The names of birds do not arise by chance. People often paid attention to some rather characteristic feature, distinguishing one bird from another. This is the appearance, the cry that the bird makes, its nesting place, its resemblance to something and other external and internal qualities.
Why do you think cuckoo got its name? Of course, because she cuckoos, she shouts: “Kuk-ku! Kuk-ku!” You probably already guessed that the cuckoo itself told people what to call it. And not only the Russians heard this. In many countries, the name "cuckoo" sounds similar to the Russian one. The Czechs, for example, call this bird "kukachka", the Bulgarians - "kukuwitsa", the Germans - "kukuk", the French - "kuku", the Italians - "kukuko". All these peoples paid attention to one sign - the cry of the cuckoo, so the name of this bird sounds very similar. This means that a bird can get a name for its nakedness, for its song, for the way it screams.
Not a crow, not a tit, -
What is the name of this bird?
Perched on a bitch -
A “cuckoo” sound was heard in the forest.
(M. Lapygin)
If you ever walked through a meadow, then you saw birds fly up from the grass and seem to ask you: “Whose are you? Whose are you?” This lapwing, it also got its name from its scream.
But a long-beaked bird is flying over the swamp, and its beak is interesting, bent down. Attention: the bird screamed. "Kuulik... kuulik!" And everyone knows what her name is. Waders There are different ones, large and small, darker and lighter, some have a longer beak, others have a shorter one, and they all have different names. There are other names that reflect the characteristics of bird voices, for example: gull, siskin, goldfinch, thrush, loon, hoopoe, starling.
The appearance of the bird (color of the “suit”, unusual beak, tail) can also become a sign that is important when choosing a name. That's what they were called grouse, greenfinch, redstart, crossbill. Plumage color helps birds hide from enemies. Here, for example, is what Vitaly Bianchi writes about the hazel grouse: “It has an invisible feather. The most protective color in the forest is motley. Everything is covered in gray, black, and red rowan grouse. In the forest, everything around you is so colorful in your eyes.” . Greenfinch all green, with a gray tint on the back and yellow on the sides.
Redstart so named for its interesting tail. Red in color, it shakes all the time. That's why it seems that the tail flashes with a light, as if it is burning.
Don't think it's a match
It caught fire under a bush, -
This is a small bird
Under the bush he shakes his tail.
Fire colored feathers
The sun will shine brightly -
It immediately seems that this
The redstart's tail is on fire.
(E. Ilyin. Redstart)
Bird name crossbill comes from the old Russian word bite, which means “to compress, squeeze, squeeze.” The beak of this bird is bent crosswise, as if it is compressed, squeezed. The word pincers comes from the word klestit. Their front part is also compressed, squeezed.
Some birds are named after what they eat. It's clear that flycatcher feeds on flies, and doesn’t just peck them on the ground, but catches them, that’s why it’s a flycatcher. The small speckled crow (smaller than the gray crow) in Siberia is called nutcracker, and in central Russia, where there are no pine nuts, but there are many other nuts, this same bird is called nutcracker. And it’s also clear why.
There are birds that are named for their behavior. Wryneck(it is also called differently: swivel head, twist head) builds a nest in a hollow. What if someone wants to feast on her little chicks? Oh, this bird will be able to protect its offspring in case of danger. She stretches her neck and hisses like a snake, so those who want to get to know her better lose all desire. Who wants to meet a snake?!
Little gray bird
Small bird,
You always turn your neck
Is there a need for this?
(I. Belyakov)
Name wagtail also speaks of the behavior of a bird that constantly wags its tail. These birds live near water. The waves are flowing, the bird is shaking its tail. Try to notice it if everything sways before your eyes.
Can the place where they live serve as the basis for the name of birds? Yes maybe. Kamyshovka(or warbler) spends her whole life among the reeds and she flies to us only when the water off the coast is overgrown with reeds. Shore Swallow does not know how to make nests, as her sister killer whales do. Shorebirds dig nests in the high banks of the river. And their “suit” matches the places where they make nests - brown.
Not only the place, but also the time may be important when choosing a bird name. So, bullfinch flies to us along with the snow and lives all winter, and in the spring it goes north.
Let me be a small bird,
My friends, I have a habit:
When the cold starts, straight from the north here.
(I. Kulskaya)
Zoryanka... This name is very suitable for a bird that greets the morning and evening dawns with a song, when the sun has already set or has not yet risen.
In the thicket of the forest near the clearing,
I'm glad for the evening time,
Forest dawn bird
She sang a song at dawn.
(E. Trutneva. Zoryanka)
Or here's another name - finch. Why is this bird called that? Because it's chilly? Is not it? Here's what one fairy tale says about it:
October scared the birds so much that some flew all the way to Africa without looking back! Not everyone is so timid. The others didn't move. There's a crow - at least she has something to do with it! Croaks. The jackdaws remain. Sparrows. Well, October doesn’t want to get involved with these guys. This doesn’t even matter about January! But I took up the finches. Because their last name is Zyablik and they should be afraid of October. He took it and dispersed everyone. There's only one left. The most stubborn.
“You finch, get so cold,” October got angry. - And shook off the thermometer. But the Chaffinch will not feel cold!
- You'll probably get cold! - October raged. And let the wind blow under the feather of the Chaffinch.
But the Chaffinch will not feel cold! He has a sure remedy for chills - a tight belly. Jumps on branches as if on steps. And he pecks: either a beetle or a seed. And since the belly is tight, then his temperature is normal - plus forty-four degrees. And with such temperatures it’s May in October!
(N. Sladkov. Stubborn finch.)
Turns out, finch not a finch at all, he is not afraid of the cold and flies in early spring when there is still snow on the fields. And it flies away in late autumn, in the cold, “chilly” time, as people say. Because this bird flies and flies away in the cold season, and they called it a finch.
