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First aid is a set of simple, urgent, but nevertheless very effective measures that should be carried out immediately after an incident in the form of self- and mutual assistance.
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Sequence of first aid: Stop exposure to damaging factors (remove from under rubble or water, remove from a burning room, remove from a car, carriage, etc.) Quickly and correctly assess the condition of the victim (determine whether the victim is alive or dead) Determine the severity injuries, lesions (bleeding, fractures, etc.) Proceed with first aid Prepare the victim for transportation Quickly deliver the victim to a medical facility The optimal time for providing first aid is up to 30 minutes. after being injured.
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Types of bleeding Depending on which vessel is bleeding, bleeding can be:
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Characteristics of bleeding Capillary: blood from small vessels oozes evenly over the entire surface of the wound (like from a sponge) Venous: dark cherry-colored blood flows out of the wound continuously, calmly Arterial: scarlet blood flows out in a pulsating stream (blood emissions correspond to the rhythm of heart contractions) Mixed : characterized by signs of arterial and venous bleeding
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Pressing a bleeding vessel at the site of injury using a pressure bandage A - bleeding from the wound B - pressing a bleeding vessel C - pressure bandage (several layers of gauze are applied over the wound, a thick wad of cotton wool and a tight bandage)
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This method makes it possible to prepare for a thorough cessation of bleeding, prepare a tourniquet, twist, etc. It is best to press the arteries to the bony protrusions at certain, most convenient points for this, where the pulse can be clearly felt. You can press the artery with your thumb, palm, edge of the palm, fist. Finger pressing of a bleeding vessel
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on the neck and head, the point of pressure on the artery should be below the wound, or in a wound on the extremities, the point of pressure on the artery should be above the site of bleeding
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Pressure points for arteries during bleeding 1 - temporal 2 - external maxillary 3 - ulnar 4 - radial 5 - brachial 6 - axillary 7 - femoral 8 - posterior tibial 9 - anterior tibial 10 - right carotid 11 - subclavian
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Maximum flexion of the limb is performed in the joint above the wound and the limb is fixed with bandages (available means) in this position. Maximum flexion of the limb can be maintained for no more than 2 hours. A - when the brachial artery is injured, it is pressed with a finger to the bone along the inner edge of the biceps muscle B - the femoral artery is pressed to the femur along the inner edge of the quadriceps muscle
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Bleeding from the femoral artery is stopped by flexing the lower limb at the hip joint, after placing a roller in the groin area. After the bleeding has stopped, the thigh is secured with a belt to the body. Bleeding from wounds below the knee is stopped by laying the victim on his back, and a cotton-gauze roll is placed in the popliteal area, the thigh is brought to the stomach, and the lower leg is bent and secured to the thigh with a bandage or belt.
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Bleeding from the upper part of the shoulder and subclavian region is stopped: both shoulders are brought behind the back with elbow joints bent, after which they are tied with a bandage (belt, etc.). In this case, the arteries on both sides are compressed. Bleeding from wounds of the forearm and hand is stopped: A cotton-gauze roller (cloth roller) is placed on the flexor surface of the elbow joint, then the arm is bent at the elbow as much as possible, pulling the forearm to the shoulder with a bandage or belt. In this position, the hand is fixed with a bandage (belt).
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Rules for applying a hemostatic tourniquet: Apply the tourniquet only to clothing (if there is no clothing, place fabric under the tourniquet), tighten the tourniquet only until the bleeding stops, then stop tightening if the hand, forearm, or elbow area are wounded - apply the tourniquet in the upper third of the shoulder, if the lower limb is injured - tourniquet apply in the middle third of the thigh under the tourniquet put a note indicating the time and date of its application the tourniquet can be on the limb for no more than 1.5 - 2 hours, and in the cold season - 0.5 - 1 hour Periodically (every 30 - 60 minutes ) the tourniquet should be loosened for a few minutes (during this time, press the vessel above the tourniquet with your finger), and apply again, but with greater tension.
