossary | + |
| ISO 14060 | Guidance on integrating environmental aspects into product standards |
Environmental Management Systems - Environmental Management Systems
The key concept of the ISO 14000 series is the concept environmental management systems in an organization (enterprise or company). Therefore, the central document of the standard is ISO 14001 - “Specifications and guidance for the use of environmental management systems”. Unlike other documents, all of its requirements are “auditable” - it is assumed that compliance or non-compliance with a specific organization can be established with a high degree of certainty. It is compliance with the ISO 14001 standard that is the subject of formal certification.
All other documents are considered as supporting documents - for example, ISO 14004 contains more detailed guidance on creating an environmental management system, the 14010 series of documents defines the principles of EMS auditing. The 14040 series defines a “life cycle assessment” methodology that can be used to assess the environmental impacts associated with an organization's products (such an assessment is required by ISO 14001).
The main requirements that ISO 14001 imposes on an organization, and compliance with which means that the organization has an environmental management system that complies with this standard, are as follows:
1. The organization must develop environmental policy- a specific document of the organization's intentions and principles, which should serve as the basis for the organization's actions and the definition of environmental goals and objectives (see below). Environmental policies must be appropriate to the size, nature and environmental impacts created by the company's activities, products and services. Environmental policies should include, among other things, statements of commitment to compliance, as well as "continuous improvement" of the environmental management system and "pollution prevention". The document must be communicated to all employees of the organization and be available to the public.
2. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for determining significant impacts on the environment(Note that here and elsewhere the standard refers to impacts associated not only with the organization's activities directly, but also with its products and services). The organization must also systematically consider all legal requirements related to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services, as well as requirements of other nature (for example, industry codes).
3. Taking into account significant environmental impacts, legal and other requirements, the organization must develop environmental goals and objectives. Goals and objectives should be as quantitative as possible. They should be based on environmental policy ("including an awareness of the need or commitment to prevent pollution"), and defined for each function (area) and level of the organization. Their formulation should also take into account the views of “stakeholders” (by which are meant any groups and citizens whose interests are affected by, or concerned about, the environmental aspects of the enterprise's activities).
4. To achieve its goals, the organization must develop environmental management program. The program must determine the responsibilities, means and time frames for achieving goals and objectives.
5. The organization must have an appropriate responsibility structure. To ensure the operation of this system must be allocated sufficient human, technological and financial resources. Must be appointed responsible for the operation of the environmental management system at the organization level, whose responsibilities should include periodic reporting to management on the performance of the EMS.
6. A number of requirements must be met staff training, as well as preparing for emergency situations.
7. The organization must implement monitoring or measurement the main parameters of those activities that can have a significant impact on the environment. Procedures should be established to periodically verify compliance with applicable legal and other requirements.
8. Must be carried out periodic audit of the environmental management system to determine whether it meets the criteria set by the organization, as well as the requirements of ISO 14001, is implemented and operates properly. The audit can be carried out either by the company itself or by an external party. The audit results are reported to the company's management.
9. The management of the organization should periodically review the performance of the environmental management system from the point of view of its adequacy and effectiveness. Necessary changes to environmental policy, objectives and other elements of the EMS must be considered. This must take into account the audit findings, changed circumstances and the desire for “continuous improvement”. In general, the requirements of the standard are based on an open loop " plan - implement - check - revise the plan".
Environmental management is currently one of the most important priorities in the field of environmental protection.
The ISO 14000 series of international standards (IS), which appeared in 1996, is a reflection of one of the society's significant international environmental initiatives.
What are the ISO 14000 standards for?
ISO International Standards are intended to provide organizations with the elements of an effective environmental management system that can be combined with other elements of management management to achieve environmental and economic objectives.
An environmental management system is part of an overall administrative management system that includes the organizational structure, planning, responsibilities, methods, procedures, processes and resources necessary to develop, implement, implement, review and maintain environmental policies.
How does the ISO 14000 standard system differ from other documents developed in the field of environmental protection?
Unlike many others, the MS ISO 14000 system is focused not on quantitative parameters (volume of emissions, concentrations of harmful substances, etc.) and not on technology (the requirement to use this or that equipment), but on an environmental management system.
The typical provision of this system is that each organization must have:
1. Certain environmental procedures have been introduced;
2. Measures have been taken to strictly comply with them;
3. Document packages have been prepared;
4. Responsible persons for certain areas of environmental activities have been appointed.
What documents are included in the ISO 14000 series of standards?
Documents of the ISO 14000 system can be divided into three main groups:
· documents describing the principles of creating and using environmental management systems (EMS);
· environmental monitoring and assessment tools;
· product-oriented standards.
The key concept of the ISO 14000 series is the EMS (environmental management system) in an organization. Therefore, MS 14001 EMS is considered the central document of the series. Specifications and instructions for use." MS ISO 14001 establishes requirements for an environmental management system. We have translated it as GOST of the Russian Federation “Environmental quality management systems. General requirements and recommendations for use." Unlike other documents, all of its requirements are “verifiable”. ISO 14001 contains only those requirements that can be objectively audited for certification and/or self-declaration purposes. It is assumed that compliance or non-compliance with a particular organization can be determined with a high degree of certainty. It is compliance with the ISO 14001 standard that is the subject of formal certification.