As you can see, the names of birds did not appear by chance. People paid attention to some feature and gave a name based on this feature.
A small gray bird moves quickly along a tree trunk - pika. On the way, she searches every crevice, every crack, pulling out insects and their larvae. At the same time, she squeaks quietly all the time.
Here a black bird emerges from the reeds - coot. Slow, lazy. She is as tall as a duck. A light leathery plate shines on its forehead, so from a distance the bird appears bald.
Why did people offend the bird so much by calling it wood grouse? Or maybe he really is deaf? Here is the conversation between Capercaillie and Magpie:
Wood grouse, the hunter is coming!
- Teke-teke-teke...
- Wood grouse, do you hear! Deaf, or what?!
- Teke, teke-vzhzhiu... As? Who? What? And when I sing, I don’t hear anything...
- The hunter, I say, is coming!
- Oh, you pine trees, that’s right! Thank you, Soroka, you helped me out. Otherwise my song would be sung!
Why was the wood grouse called that? When a capercaillie sings, or, as they say, displays, he really does not hear any extraneous noise. At this time, the hunters sneak up on him. But as soon as the wood grouse’s song has ceased, stop, freeze: the bird listens sensitively. Everything is quiet. The capercaillie is showing again, the hunter is rushing to the current again.
You are convinced that the names of many birds are given according to their appearance (greenfinch, hazel grouse, lemongrass, redstart, chub, stickleback, coot), place of residence (warbler, canary, gudgeon, sculpin), time of arrival, singing (finch, chaffinch, dawn) , behavior (wagtail, whirligig, jumper, loach), by what they feed on (flycatcher, nutcracker, wren, cabbage), by cry, song (cuckoo, pika, gull, lapwing, sandpiper, thrush).
But people did not always come up with new names for birds. It could have been different. If the bird is yours appearance, its behavior resembled some familiar object, then it could be called the same as this object. So the word acquired a new meaning.
The Tufted Tit's name is grenadier (grenadier). It got its name from its crest. It looks like a decoration on the headdress of grenadier soldiers. There was a special branch of troops in the tsarist army - grenadiers, selected military units, in which it was considered honorable to serve.
The small sandpiper is called carrier, although he doesn't transport anyone. This bird lives everywhere along the banks of rivers and loves to fly from one bank to another. This habit is why the bird is called a carrier.
There are also misspelled names. The small grayish-brown bird was named nightjar. Does she really know how to milk goats? Not really! The bird hides during the day, and when darkness falls it flies out to hunt. The herd returns to the village in the evening, frightened insects fly out from under the animals’ feet, and the bird is right there. Her mouth is huge, like a net. A lot of midges get there. And horseflies, flies, mosquitoes, which so disturb livestock, will not escape this trap. People thought that the bird was coming to milk the goats. Because of these stupid inventions, a useful bird was driven away. But the nightjar doesn’t need milk, give it insects. But still he remained a whippoorwill.
But there are few such misnomers. Birds, animals, insects, fish got their names based on a variety of characteristics. For example, a bird needlebeak It owes its name to its crooked, upward-curved beak, similar to a shoe awl. And a grayish-colored river duck is called pintail. As you may have guessed, she received this nickname for her long, medium tail feathers. For this sharp tail, it is called differently in different places in our country: shilen, sharptail, pintail. Although the names are different, they are all based on one characteristic - a sharp tail.
The names awl, pintail, and sharptail are synonymous names. The same bird is named in different words. And it happens that the same bird is given different names according to various criteria. We mentioned the bird Zoryanka, whose name was given because it greets and sees off the dawn with a song. So this same bird is also called robin.
Maybe you heard that lapwing sometimes called meadow, because this bird most often lives in the meadow. wagtail also called pliska for her simple song: “Plis, plis, plis.” Bird coot in the Astrakhan region they call official. The coot's plumage is black. In the old days, officials wore a black suit and a cockade on their cap. The coot walks slowly, lazily, like an important official in black clothes, and the plaque (a leathery growth on the head), for which the bird received its first name, completely replaces the cockade. An official, and nothing more!
The smallest bird in our forests is called wren. She has yellow feathers on her head, like a golden crown. A small one is a king, if it were bigger, it would be a king. And people call him with a carnation. Very apt name! Truly a carnation: its sharp nose will crawl into every crack, wherever midges and spiders hide. And as tall as a carnation.
There are not two, but three or four names, and each characterizes the bird from one aspect. Among the scree, rocks and simply in piles of stones, or even in stone fences or cracks in stone walls, a small gray bird makes its nest - heater. The bird was named after its “place of residence.” For the alarming cry "check-check, check-check, check-check" the bird received a different name - coinage. The Wheatear is a cautious bird. As soon as you pass by the place where she made a nest, the wheatear is right there. Restlessly "checks", flies from place to place along the road along which a man is walking, as if seeing him off. For this, the heater received another name - companion. And all this can be explained very simply: the bird is worried about its nest and accompanies the person until it sees that its offspring are safe.
The names of some animals are non-Russian in origin. Remember how the Russian people gave names to animals and plants.
Let's see what signs other peoples took into account. In central Russia there are two long-nosed birds - snipe and woodcock. Snipe- this is what the French called the bird for its long beak. Beak is "beak" in French, and hence snipe. From France this name migrated to us. Other name - woodcock- came to us from German language. It means "forest snipe" (the German "wald" means "forest"). This means that the woodcock is a sibling of the snipe, but he chose a different place to live - the forest. But the snipe is happy in the swamp! No wonder they say: "Every sandpiper praises its swamp". But what does the sandpiper have to do with it! And despite the fact that both the snipe and the woodcock are waders, they both have long legs and long noses, only the woodcock’s is bent upward.
