Footwear industry. History of shoes and the shoe industry

Footwear industry (occupational health). In modern highly mechanized shoe factories, a number of production processes(cutting, grinding parts, sewing work, etc.) is accompanied by intense mid-frequency noise of more than 90 and even 100 dB, high-frequency vibration and high muscle tension. A number of machines (for sewing welts, stitching soles, etc.) transmit low-frequency vibration with large amplitudes to the hands of workers. Cutting linings, sanding and other work is accompanied by a significant release of dust. In some shoe finishing work, the air temperature of the workshop in summer reaches 34-38° in some workplaces. Used in production chemicals are released into the air of workshops in the form of vapors. The most harmful is benzene (see), which is part of adhesives, as well as nitro paints and nitro enamels. They can also be released into the air when working with perchlorovinyl glue, chloroprene - when using neurite glue, vulcanization gases - when vulcanizing the bottom of shoes. Shoemakers may experience dermatitis and neuritis and neuromyalgia of the hands, vibration disease, and chronic benzene intoxication. Pustular skin diseases caused by microtraumas are common. Drastic health measures include replacing benzene with a less toxic one and using presses for hot pressing of shoe edges. Operations accompanied by the release of vapors are provided with local exhaust ventilation; heat sources - thermal insulation. Workers who have contact with benzene must undergo preliminary and periodic exposure.

In addition to natural leather, artificial materials are used as starting materials in the footwear industry: sole rubber, plastics, synthetic fur, etc. various types adhesive materials: rubber solutions in organic solvents, synthetic rubber latexes and synthetic resins. Modern technology Factory shoe production is characterized by mechanization, chemicalization and a conveyor belt method of labor organization. The physiological characteristics of labor processes are associated with the need to perform monotonous, repeatedly repeated hand movements.

If sanitary facilities are imperfect, vapors of gasoline, acetates, acetone, chloroprene, ammonia, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide enter the air.

The process of hot vulcanization is accompanied by the formation of a complex complex of products of thermal-oxidative destruction of rubber compounds (styrene vapor, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.), especially if they contain pore-forming ingredients. Mechanical processing of leather and rubber is accompanied by the release of dust. An unfavorable factor is contact of the skin of the hands working with organic solvents, resins, and rubbers. Many machines used in the footwear industry generate noise and vibration. Occupational diseases are dermatitis and eczema and disorders of the neuromuscular system of the upper extremities.

Prevention: elimination of the most toxic solvents (benzene); covering places where vapors, gases and dust are released with exhaust ventilation equipment; the use of mechanisms and devices that prevent hand contact with irritating substances; preliminary and periodic medical examinations of persons in accordance with current legislation; health care for workers, taking into account the predominant use of women in the shoe industry.

Shoe industry- a traditional craft that dates back centuries and represents the art of making shoes for various purposes and types. Currently handmade shoes shoemakers or shoemakers is gradually disappearing, being replaced by the industrial production of shoes through machines and operating lines. The handicraft is also disappearing, single method shoe production, giving way to large manufacturing companies.

Shoe manufacturers produce a wide range of different footwear products, including boots, shoes, low shoes, sandals, moccasins and clogs.

Industrial items are traditionally made from materials such as leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other similar materials, and are often composed of multiple parts to better withstand salt that can damage the leather top base.

Most shoemakers use lasts made of wood or metal, but, in lately, often the material for the block is plastic. Some pads are straight, while others vary - one for the left foot, one for the right.

The profession of a shoemaker has given rise to many phenomena of modern culture, for example, the saying “A shoemaker without boots” (describing a situation when a professional in some field unnecessarily does not use his own skills for personal purposes). Shoemakers are also called shoe repairers.

Some types of shoes

Some options for old and traditionally made types of shoes:

Fur strips wrapped around the foot and sandals worn over them: such shoes were often used by the ancient Romans, who were military service at outposts in northern Europe.
Clogs: wooden shoes, often stuffed with straw to warm the foot.
Moccasins: simple shoes, often without a hard sole at the bottom, made by North American Indians from tanned animal skins. Modern industry lightweight shoes with the same name are produced, reminiscent of some traditional moccasins in appearance, but made using a different technology.