All other documents are considered as supporting documents. For example, standard 14004 contains extensive guidance on creating an EMS. The 14010 series defines audit principles and 14040 defines a “life cycle assessment” methodology that can be used to assess environmental impacts during product development.
How can ISO 14000 be used to reduce adverse environmental impacts?
The ISO 14000 series MSs are developed taking into account the already proven ISO 9000 series MSs.
It is expected that the new system of standards will reduce adverse environmental impacts at three levels:
1. Organizational - through improving the environmental “behavior” of companies;
2. National - through the creation of state environmental policy;
3. International - through improving the terms of international trade.
What determines the success of implementing ISO 14000 standards?
Of course, adoption of the ISO 14000 series of MS standards does not in itself guarantee optimal environmental results. To achieve environmental performance targets, the environmental management system should encourage organizations to consider adopting best available technology where feasible and economically feasible. In addition, the environmental efficiency of such technology should be fully taken into account.
The success of the system depends on the commitment made at all levels and by all parts of the organization, especially senior management. The system enables the organization to establish procedures (and evaluate their effectiveness) to formulate its environmental policy and environmental performance targets, ensure that its operations comply with those policies, and demonstrate that compliance to others.
The same general management system principles apply to ISO 14001 as the ISO 9000 series of quality system standards. Organizations may select an existing management system consistent with the ISO 9000 series as the basis for their environmental management system.
All requirements contained in ISO 140001 can be included in any environmental management system. The extent to which they apply will depend on factors such as the organization's environmental policy, the nature of its activities and the conditions in which it operates.
What are the main requirements of the ISO 14000 series for an environmental management system?
The MS ISO 14000 series standards contain five basic requirements for an environmental management system:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY - An organization's statement of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental performance, which serves as a basis for action and the establishment of targets and targets.
PLANNING includes the following aspects:
1. Environmental aspects - an element of an organization's activities, products or services that may interact with the environment. An important environmental aspect is one that has, or is likely to have, a significant impact on the environment. This process should consider normal operating conditions, shutdown and start-up conditions, and actual and potential impacts associated with reasonably foreseeable or emergency situations.
2. Legal and other requirements. The organization shall establish and maintain a procedure for identifying legal and other requirements and obtaining access to those requirements to which the organization agrees and which apply to the environmental aspects of its activities.
3. Target and planned environmental indicators. The organization must establish and maintain documented environmental targets and targets for each business unit. Their establishment should take into account legal and other requirements, significant environmental aspects, financial and operational needs, and the views of interested parties. All indicators must be consistent with environmental policy, including a commitment to prevent pollution.
4. Environmental management program(s). The organization shall develop and maintain a program(s) to achieve its environmental targets and targets. Such a program should include: — distribution of responsibility for achieving target and planned environmental indicators for each relevant department and organization; - the means and time frames within which they must be achieved.
IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION includes the following aspects:
1. Structure and responsibility. Duties, responsibilities and authorities must be defined, documented and communicated to all concerned in order to promote effective environmental management. It cannot be assumed that only the environmental service bears responsibility for environmental protection.
2. Training, awareness and competence. The organization shall develop and maintain procedures for identifying personnel training needs. Personnel performing work that may have a significant impact on the environment must have the competence resulting from appropriate education, training and/or practical experience. Personnel performing work that may have a significant impact on the environment must have the competence resulting from appropriate education, training and/or practical experience.
3. Communication. In the field of environmental aspects and environmental management system, the organization must establish and maintain procedures for: - internal communication between different levels and divisions of the company; — Receiving, documenting and responding to appropriate communications from external interested parties.
4. Documentation of the environmental management system. The organization should identify and maintain up-to-date information on paper or electronic media to: — describe the main elements of the administrative management system and their interaction; — indications of related documentation.
5. Documentation management. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for the control of all records required by this International Standard so that: — they can be found; — they are periodically reviewed, revised as necessary and approved for adequacy by authorized personnel; — current editions of relevant documents are available at all locations where work important to the effective functioning of the environmental management system is carried out; - outdated documents were immediately removed from all distribution and application points, or their unintentional use was prevented in some other way; - any outdated documents retained for legal purposes and/or to preserve records have been properly identified.
6. Operations management. The organization shall identify those operations and activities that have identified significant environmental aspects that are consistent with its policies, targets and plans. The organization shall plan these activities, including maintenance, to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions.
7. Emergency preparedness and response. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for identifying and responding to the possibility of disasters and emergency situations, and for preventing and mitigating environmental impacts that may be associated with these situations.
INSPECTIONS AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS INCLUDE:
1. Monitoring and measurement. The organization shall establish and maintain documented procedures for regularly monitoring and measuring the essential characteristics of its operations and activities that may have a significant impact on the environment. This should include recording information to monitor execution, appropriate operational controls and compliance with the organization's targets and plans.
2. Non-conformity and corrective and preventive actions. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for defining responsibilities and authorities for identifying and investigating nonconformities, taking action to mitigate any resulting impacts, and initiating and taking corrective and preventive actions.
3. Registered data. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures for identifying, maintaining and disposing of environmental records.
4. Audit of the environmental management system. Here, audit refers to a systematic and documented process of examining objectively obtained and evaluated data to determine whether an organization's environmental management system meets the organization's audit criteria for such a system, and to communicate the results obtained therefrom. process, management.
MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS. The organization's top management should review the environmental management system at intervals it determines to ensure its continued suitability, adequacy and effectiveness.
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