“The first task of history is to refrain from lying, the second is not to conceal the truth, the third is not to give any reason to suspect oneself of partiality or prejudiced hostility.” “Not knowing history is always being a child.” Cicero Marcus Tullius
Note. Label graphically the prefixes pre- and pre-.
1. Why did you, my old lady, fall silent at the window? (P.) 2. A fish swam to him and asked: “What do you want, elder?” (P.) 3. Here the yard boy is running, having planted a bug in the sled, transforming himself into a horse (P.) 4. The lunch hour was approaching, stomping was heard in the yard. (P.) 5. I lay down to take a nap by the gun carriage. (L.) 6. What, dense forest, thought about it? (Ring.) 7. You are beautiful, fields of your native land. (L.) 8. With a long twig the man drove the geese into the city to sell. (Kr.) 9. The song gives vigor. (Dolm.) 10. If a smile adds beauty to the face, then it is beautiful. (L.T.) 11. At first Bim listened warily, looked closely at his friend, then stood up and licked the hand extended from the bed. (Triple) (86 words)
Creative dictation
Directions. Add nouns to verbs.
Stop..., invent..., invite..., overcome..., shelter..., admit..., exaggerate..., try on..., pursue..., reconcile..., block....
Proceed to..., get used to..., bow before..., join..., approach..., warn against..., prepare for..., imagine..., coincide with..., be present at..., lean against....
Note. Indicate the spelling in the prefixes.
Mushrooms appeared early this year. We invited friends to go with us to the forest on Sunday. It was a beautiful day. We were approaching the forest. Everyone felt a surge of strength and vigor. The autumn sun was warm and the breeze was blowing pleasantly. To the left and right of the road there were endless expanses of fields, offering beautiful views of our native nature. In the forest, everything seemed to be hidden, everything was silent. We scattered through the forest and shouted calls to each other.
Our stay in the forest was coming to an end. By evening the forest was transformed, the trees began to take on bizarre shapes. We had to pick up our pace in order to reach the station in time for the train. (92 words)
Vocabulary dictation
Seek shelter; find refuge; overcome all obstacles and obstacles; ignore advice; block the road; stop unnecessary conversations; take an oath; get vaccinated enter into arguments; reconcile disputants; try on a coat: attend a meeting; overcome fear; get used to the conditions. (35 words)
Note. Label graphically the prefixes pre and pre-.
1. The young scientist became a worthy successor to the famous professor. 2. I took a transistor radio with me on a hike. 3. No one broke the law. 4. The team started work. 5. A group of climbers made an unprecedented ascent to a mountain peak. 6. Systematic training is an indispensable condition for any athlete 7. During our stay in the south, we loved to watch the arrival of steamships. 8. The boy pretended to be asleep. 9. I want to make dreams come true (57 words)
Birds have an amazing ability to hide somewhere when an enemy approaches them. If their chicks are still helpless, the mother takes off from the nest and flies away, making warning sounds, trying to attract the enemy’s attention to herself. The predator usually chases the mother, who leads him away from the nest.
The animals resort to the same technique that saved the children. The movement of an elk, when it is in danger, is unstoppable, despite the obstacles in the forest. The moose calf cannot move as quickly, so it remains in cover, and the moose cow runs as far as possible. (80 words)
From a letter from a polar explorer
Winter will stop our work here, and I will come home. Living in the harsh North was useful; I learned to overcome difficulties and acquired a lot of knowledge.
What amazing nature is here! What boundless expanses of water! How many unknown secrets! It is no coincidence that this region attracts young researchers who, having arrived here, enthusiastically get to work, engage in scientific research, and make interesting discoveries. This is an excellent school for people who decide to test themselves and devote their energies to science. (69 words)
Even in ancient times, people, observing the behavior of animals, became convinced that they feel more subtly natural phenomena. How do they manifest themselves? amazing animal abilities and what are the reasons for their occurrence?
Animals feel an earthquake coming
It has been noticed that before the onset of earthquakes, different animals behave differently than usual. Fish and other inhabitants of water bodies usually float to the surface; animals living in the ground leave their holes and crawl out; In winter, animals wake up from hibernation and leave their shelters. Many animals worry, tremble, and move to safer territories. It is almost impossible to predict where on the planet the next disaster will occur. Therefore, in places with an increased risk of earthquakes, people carefully monitor the behavior of animals.
There were cases when it was thanks to our smaller brothers that we managed to escape. Scientists are still debating how animals sense the approach of disaster. One version is that they can sense changes in the Earth's magnetic field that occur before an earthquake. Small magnetic grains were found in the bones of animals' limbs, thanks to which they detect these changes.
Therefore, animals sense the approach of an earthquake.
Birds sense the approaching rain
People have been observing the behavior of representatives of the animal world for many years, which has made it possible to establish a large number of signs that accurately predict the weather. In nature, there are more than 600 species of animals that are capable of detecting the slightest changes in the atmosphere. These abilities have developed through evolution and natural selection and made it possible to prepare and more easily endure difficult weather conditions. Many birds are especially sensitive to weather changes. This amazing instinct has been explained in science. They respond to changes in air pressure, temperature and humidity, intensity sun rays, a decrease in illumination when clouds appear and a change in the electric field in the atmosphere before thunderstorms.
The behavior of many insect-eating birds depends on the activity of their prey. For example, swallows fly high in the sky on fine clear days, and before bad weather they hunt closer to earth's surface. And all because insects in good weather are able to rise high in currents of warm air, and before the rain they hide in the grass or stay low above the ground.
Therefore, birds sense the approach of rain.