Main parts of shoes

Welt - load-bearing part of shoes
Hard toe cap - intermediate part of the upper
The vamp is the outer part of the shoe upper
Boots - external parts of the upper that cover the back of the foot
Lining - the inner part of the shoe upper
Hard back - reinforcing part
The heel is a leather part on the inside of the heel (“pocket” in shoemaker slang)
Sole - part of the bottom of the shoe
Insole - lining part
Gelenok (instep support) - a wooden or steel spring that supports the arch of the foot.
Heel - elevated heel part
Tops - the upper part of boots covering the lower leg

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Notes

Literature

Lermantov V.V. Shoemaking // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Excerpt characterizing the Shoe industry

Stella quietly “conjured” something, and a second later she looked like plump Leah, and I, naturally, got Mom, which made me laugh a lot... And we put on ourselves, as I understood, just energy images, with the help whom we hoped to find the missing people we needed.
- Here it is positive side using other people's images. And there is also a negative one - when someone uses it for bad purposes, like the entity that put on my grandmother’s “key” so that it could beat me. Grandma explained all this to me...
It was funny to hear how this tiny girl expressed such serious truths in a professorial voice... But she really took everything very seriously, despite her sunny, happy character.
- Well, let’s go, “girl Leah”? – I asked with great impatience.
I really wanted to see these other “floors” while I still had the strength to do so. I have already noticed what big difference was between this one, in which we were now, and the “upper”, Stella’s “floor”. Therefore, it was very interesting to quickly “plunge” into another unfamiliar world and learn about it, if possible, as much as possible, because I was not at all sure whether I would ever return here again.
– Why is this “floor” so much denser than the previous one, and more filled with entities? – I asked.
“I don’t know...” Stella shrugged her fragile shoulders. - Maybe because people just live here good people who did no harm to anyone while they lived in their last life. That's why there are more of them here. And at the top there live entities that are “special” and very strong... - here she laughed. – But I’m not talking to myself, if that’s what you’re thinking! Although my grandmother says that my essence is very old, more than a million years old... It’s scary how old it is, right? How can we know what happened a million years ago on Earth?..,” the girl said thoughtfully.
– Or maybe you weren’t on Earth at all then?
“Where?!..” Stella asked dumbfounded.
- Well, I don’t know. “Can’t you look?” I was surprised.
It seemed to me then that with her abilities ANYTHING was possible!.. But, to my great surprise, Stella shook her head negatively.
“I still know very little, only what my grandmother taught me.” “As if regretting it,” she answered.
- Do you want me to show you my friends? – I suddenly asked.
And without letting her think, I recalled our meetings in my memory, when my wonderful “star friends” came to me so often, and when it seemed to me that nothing more interesting could possibly happen...
“Oh, this is such a beauty!...” Stella exhaled with delight. And suddenly, seeing the same strange signs that they showed me many times, she exclaimed: “Look, they taught you!.. Oh, how interesting this is!”
I stood in a completely frozen state and could not utter a word... They taught me???... Did I really have some kind of thing in my brain all these years? important information, and instead of somehow understanding it, I, like a blind kitten, floundered in my petty attempts and guesses, trying to find some kind of truth in them?!... And I had all this a long time ago “ ready"?..
Without even knowing what they taught me there, I was simply seething with indignation at myself for such an oversight. Just think, some “secrets” were revealed right in front of my nose, and I didn’t understand anything!.. Probably, they definitely revealed it to the wrong person!!!
- Oh, don’t kill yourself like that! – Stella laughed. – Show it to your grandmother and she will explain it to you.
– Can I ask you - who is your grandmother? – I asked, embarrassed that I was entering “private territory”.
Stella thought, wrinkling her nose funny (she had this funny habit when she was seriously thinking about something), and said not very confidently:
– I don’t know... Sometimes it seems to me that she knows everything, and that she is very, very old... We had many photographs of the house, and she is the same everywhere - the same as now. I never saw how young she was. Strange, isn't it?
– And you never asked?..
- No, I think she would have told me if it was necessary... Oh, look at that! Oh, how beautiful!.. – the little girl suddenly squealed in delight, pointing her finger at the strange sea waves sparkling with gold. This, of course, was not the sea, but the waves really were very similar to the sea - they rolled heavily, overtaking each other, as if playing, only at the break point, instead of snow-white sea foam, here everything sparkled and shimmered with red gold , spraying thousands of transparent golden sprays... It was very beautiful. And we, naturally, wanted to see all this beauty closer...

Shoe industry– one of the leading components of light industry, it is distinguished by mass and diversified production, rapid change of assortment, as well as increased material and labor intensity.

As raw material for finished products they use leather materials, textile materials, artificial fur, jute, wood, plastic, rubber, felting materials.
According to the basic principle of classification (source material and technological features production) shoes are divided into three groups:
Leather shoes. The most common type of footwear in production and consumption.