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Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet. to prevent pinching of the skin, place clothing (or fabric) under the tourniquet; place the tourniquet behind the damaged limb above the wound and stretch with maximum force; press the first round of the tourniquet and make sure there is no pulse in the artery; below the applied tourniquet, apply the following tourniquet tours with less force; tighten the tourniquet only until stop the bleeding, then stop tightening, wrap the clasp loop around the tourniquet, pull the loop and place it under the free end of the tourniquet, place a note indicating the time of its application under the tourniquet, REMEMBER: When the tourniquet is applied correctly: bleeding from the wound stops, the pulse disappears, the skin below the site of its application turns pale
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Improvised means If there is no factory-made tourniquet, it can be replaced with improvised ones - a rubber tube, a tie, a belt, a belt, a scarf, a bandage; do not use wire
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Providing first aid to MBDOU "Kindergarten No. 28." Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution "Kindergarten No. 28", Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region
First medical aid is a set of simple medical measures using medicines, performed by a medical worker or a person who does not have a medical education, but has first aid skills, carried out to a suddenly ill or injured person at the scene of an incident and during his delivery to a medical facility . First medical aid must be provided on the spot before the doctor arrives or the victim is taken to a medical facility.
ABRASIONS AND SCRATCHES – superficial damage to the outer skin. Help: 1. Remove dirt from the skin with a gauze pad soaked in a weak solution of manganese or hydrogen peroxide. 2. Lubricate the edges of the wound with iodine or brilliant green. 3. Cover the damaged area with a sterile bandage, gauze or napkin folded 4 times. Damage to the skin, and especially deep ones, cannot be covered with powders, covered with ointments, covered with insulating tape, etc. Do not touch with your hands the part of the bandage that will be applied to the wound, so as not to cause an infection.
A bruise is the result of damage to soft tissues and organs of the body with a blunt object. Symptoms: the presence of an abrasion and (or) bruise at the site of the injury, bruising, increasing swelling (edema), pain. Help: 1. Create rest for the damaged organ. 2. Give this area an elevated position. 3. Apply cold (ice pack, towel moistened with cold water), which causes local vasospasm and significantly reduces bleeding into soft tissues. 4. Apply a pressure bandage to the injured area.
Wounds are damage to body tissue due to mechanical impact, accompanied by damage to the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes. There are puncture, bruise, cut, gunshot, and bite wounds. They are accompanied by bleeding, pain, dysfunction of the damaged organ and can be complicated by infection. Help: Treat the skin around the wound with alcohol and brilliant green (1% solution of brilliant green). Apply a cotton-gauze bandage from an individual package (you can apply several sterile napkins to the wound, cover them with sterile cotton wool and bandage them). Bite wounds are most often caused by dogs, rarely by wild animals. The wounds are irregular in shape and contaminated with animal saliva. The course of these wounds is complicated by the development of acute infection. Wounds after bites from rabid animals are especially dangerous. Help: The wound is washed with soapy water, the skin around it is treated with an antiseptic solution (iodine solution, potassium permanganate solution, ethyl alcohol, etc.), and then a sterile bandage is applied, and the victim is taken to a medical facility.
Bruised wounds are the result of being hit with blunt objects. The edges of the wound are torn. The surrounding tissues are crushed, cyanotic, and soaked in blood. As a result of compression of the vessels, they hardly bleed. Help: Treat the skin with iodine tincture and apply an aseptic pressure bandage. To reduce swelling and bleeding in the tissue, place an ice pack on the wound area. Bleeding is the release of blood from damaged blood vessels. There are arterial, venous, capillary and parenchymal bleeding. The most dangerous is arterial bleeding. Help: Apply a clean gauze bandage to the bleeding area. Place a layer of cotton wool on top of the gauze and bandage the wound. You should not put shaggy fabric or cotton wool on the wound, as its villi contain a large number of bacteria that cause infection of the wound.
DISLOCATION is a displacement of the articular surfaces of bones, which is sometimes accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule, damage to ligaments, blood vessels, and muscles. When a limb is dislocated, it assumes a forced position. The joint is deformed, pain is felt, and movement is limited. Help: 1. Ensure complete rest and immobility of the injured limb by applying a fixing bandage. 2. Apply cold. Refer the victim to a medical facility.
An ankle sprain is almost always accompanied by ankle fractures and ligament ruptures. Upon examination, bruising, joint deformation, swelling, severe pain, and limited movement are revealed. It happens that external signs resemble a dislocation, but in fact there is a fracture of the intra-articular bones. The so-called combined injury is a dislocation and a fracture. The nature of the damage can only be determined by x-ray examination. Help: Apply a tight elastic bandage in such a way as to ensure complete immobility of the foot. It is recommended to splint the leg (for example, secure it with a thick ruler).