Animals heal people
Some animals show not just amazing, but supernatural (extrasensory) abilities in healing people. Cat therapy and dolphin therapy have proven healing properties on the human body. Thanks to its powerful electromagnetic field these animals come into bioenergetic contact, which has a beneficial effect on human health. For example, cats produce low-frequency currents. According to scientists, they are able to produce them thanks to their thin and delicate wool. When the animal moves, the hairs rub against each other, resulting in a powerful electric field. By acting on the source of inflammation, currents kill microbes. In addition, tissue healing occurs faster and their blood supply improves. Dogs also have a positive effect on the psyche of their owners.
Dolphin therapy helps in the treatment of people with diseases of the nervous system, improves the condition of patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, relieves chronic pain, and promotes speech development in children.
To date, not all the capabilities of animals have been studied, not all the secrets of their perception of the world around them have been revealed. Scientists are actively working in this direction, organizing Scientific research, conduct experiments. Obviously, in the future we will learn much more about the supernatural abilities of animals.
The natural abilities of some animals manifest themselves in their unusual skills.
Unusual animal skills
Some fish fly
The tropical waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, as well as some seas, are home to quite amazing fish that look very much like birds. The ability to fly was given to flying fish by nature to save them from underwater predators. Although it happens that they fly without any reason. Distinctive feature These fish have unusually large and hard pectoral or pelvic fins, very similar in appearance to wings. They have a special wedge-shaped tail design, the lower blade of which is larger than the upper.
Small flying fish. Their largest representatives reach a length of 45 centimeters. They are also distinguished by the presence of a large swim bladder that runs under the spine all the way to the tail. Before flying, the fish accelerates in the water and swims close to its surface. Develops good speed She uses the energetic work of her tail, after which she breaks out of the water, spreads her fins and soars, sometimes pushing off the crests of the waves. Flying fish are capable of both covering hundreds of meters above water, reaching speeds of up to 80 km/h, and flying quite high above its surface.
Water striders can run on water
Water striders are a type of bug that lives on water. The body of these insects is very light - in the largest individuals it reaches 30 mm in length, and the limbs are thin and long. The water strider's legs are equipped with hard, waterproof hairs, thanks to which they easily stay on the surface of the water and move freely along it. To move, the water strider uses two pairs of widely spaced legs, middle and hind. Moving her legs in different directions, she turns around. The forelimbs are shorter and are used to change the speed of movement or to capture prey.
Water striders feed on other insects that fall to the surface of the water. They quickly find food thanks to good vision and the ability to transmit and receive information through vibrations of the water surface. These creatures not only know how to deftly glide through the water, but also make long leaps, jumping over various obstacles or eluding predators. With the onset of cold weather and the disappearance of food, water striders get out of reservoirs and take refuge in old stumps or moss for the winter.
But even a light water strider would still drown if there were no force in nature, which is called surface tension. Under the influence of this force, water molecules are attracted to each other, and an elastic “skin” is formed on the surface.
Chameleons change the color of their skin and can look in different directions at the same time
Chameleons have the ability to change their color from bright green to gray-black or yellow. By nature, they are endowed with transparent skin, under which there are red, black and yellow cells. If a chameleon is angry or afraid, its nervous system sends signals to these cells and they respond by contracting or expanding, causing the skin to appear to change color. When an animal is angry, its skin becomes dark; when excited or afraid, it acquires pale yellow shades. If the lizard is in a calm state, its skin is colored reddish-brown, sometimes with transverse stripes.
Chameleons' eyes rotate like gun turrets. At the same time, they can simultaneously look in different directions. So the chameleon’s field of vision is very wide - a rare midge will escape unnoticed by such an observant hunter.
By the way, this lizard’s tongue is not just long - it is longer than its entire body! The chameleon shoots it sharply out of its mouth, and after a split second it pulls it back in with its prey - some insect stuck to the sticky sucker on the tip of its tongue.
Ducks don't get wet in water
The plumage of all waterfowl is very dense and waterproof. The special structure of the feathers is ensured by the presence of microscopic bristles equipped with hooks. When a bird shakes its feathers, they stick together, forming a very strong connection. And the water-repellent property of their plumage is ensured by a special fatty lubricant secreted by the coccygeal gland of waterfowl.
All ducks take special care of their feathers and the skin underneath them. First, they are washed well and shaken off, after which a fatty lubricant is carefully applied with the beak and distributed over their entire surface. The head is smeared using paws or rubbing on the back. Thanks to this care, the duck can swim and dive in the water for a long time, while remaining dry, and calmly take off from the surface of the reservoir.
However, if a waterfowl is deprived of the opportunity to groom itself for several days, or if the water contains detergent, neutralizes fat, its plumage will quickly become wet, and the bird may even drown, since wet feathers will become very heavy.
Hummingbirds can fly backwards
The world of birds also has its own “helicopters”. These are hummingbirds, the smallest birds in the world. The pygmy hummingbird, or bumblebee hummingbird, hatches its chicks in a nest the size of a walnut. These miniature birds have the ability to fly in all directions - forward, backward, sideways, up and down. They can even hover in the air, staying in one place.
Tardigrades have uncanny durability
The microscopic invertebrate animal tardigrade, also called the little water bear, has incredible vitality. It is capable of falling into a state of cryptobiosis and can survive even the most extreme conditions: helium cooling to −271 °C, heating to 100 °C, irradiation of 570,000 roentgens. For comparison, the lethal dose for humans is only 500 roentgens. The tardigrade can even live in space, where, as is known, there is no air. This amazing creature does not have a respiratory or circulatory system; it breathes through the skin, and the function of blood is performed by the fluid that fills the body cavity.