Shoe upper - natural, artificial or synthetic leather, textile or combined materials. The main stages of the production of leather shoes: cutting materials for the upper and lower parts of the shoes, processing of parts before fastening, joining the blanks of the upper part of the shoe, forming the blank of the upper part on the last, attaching the lower part of the shoe, final design, finishing and decoration of shoes, quality control of shoe products according to external and physical-mechanical indicators.
Rubber shoes. The upper of the shoe is rubber, rubber-textile masses or polymers.

Main production methods: glue method, stamping method, forming method, injection molding
Felted shoes. It is a whole product obtained by the rolling process from wool fibers with admixtures of other materials. The main operations in the production process: preparation of raw materials, making the base, rolling the base, dyeing the base, drying the base on special pads, finishing.
Finished products of the footwear industry are classified according to a huge variety of characteristics related to raw materials, toe shape, heel shape, fullness, size, heel height, etc.

Some types of shoes depending on the specific feature:
- type of production: machine, manual or chemical production.
- intended purpose: orthopedic, sports, special, household (everyday and model), preventive.
- sexually mature signs (male, female, booties, and children (hussars, preschool and school.)
Consumer properties of shoes:
- ergonomics (anthropometric, physiological and hygienic properties of shoes);
- reliability (physical durability, maintainability and storability);
- aesthetics (silhouette, shape, product model).

The domestic shoe market is represented by large factories and factories (10-15) and many small industries, which are concentrated in the Moscow Tula, Kirov and Penza regions. Shoe production is an industry where small businesses have every opportunity for effective development, since initially shoe production was artisanal.
Technological modernization of enterprises, reducing the share of imported raw materials, eliminating channels for illegal import of products, training highly qualified specialists are the main tasks by solving which the footwear industry will be able to switch to an innovative path of development and expand the export capabilities of enterprises in its industry.

 Overview Russian market leather and footwear industry 

 October 2007  www.snbc.ru © Design by Alexander Savelyev 

RUSSIAN MARKET OVERVIEW

LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

(October 2007)

The leather and footwear industry during the Soviet era was a huge mechanized industry. Old enterprises were expanded and reconstructed, new tanneries were built in Moscow, Yelets, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Kuznetsk, Mogilev, Frunze, Semipalatinsk and many other cities. Shoe factories were built in Sverdlovsk, Tbilisi, Kuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Kyiv, etc. Leather and shoe engineering, production of tanning extracts, chrome leather goods, and artificial leather were founded.

The industry was equipped with modern technology, technology was improved, and the organization of production was improved. In 1970, approximately 43 thousand engineers were employed in the leather and footwear industry of the USSR. technical specialists, which accounted for 6% of the total industrial - production staff industry. In 1971, the total production of leather shoes Soviet Union occupied the world championship, nevertheless lagging behind many developed countries in the production of leather shoes per capita.

In the pre-revolutionary period, the leather and footwear industry developed mainly in the northwestern, western and central regions of Russia. On the territory of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the eastern regions of Russia there were almost no leather and footwear enterprises. During the years of Soviet power, a more uniform geographical distribution of leather and footwear enterprises was achieved.

Of the other socialist countries, the most developed leather and footwear industries were in Poland, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. Czechoslovakia, which at that time held the world championship in shoe production per capita, exported a significant part of its products to other countries, including the USSR. Among other countries, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy have well-developed leather and footwear industries.

Until 1998, almost all imported shoes to Russia were imported from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Eastern European countries and very rarely from Asia. Even Russian companies who created their own collections, sewed them mainly in Europe. But the crisis forced them to reconsider their capabilities, especially those companies that were focused mainly on the middle and low-cost segment of the market.

As a result Russian factories We received a lot of orders, and production began to increase. By the end of 1999, the Russian footwear market had stabilized, and there was a relative saturation of the market, expressed by a wide range.

However, the revival was short-lived. In 2000, it was not possible to maintain the high growth rates in the industry achieved in the post-crisis year of 1999, and in 2001, the industry's production indicators remained at the 2000 level. The rise in prices for raw hides on the world market spurred the export of leather from Russia, which put domestic producers leather goods industry is in a difficult situation, as their costs for purchasing raw materials have increased significantly.