Dung beetles have heroic strength
The dung beetle, called the bull beetle, or two-horned dung beetle, is capable of supporting a load exceeding its own body weight by more than 1,000 times. Such impressive results during the study were shown by well-fed individuals. If a 70-kilogram man had such strength, he would be able to lift 80 tons of weight. Dung beetles have horns with which they fight for the female, demonstrating their phenomenal strength.
Grasshoppers hear with their feet
The superfamily Grasshoppers, which belong to long-whiskered orthoptera insects, have a hearing organ on the front legs. Of course, the “ears” of a grasshopper are not at all like our ears. These are just tiny holes covered with thin skin, like tiny drums.
Honeybees detect taste with their feet
Most insects taste food with their mouths, just like humans. However, honey bees also sense taste with their paws. A bee only has to land on a flower and it already knows what it tastes like.
Tasks:
- Strengthen spelling skills of prefixes PRE-, PRI-, vowels, alternating in roots letters I-Y after consonant prefixes, connecting O-E in difficult words.
- Develop students' interest in Russian language, deepen their creative potential
- Raise such personal qualities like ingenuity, imagination, collectivism
Equipment:
- route map,
- individual cards,
- task cards for group work,
- cards for playing lotto
Lesson format:
Lesson game, team competition
Rules of the game:
The class is divided into 2 teams. Experts are assigned to each team. Teams complete tasks, and experts from the other team check it. Penalty points are awarded for mistakes. The team that completes all tasks faster wins.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment
Explanation of the rules of the game, introduction of judges, experts, systems for assessing the work of teams.
2. Start of biathlon
Teacher's opening speech: To start the competition, the starting pistol must be fired. And it will sound if you correctly answer the questions in the envelopes at the starting line.
Team 1
| H | A | E | L | N | Z | Y | IN | ABOUT | IN | A | |
| T | H | T | E | A | I | TO | ABOUT | ABOUT | ABOUT | N | |
| ABOUT | U | R | D | U | ABOUT | E | L | B | Z | AND | |
| AND | Z | A | Z | TO | AND | - | WITH | R | A | E | ? |
Team 2
|
Decipher the question and answer it |
||||||||||||
| H | H | A | R | F | A | Z | L | ABOUT | Z | ABOUT | N | ABOUT |
| E | AND | E | ABOUT | E | R | B | WITH | IN | A | IN | b | G |
| M | L | T | M | M | Y | ABOUT | T | ABOUT | R | A | L | ABOUT |
| ABOUT | T | WITH | I | N | Y | R | ABOUT | ABOUT | B | T | E | ? |
3. Station “Loto”
Participants receive lotto cards to fill out.
Each team receives 4 cards. Having determined the meaning of the prefix by inserting E or I, the children find the answers on the cut cards and fill out the lotto cards with them.
Team 1
Team 2
4. Station “New Words”
Before you go to the firing line of this station, let’s remember what ways of forming new words in the Russian language do you know?
(Suggested answers: prefix, suffix, addition (of stems and whole words), suffixless, addition of abbreviated stems,).
Assignment: determine how the following words are formed by putting the number of word formation method against each word.
Team 1
- prefixal
- suffixal
- prefixal-suffixal
- addition (stems and whole words)
- suffixless
- addition of abbreviated stems
- transition from one part of speech to another
Team 2
- prefixal
- suffixal
- prefixal-suffixal
- addition (stems and whole words)
- unsuffixed
- addition of abbreviated stems
- transition from one part of speech to another
5. Station “Spelling”
The teams are given the task of inserting the missing letters and determining which rule the examples are based on.
6. Station “Encryption”
Team members must decipher the abbreviations
(compound words)
7. Station “Linguisticheskaya”
Each team receives a card with sentences from which they must compose a coherent text, title it, and determine the type and style of the text.
Team 1
Dawn was burning heavily over the city.
Summer is in full swing.
Outside the window, clouds rush easily, the sun lies in hot spots on the domes. Abundant fluff from dandelions flies.
The Neva flowed like a mass of iron water, the waves rumbled menacingly near the pavements, candles were burning in the houses.
Team 2
She attracts the enemy's attention to herself.
The predator usually chases the mother, who takes him away from the nest.
If their chicks are still helpless, the mother takes off from the nest and flies away, making warning sounds.
Birds have an amazing ability to hide somewhere when an enemy approaches them.
8. Finish
Final words from the teacher:
So, our “Grammar Biathlon” has ended. By going through his route, you showed good knowledge on the topic.
9. Reflection.
What questions did you find particularly interesting?
What questions caused difficulties?
What do you think needs to be repeated before the test dictation?
10. Summing up. Winner's reward ceremony.
Brain
Compared to fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds have a more developed brain, especially the large forebrain hemispheres and the cerebellum. The development of the cerebral hemispheres is associated with very complex behavior in birds. The cerebellum is known to provide balance and control movement coordination. In birds that have the ability to fly and perform complex and varied movements. The role of the cerebellum is very important. The cerebellum ensures balance and precise coordination of the bird during flight.
Neck
The neck of different birds is of different lengths and is characterized by great mobility. In most birds, the eyes are tightly fixed in the sockets and cannot move in them. However, this disadvantage is compensated by the extreme mobility of the neck, which allows you to turn your head in almost any direction.
Ability to turn the neck
The number of cervical vertebrae in birds ranges from 9 to 25. The great horned owl can turn its head 270 degrees. The pigeon has 14 cervical vertebrae. This allows him to turn his head almost 300 degrees.
A sparrow's neck has twice as many vertebrae as a giraffe's.
Leather
The skin is dry, devoid of glands, with the exception of the coccygeal gland, which serves to lubricate
Glands
Seagulls drink salty sea water, because their tonsils are adapted to filter salt.
Eyes
Birds have excellent eyesight. For example, eagle, soaring high above the meadows, sees a mouse running through the grass. Most birds have a very wide, almost circular field of vision. Therefore, birds see not only in front of them, but also to the sides and partly behind them. The eyes of birds, like those of reptiles, are equipped with three eyelids: the upper, lower and transparent inner - the nictitating membrane.
Monocular and binocular vision
In addition, the bird has a very wide overall field of vision because its eyes are located on the sides of its head. This type of vision, in which any object is visible with only one eye at a time, is called monocular. The total field of monocular vision is up to 340 degrees. Binocular vision, in which both eyes are facing forward, is characteristic only owls Their total field is limited to approximately 70 degrees. There are transitions between monocularity and binocularity. U woodcock the eyes are moved so far back that they perceive the rear half of the visual field no worse than the front. This allows him to monitor what is happening above his head, probing the ground with his beak in search of earthworms.
Visual acuity
American researchers managed to determine visual acuity kestrels (Cerchneis), birds from the family falcons (Falconidae). Her vision turned out to be 2.6 times sharper than a human's. If a person had such vision, he would be able to read the entire table to determine visual acuity at a distance of about 90 m.
The eye is larger than the brain
Eye ostrich bigger than his brain.
Blinks with eyes open
Owl - the only bird blinking with open eyes.
Good and weak sense of smell
In some birds ( ducks, waders, carrion-eating predators etc.) the sense of smell is well developed and is used when searching for food. In other birds it is poorly developed.
Hearing
Birds have very sensitive hearing. They pick up even faint sounds that warn of danger. Many nocturnal predators catch prey in the dark by hearing. Although birds hear sounds over a fairly wide frequency range, they are especially sensitive to acoustic signals from members of their own species. As experiments have shown, different kinds perceive frequencies from 40 Hz ( budgie) up to 29,000 Hz (finch), however, usually the upper limit of audibility in birds does not exceed 20,000 Hz. The upper hearing limit of a pigeon is 12,000 Hz, the tawny owl is 21,000, the chicken is 38,000, and songbirds are 20,000 Hz.
See all the colors of the rainbow
Chickens see all the colors of the rainbow.
Echolocation
Several species of birds that nest in dark caves avoid hitting obstacles there using echolocation. This ability is observed, for example, in Guajaro (Steatornis caripensis) from Trinidad and the north South America. Flying in absolute darkness, it emits “bursts” of high-pitched sounds and, perceiving their reflection from the walls of the cave, easily navigates it.
In the famous Guajaro Cave, described by Humboldt, about 300,000 Guajaro nest. They fly out only at night, and use echolocation to navigate in the dark. Their sonar is less advanced than that of bats and dolphins. They operate at relatively low frequencies, namely in the range from 1500 to 2500 Hz. Therefore, the Guajaros do not notice small objects in the dark. The Guajaro caves are very noisy. Even at the entrance you hear an orchestra of bird calls and loud location clicks. Birds emit ominous, piercing screams, reminiscent of crying and moaning, difficult to bear for an unaccustomed ear.
Echolocation is also used Swifts, living in Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. U different types Salang sonars operate at different frequencies: 2000 to 7000 Hz. It is curious that when the bird is sitting, its echolocation apparatus does not work; location pulses are sent only in flight (when flapping the wings). The swiftlet sonar does not work even in the light. Swiftlets hunt only 40 minutes a day
Heart
Birds have larger hearts than mammals of similar body size, and the smaller the species, the relatively larger its heart. For example, in hummingbirds its mass accounts for up to 2.75% of the mass of the entire organism. All birds that fly frequently must have a large heart to ensure rapid blood circulation. The same can be said for species that live in cold areas or at high altitudes. Like mammals, birds have a four-chambered heart.
Heart twice the size
The bird's heart is structured exactly the same as that of mammals, but the size of the bird's heart is twice the size of the heart of a mammal of the same size.
A sparrow's heart beats 600-850 times per minute, a hummingbird's 600, a chicken's 170-460, a goose's 210-320, a pigeon's 200, and an ostrich's 65 beats per minute. Human pulse is 60-80 beats per minute. Extreme fright can increase a bird's blood pressure so much that major arteries burst and the bird dies.
Pulse in passerines at rest it is 400-600 beats, during flight - 1000.
Blood and blood pressure
Blood pressure in birds and mammals is 120-180 mm Hg. st, in arthropods it is 5-10, in the green frog - about 40, in active fish - 65-75.
Birds' blood typically contains more red blood cells than most mammals and, as a result, can carry more oxygen per unit of time, which is necessary for flight.
Metabolism
The process of digestion of food in birds is very active; for insectivores it does not exceed 1 hour, and for granivores - 4 hours. Intensive metabolism is associated with the consumption of a significant amount of food, especially increasing in small birds, which are characterized by large heat losses.
The chicken genome has been deciphered
The wild bank fowl, Gallus gallus or Gallus bankiva, also called the red junglefowl, is believed to be the ancestor of domestic chicken(Gallus gallus domestica). It turned out that wild chicken DNA contains about a billion base pairs, which is 3 times less than human DNA. The estimated number of genes is estimated at 20,000 - 23,000 (about the same number in humans, which once again proves the important role of non-coding regions of the genome).
Digestive system
Two stomachs
Many granivorous birds have a crop in which they store food in order to digest it later. The two stomachs also help birds digest food in record time. In 4 hours, the goose digests the amount that is processed by the rabbit within 24 hours. In the upper stomach (proventriculus), food is crushed by digestive enzymes. The lower stomach (ventriculus) grinds food, as is done in mammals with teeth. In granivorous birds, digestion in the second stomach is more active than in insectivores and predators. To improve digestion, some birds swallow small pebbles.