Experts from the Internet portal “Footwear in Russia” estimated the volume of the Russian footwear market in 2004 at $6–6.5 billion, Federal service state statistics Russian Federation at $6 - 8 billion. According to calculations by DISCOVERY Research Group specialists based on FSGS data on turnover and structure retail, the market volume in 2004 should have been at least $8.62 billion. The volume of the footwear market in in kind in 2004 amounted to 241.8 – 291.7 million par.1

In 2005, the total turnover of the footwear market in Russia, according to its participants, amounted to two billion US dollars.2 In physical terms, according to DISCOVERY Research Group, the market volume in 2005 amounted to 270.9 - 326.7 million pairs of shoes. 3

According to Rosstat, shoe consumption per capita in 2006 was close to two pairs per year. However, some part of unaccounted footwear sold should be taken into account (for example, in clothing markets).

In 2006, according to various experts, the volume of the Russian footwear market was:

380 – 400 million pairs (according to the Roslegprom association);

400 – 420 million pairs (three pairs per person per year, according to the general director of the Russian Leather plant);

up to 450 million pairs (estimated by the CEO of the National Shoe Association).

According to DISCOVERY Research Group estimates, the volume of the Russian footwear market in 2006, taking into account the shadow sector, mainly represented by illegal imports, was in the range of 315 – 380 million pairs. The market growth rate was about 16%, but the market growth rate is predicted to slow down in the future. The maximum estimate of the volume of the footwear market in Russia in 2006 can be considered 380 million pairs. With this indicator, the consumption volume is 2.6 pairs of shoes per capita per year. Taking into account the indicators of domestic production (according to various estimates 45 - 52 million pairs) and legal imports (100 - 106 million pairs), the volume of illegal imports is estimated at 222 – 235 million pairs, which is consistent with the estimates of other experts (in a wider range, the volume of unofficial imports in 2006 is estimated to range from 198.8 million pairs to 283.5 million pairs, legal imports at 98.4 – 162 million .par).4

In value terms, the total market volume in 2006 is estimated by DISCOVERY Research Group specialists at $10.1 – 16 billion. 5

Over the past 5-6 years, the domestic leather and footwear industry has doubled production volumes, but they amounted to 50% of the 1990 level for leather, 15% for shoes, that is, they are only recovering lost positions. The growth in footwear production should be significantly higher, since consumption is increasing annually, and the capacity of the domestic market has now reached 8 - 9 billion US dollars.6

However, the ill-conceived customs and tariff policy of the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at the export of raw leather and the import of finished footwear, led to the monopolization of the Russian market with imports, including 90% of products imported from China. Manufacturing conditions in China, government support leather and footwear industry in this country, as well as 25% import duties on shoes ensure high growth rates of production and low prices for products.

The domestic leather and footwear industry is developing under completely different conditions of constant rising prices for raw materials, supplies, energy, social costs, the absence of a clear policy regarding the development of light industry and, in particular, the leather and footwear industry, that is, it is in unequal competitive conditions with the main importers - Chinese manufacturers. Importing shoes gives a profit of 100% and above, and domestic production - 7 - 10%, which reduces the investment attractiveness.

In January–August 2007, footwear production in Russia decreased by 6.8%, which was largely due to a decrease in imports customs duties for shoes. At the same time, over seven months of 2007, imports of leather shoes increased 2.4 times. Consequence price competition domestic production footwear and imports there was a reduction in footwear production at some major Russian enterprises. Yes, leader Russian production– the Bris-Bosphorus company, which produces about 30% of shoes in Russia, reduced production by 29 percent in the first half of 2007.7

The conditions of Russia's upcoming accession to the WTO for the Russian leather and footwear industry are disastrous, since import duties on shoes, under the terms of the WTO, will be reduced to 5%, which will further increase the price gap between Russian and imported shoes in favor of imported ones. Already, footwear production in Russia is unprofitable, while imports are highly profitable.

All this worries Russian manufacturers leather and footwear, which in recent years have made a breakthrough in their industry not only in terms of volume, but also in design, quality, organization of branded trade and service.

The Nizhny Novgorod leather and footwear industry market is represented by such enterprises as Bogorodskaya Shoe Factory LLC, BorObuvSpetsProm CJSC, MAAG LLC, Bor Felted Shoe Factory OJSC, Koverninskaya Felted Shoe Factory OJSC.

Limited Liability Company "MAAG", established in 2001, is one of the most promising and dynamically developing enterprises in the footwear industry. The factory is equipped with the latest modern equipment made in Italy and Germany and uses the most advanced technologies.

The shoes produced by the stitching and injection molding method of fastening, which are produced by the factory, meet the most high requirements in terms of quality and protective properties. The priority direction of the factory is the production of work shoes for various industries: petrochemicals, metallurgy, gas industry, agriculture. Expensive equipment allows us to implement the most advanced technological achievements and produce shoes of excellent quality, light and durable. Today the factory produces 30 thousand pairs of shoes per month and is increasing production.

A comfortable and ergonomic last, specially developed in Italy and meeting international quality standards, allows you to use your boots without experiencing discomfort during the working day. The design of this model was developed with the help of a specialized Italian computer program. Computer modeling is carried out by experienced talented fashion designers using an Italian specialized program.

Shoe making process modern enterprise is divided into a number of operations performed on the conveyor by one or more workers:

cutting the material,

preparing parts for assembly,

assembly of the blank (a blank is the upper of a shoe, sewn from individual parts),

blank molding,

attaching the bottom parts to the workpiece,

finishing of finished products.

In the manufacture of footwear, up to 120 types of main-purpose machines and a large number of auxiliary devices and devices are used.

The shoe industry began to use a new injection molding method for making shoes. Shoe upper blanks are made from artificial and natural leather and textile materials. The material for making the sole is polyvinyl chloride resin with a small amount of additives. A metal block with a shoe upper blank placed on it is lowered onto the mold from above. Heated liquid resin is injected into a mold covered with a block with a top blank. Within a few seconds, a sole is formed, which is immediately fused to the upper blank. The shoes are ready.

A new type of footwear is manufactured using injection molding machines. Shoes made by injection molding last a long time. To make the sole soft and springy, it is made porous.

MAAG LLC produces work shoes based on two-layer materials:

thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) + polyurethane PU);

nitrile + polyurethane.

To produce a two-layer sole, high-quality imported polyurethane systems made in the USA, Germany and others are used. The oil-gasoline-resistant and anti-static two-layer TPU + PU outsole can be produced in red, green, beige, gray and other colors at the request of the customer. The sole is grooved, light and comfortable, with good mechanical characteristics.

The sole is a two-layer “polyurethane + nitrile” for outdoor use, heat-resistant (up to + 3000C), and has such necessary properties as wear resistance, antistatic, oil and petrol resistance. The nitrile rubber running gear is non-slip and resistant to acid and alkaline solutions.

The range of products manufactured by MAAG LLC is very wide. It presents women's and men's shoes from sizes 36 to 46. These are summer sandals, low shoes, shoes, boots. Unlined, insulated with lint, lined with natural and artificial fur.

^ Photo 1. Products of the MAAG LLC shoe factory.

Nitrile pads are made of rubber in green, black, red and blue. The sole has ridges at the toe and heel to protect the leather upper.

The range of products manufactured by MAAG LLC is very wide. It presents women's and men's shoes from sizes 36 to 46. These are summer sandals, low shoes, boots, boots (unlined, insulated with lint, lined with natural and artificial fur).

The factory offers shoes with a wide range of protective properties. In addition to protection from general industrial pollution, oil, petroleum oils and petroleum products, special shoes are produced to protect against impacts in the toe area - with an internal metal toe cap and a metal insole that protects the foot from punctures and cuts.

Shoes from MAAG LLC are practical and versatile, easy to use, with a large margin of safety and reliable protection against mechanical damage. Footwear is manufactured for different categories of workers - blue-collar occupations, management personnel, using elements of corporate symbols to create a corporate identity.

The technical equipment of the factory and careful quality control at all stages of production (from model development and procurement of raw materials to shipment of products to the consumer) allow us to produce wide range shoes and successfully compete with leading manufacturers in this industry.

The equipment of the MAAG shoe factory is represented by equipment from leading European equipment manufacturers.

^ Photo 2. Sections for cutting and processing parts of shoe uppers at the MAAG LLC factory.

Today, shoe manufacturers can choose from a sufficient number of brands and manufacturers. The market offers equipment from Germany, Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Turkey. MAAG LLC works with such manufacturers as Cerim, Atom, Fortuna, Camoga, PMF, Leibrock, PFAFF. Each manufacturer has its own advantages and disadvantages. Only equipment correctly selected by the supplier for specific production conditions and tasks will work ideally.

^ MAAG LLC cooperates with one of the leading suppliers of equipment for shoe manufacturing - the Main Group company.

Since its inception, MINE GROUP Corporation has manufactured and supplied more than 16,500 machines worldwide, many of which are still operating efficiently after 30 years, and MINE GROUP Corporation is still servicing them and supplying spare parts. The history of MINE GROUP Corporation begins in 1930. Main Group is the only one trademark in the world, with a wide range of products for all materials, in all configurations and two technological levels: PREMIUM and GLOBAL.