Small buds
The excretory organs are represented by 2 large kidneys located deep in the pelvis. Their mass is 1-2% of body weight. Through two ureters, uric acid flows into the cloaca and is excreted along with excrement. There is no bladder, which makes the bird lighter.
Intestinal tract
An ostrich can weigh up to 140 kilograms. And its length intestinal tract- 14 meters.
The only bird with a bladder
Ostrich Struthioniformes- the only bird with a bladder.
Bones
The tubular bones of birds are hollow and contain air, which is why they are light.
Double Breathing
Some of the bronchial branches are not divided into bronchioles and extend beyond the lungs, forming thin-walled air sacs located between internal organs, muscles and even inside hollow bones. The volume of the air sacs is almost 10 times the volume of the lungs. Air sacs help increase the volume of inhaled air, participate in the mechanism of double breathing, promote heat transfer, protecting the body from overheating, and lighten the body weight of the bird.
During the flight birds breathe very quickly: The pigeon takes 450 breaths per minute.
Air conditioners
The role of air conditioners is performed by air bags. This to some extent compensates for the lack of sweating. Birds don't sweat!
During the breeding season, males of some species inflate their air sacs to attract the attention of females.
Eyes hidden under skin
Birds' eyes are very large because these animals navigate mainly by sight. The eyeball is mostly hidden under the skin, with only the dark pupil surrounded by a colored iris visible.
Three centuries
In addition to the upper and lower eyelids, birds also have a “third” eyelid – the nictitating membrane. This is a thin, transparent fold of skin that moves over the eye from the side of the beak. The nictitating membrane moisturizes, cleanses and protects the eye, instantly closing it in case of danger of contact with an external object.
Birds' fingers
...arranged differently depending on the habits of the species and their environment. For grasping branches, climbing, catching prey, carrying food and manipulating it, they are equipped with steeply curved sharp claws. In running and burrowing species, the fingers are thick, and the claws on them are strong, but rather blunt. Waterfowl have webbed toes, like ducks, or leathery blades on the sides, like grebes. In larks and some other open-space singing species, the hind finger is armed with a very long claw.
Spurs serve as skis
In pheasants and turkeys, there is a horny spur on the back of the tarsus, and in the collared hazel grouse, on the sides of the toes there is a rim of horny spines, which falls off in the spring and grows back in the fall to serve as skis in the winter. Most birds have 4 toes on their feet.
They move on the ground
... real sparrows - jumping, alternately moving their legs - larks and skates. However, when moving quickly, they switch not to running, but to jumping.
Body temperature
...high (41-42 degrees), supported complex system thermoregulation. Like mammals, birds are warm-blooded, with a range normal temperatures their bodies are higher than those of humans - from 37.7 to 43.5 degrees C. A chicken has a body temperature of 40.5 - 42.0, a pulse rate of 170 - 460, a goose has 40.0 - 41.0 and 210 - 320, respectively , for a sparrow - 39.8 - 43.5 and 600 - 850 degrees.
Chickens have a great sense of smell
The analysis of sequencing results has only just begun, but amazing facts have already been obtained. Thus, it was previously believed that chickens have a weak sense of smell, but this assumption is refuted by the discovery large quantity genes responsible for smell.
Breathing without nostrils
In most birds, the nostrils lead into the nasal cavities at the base of the beak. However, cormorants, gannets and some other species lack nostrils and are forced to breathe through their mouths. Air entering the nostrils or mouth is directed to the larynx, from which the trachea begins.
Beak with teeth
The first birds on earth, Archeopteryx, had a beak with teeth, but a lot of time has passed since then, everything has changed, the beak of birds has also changed, it has no teeth. They have no teeth; they are partially replaced by sharp edges of the beak.
The beak grows throughout life
The beak is a continuation of the skull of birds, it consists of fragile tissues and therefore the shell of the beak is constantly being erased, but nature has provided for this - it is constantly renewed.
Beak shape
The beak can be long or short, curved up or down, spoon-shaped, serrated or with crossed jaws. Its shape depends on the method of obtaining food characteristic of the species, and therefore makes it possible to judge the feeding habits of the bird.
Longest beak
The Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus has the longest beak of any bird. Its length measures 34 - 47 centimeters. Another record is the ratio of beak length to body length. It was installed by the Sword-billed Hummingbird Ensifera ensifera, which lives in the high Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia. Its beak has a wedge of 10.2 cm, which is four times longer than the bird's body, excluding the tail.
The most massive beak
...at the shoebill stork. Shoebill Balaeniceps rex they hunt individually fish, snakes, frogs, lizards and turtles in the drying up reed swamps of Uganda and Sudan.
Very large beaks
...the tropical American toucans are huge and brightly colored. There are even birds - rhinoceroses, found in tropical forests.
Males and females have different shaped beaks
The most amazing beaks should be recognized as the beaks of the New Zealand Heteralocha acutirostris, which became extinct in 1907. The fact is that the male and female of this species have different beaks in shape. In the male it is thick, short and straight, adapted for chiseling dry trees. And the female’s is thin, long and curved; she uses it to penetrate any cracks behind insects. The male and female huia search for food together.
Needle beak
Heron a straight, long and sharp beak is required. She needs to spear a fish or grab a jumping frog.
Beak with bag
...y pelicans used as a net for catching fish.
Crossed beak
The crossbill has a crossing beak.
Black or bright
Most species have a black beak. However, there are a variety of variations in its coloring, and in some birds, such as puffins and toucans Ramphastidae, this is the brightest area of the body.
U snow sparrows of the genus Montifringilla In summer the beak is black, in winter it is yellow.