^ MARKET REVIEW

LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA

Review prepared by

Savelyeva Svetlana Vladimirovna

Deputy General Director

CJSC "NizhBusinessConsulting" for valuation activities

Business valuation expert.

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: (831) 277 – 9929

When using this review in means mass media

(including electronic) and commercial projects link to source –

CJSC "NizhBusinessConsulting"

MANDATORY!

Nizhny Novgorod

1 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

2 http://www.allmedia.ru/

3 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

4 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

5 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

6 http://www.fis-group.ru/ “Is there no industrial policy in the country regarding leather and footwear?”

7 http://www.ecraft.ru/main/news/

N NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n

The history of shoes as a piece of clothing for the feet goes back more than 25 thousand years; it is to this time period that modern scientists date the spread among “Homo sapiens” of special devices for preserving the lower extremities from frost, dampness and mechanical dangers. The first shoes were as natural as possible and consisted of windings made of palm leaves, papyrus, bast, animal skin and sometimes even tree bark, which were attached to the ankle using strong plant cords or a leather strap. Such footwear met all the requirements of the time - it was affordable and protected the feet from injury and hypothermia. However, there was no need to talk about comfort or even minimal convenience.

Taking into account the physiology of the foot and the emotions of the shoe wearer began only in ancient times, when high, soft leather, more reminiscent of stockings, boots and the use of different patterns for the right and left shoes became widespread. In addition, with the advent of new technologies, shoes began to become an indicator of wealth or social status. For example, patricians had the right to attach their shoes to their feet with 4 straps, while the plebeians were content with one.

However, shoes as an attribute of style and status fully realized itself during the Middle Ages. The extravagant King Philip IV was not too lazy to issue a decree, which clearly stipulated what kind of shoes someone should wear according to their status. And since pointed-toe shoes were in fashion in those days, it was their prominent part that became a sign of nobility. Princes and barons often tied the toe of their shoes with string to their shin, so that the reminder of their high position would not cause injury when walking.

The appearance of the first guilds or workshops of shoemakers also dates back to the era of developed feudalism, if previously shoes were made by craftsmen - shoemakers in individually and according to my own pricing policy, now the shoe craft has become clearly subordinate not only to the market, but also to a kind of trade union. In the workshops, the quality and aesthetics of shoes were of paramount importance; in addition, it became possible to produce large quantities of shoes in a short time.

During the Renaissance, shoes were returned to their original function, because the toes of the shoes became shorter and the heels narrower. It was at this time that the first heels appeared, which made men's shoes more elegant, women's shoes at that time, it was not considered an item that required an aesthetic touch - the long hems of fluffy skirts covered ladies’ legs from prying eyes. Only in the 18th century did women have the opportunity to show off their legs, dressed in brocade and silk light shoes. Men's court fashion at that time was distinguished by the height of the heel and the obligatory luxurious bows on the instep. Medical aspects of wearing shoes at that time the gentlemen cared little, which led to a large number tendon damage and leg diseases.

The emergence of a shoemaker's manufactory and the division of shoe manufacturing into stages can be attributed to this time. Now more than one master led the entire process of creating a boot from blanks to decoration; each stage was handled by a specialist in this issue. However, it was still practically impossible to simply come and buy men’s sandals; each pair of shoes was made “for the client” and certainly to order; the materials and labor were too expensive for continuous work.

In the nineteenth century, shoes turned to face the person and his health, and shocking bright ones were replaced by practical, comfortable and wearable leather shoes and boots, which began to be cut taking into account the configuration of the foot. The European footwear industry is experiencing extraordinary growth.

Already from the second half of the 19th century, mechanical production was replacing manual labor. And by the beginning of the 20th century it reached 500 pairs per year for each employee, and by the middle of the century - up to 3000 pairs. The Italian shoe industry occupies a leading position in the quality, comfort and beauty of shoes. and to this day it is considered the “crown” of shoe thought, both in terms of aesthetic and functional criteria. Along with the products of Italian shoemakers, Spanish and Portuguese shoes are in demand and authority all over the world, as successful representatives of the price-name-quality ratio.

Today, most shoe production is fully automated; in many areas, computer-controlled machines are used, which makes it possible to accurately follow centuries-old footwear manufacturing technology, and the artisanal orders that have been preserved in Europe are responsible for the quality of shoes not only by the brand, but also by the conscience of the craftsmen. European shoes today are an element of style, a state of mind, comfort of movement and an indicator of success.

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