Toporok is the second most abundant species in the island ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk and a relatively large species (650-880 g). It nests wherever the thickness of the peat turf allows it to dig holes, for which the bird uses, in particular, its bright orange beak, the contours of which repeat the shape of a bayonet shovel, and paws armed with strong claws. In addition, the beak is a tournament weapon at the beginning of the nesting season. The extravagant shape of the beak does not interfere with its main purpose - to capture and hold prey.
Drumming with beaks conveys messages
Using the beak woodpeckers- males, by drumming on a tree trunk, convey messages and warnings to rivals to females.
Clicking their beaks, they get angry
Storks They click it when they are angry or challenging an opponent.
Beaks become deformed
Various deformities of beaks - curvatures or abnormal lengths - have already been found in 30 species of Alaskan birds. Scientists are sounding the alarm - the anomaly is becoming epidemic. In many cases, due to a deformed beak, the bird cannot eat normally, clean itself and, ultimately, dies. According to recent observations, the total number of cases of beak deformity among Alaskan birds has reached 1,800. The first victims back in the 1990s were tits, and now crows are suffering from the same thing. It is assumed that the cause is unfavorable ecological situation– chemicals damage the DNA of birds. But no evidence of this theory was found, just as no signs of the disease were found.
Smell
It has been experimentally proven that, for example, large seabirds, fulmars and petrels, can smell fish three kilometers away. But albatrosses can smell the bait (a piece of lard) as far as thirty kilometers away! But seabirds are not the only birds with such unusually sensitive noses.
Distinguishing plants by smell
Vultures look for leaks in gas pipelines
And workers used the ability to react to the smell of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) to their advantage utilities USA to detect gas leaks on gas pipelines. For this purpose, they began to add a substance with the smell of rotten meat to the transported natural gas. Having seen vultures circling over the gas pipeline route, the company employees could only carefully examine this place.
Smelling flowers
Interesting feature noticed by ornithologists who observed the life of bowerbirds Chlamydera maculata, living in Australia and New Guinea. Having created a nest in a hollow, the female covers up the entrance to it, leaving only a small hole. She and the chicks that emerge will remain in it until the time comes to leave the nest. And all these days the male will bring them food, and sometimes... flowers. Food is understandable, but why flowers? After all, birds don't eat them. But maybe they like their smell?
The sense of smell in most birds is very poorly developed.
This correlates with the small size of their brain's olfactory lobes and short nasal cavities located between the nostrils and the oral cavity.
Sniffs out earthworms
The New Zealand bird should be recognized as the best sniffer kiwi, in which the nostrils are located at the end of a long beak and the nasal cavities are elongated as a result. These features allow her to stick her beak into the soil and sniff out earthworms and other underground food.
Sniffing vultures
It is also believed that vultures They find carrion using not only sight, but also smell.
Ducks chemically attract drakes
And one more interesting observation. Spring group wild ducks nostrils plugged. And the drakes immediately stopped showing interest in the females. It is believed that female ducks secrete some chemical substances, attracting males.
Taste
In birds it is poorly developed, because the lining of the oral cavity and the covers of the tongue are mainly horny and there is little space for taste buds on them. However hummingbird they clearly prefer nectar and other sweet liquids, and most species reject very sour or bitter food. However, these animals swallow food without chewing, i.e. rarely keep it in the mouth long enough to subtly distinguish the taste.
Languages
Woodpeckers and hummingbirds can stick out their unusually long tongue far beyond the beak. In some woodpeckers, it has rear-facing barbs at the end that help pull insects and their larvae out of holes in the bark. In hummingbirds, the tongue is usually forked at the end and curled into a tube for sucking nectar from flowers.
Grackles change color
American grackle birds (Quiscalus quiscula) look either multi-colored or black. The throat patch of the common ruby-throated hummingbird alternates between flashing bright red and then appearing brownish-black. The iridescent color, which changes depending on the viewing angle, is mainly due to the mutual overlap of peculiarly expanded, twisted and black melanin-containing second-order beards.
Invisible birds
The coloring can be disjunctive, i.e. consisting of irregularly shaped, clearly defined contrasting spots, which “breaks” the contours of the body into parts that seem unrelated to each other and do not resemble a living creature. Painted this way waders, For example, stone picker And noisy plover, almost invisible against the backdrop of the pebble beach.
They scare you with color
Some birds are characterized by bright markings on the tail, body and wings that “flare up” during flight. Examples include white tail feathers of juncos (Junco hyemalis), white body avoc-billed woodpecker and white stripes on the wings dusky nightjar. Bright markings play a protective role. So, corpse, suddenly “flashing up” in front of an attacking predator, scares it for a moment, gaining additional time to escape. Also, bright spots can distract the enemy's attention from the most important parts of the body.
The longest and shortest legs
The longest legs are those of the ostrich Struthio camelus, which reach 1.3 m. The shortest legs are those of swifts, which belong to the family Apodidae (legless). But representatives of the family Jacanidae have the longest fingers relative to body length. Large birds from this family can boast fingers 15 cm long.
The tail serves as a fulcrum
During its chiselling work, the woodpecker tenaciously holds onto the tree with its paws and rests against it with its stiff tail.
Tail balancer
The magpie's tail is not an ornament, although it is very beautiful. The black tail with a bluish tint allows the bird to dive almost vertically from a height and maneuver well in the thickets. The long, elegant tail of a pheasant serves the same purpose.
For snipe tail - musical instrument . When descending sharply, the tail feathers vibrate, producing sounds similar to the bleating of a young lamb.
At the peacock's tail - a huge fan-screen, on which everything the groom wants to say to his chosen girlfriend is written in different colors.
Multimeter tails
The tail is so expressive part animals that some breeders achieve success by raising roosters with tails reaching several meters (Japan).
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