Sprains and tears of ligaments and muscles can occur when there is excessive movement in the joints. In this case, sharp pain, increasing swelling and dysfunction appear. First aid: Applying a pressure bandage and applying cold with mandatory transport immobilization. If muscle or ligament ruptures are suspected, hospitalization in the trauma department is necessary after preliminary application of transport immobilization.
First aid for nosebleeds. Causes: nose injury (blow, scratch); diseases (high blood pressure, decreased blood clotting); physical stress; overheating.
First aid for nosebleeds: 1. Make the patient sit comfortably so that the head is higher than the body; 2. You can’t tilt your head back!! Tilt the patient's head slightly forward so that blood does not enter the nasopharynx and mouth; 3.If you have a nosebleed, you should not blow your nose, because... this may increase bleeding! 4.Press the wing of the nose to the septum. Before this, you can insert cotton swabs into the nasal passages, dry or moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, naphthyzine 0.1% (tampons are prepared from cotton wool in the form of a cocoon 2.5-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick, for children - 0 .5cm); 5.Put cold on the back of the head and bridge of the nose (ice pack) for 20 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop within 15-20 minutes, refer the victim to a medical facility.
First aid for insect bites. Bites from bees, wasps, horseflies. With bites, only a local reaction is possible, manifested by burning pain, redness and swelling at the site of the bite. This is most pronounced when biting the face and neck. Bites to the eyes and mucous membranes of the mouth and lips are especially dangerous and painful. This can cause serious damage to your eyesight. Swelling that develops from bites on the lips and oral mucosa can lead to suffocation and death. Symptoms: chills, fever, shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, increased heart rate, pain in the heart, nausea, vomiting, fainting. Help: remove the sting from the bite site, then rinse the wound with alcohol and apply ice. If suffocation develops, the child needs immediate hospitalization.
First aid for a tick bite. Symptoms: redness of the skin, dizziness and difficulty breathing, vomiting and fever. After examining the child, you must: Remove the tick - before you begin removing the tick, you need to carefully moisten it with alcohol, soapy water or sunflower oil. Measure temperature; - in the absence of elevated temperature, give recommendations to parents on measuring temperature for 14 days; 3. If the temperature rises, immediately hospitalize the patient in an infectious diseases hospital; - hold an explanatory conversation with parents
First aid for a midge bite. Symptoms: itching, burning, pain, swelling, fever Help: Treat the bite with ammonia; to relieve itching, you can lubricate with cologne, soda solution, table vinegar, lemon juice; apply ice
First aid for foreign bodies. A foreign body is an object that enters the body from the outside and lingers in tissues, organs, and cavities. A foreign body of the eye can be located on the inner surface of the eyelids and the cornea of the eye or penetrate into the cornea. Help. Do not rub your eyes, pull the eyelid by the eyelashes, remove the foreign body with a moistened corner of a clean napkin or scarf. If a foreign body is introduced into the cornea of the eye, assistance should be provided in a medical institution. There are two types of foreign body in the ear: insect or object. Help. If an insect gets into the ear, drip 3-5 drops of vegetable oil (water) into the ear canal and place the victim on the sore ear after 1-2 minutes; the foreign body should come out with the fluid. Remove foreign bodies from the nose by blowing your nose; If this procedure fails, consult a doctor. Help: If a foreign body gets into the nose, do not try to remove it with your fingers, especially in small children, otherwise you will push it deeper. Ask an older child to blow his nose, after holding the nasal passage free of foreign matter. If the attempt is unsuccessful, consult a doctor quickly; The sooner the foreign body is removed, the fewer complications there are during its removal.
Help: Allow the victim to clear his throat: bend his torso strongly forward, apply several intense blows with the palm of his hand between the shoulder blades. Grasp the victim's waist with your hands and press 4-5 times in the middle of the abdomen. If the result is negative, immediately transport the victim to a medical facility. A foreign body that gets into the respiratory tract can lead to complete blockage and suffocation. Choking occurs when food or a foreign object enters the trachea instead of the esophagus).
Fainting is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by weakening of the heart and breathing. It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more. Symptoms: dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness, pale and cold skin, slow, shallow breathing, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute). FIRST AID Place the victim on his back (legs should be higher than his head), free his neck and chest from restrictive clothing, cover the victim, and place a heating pad at his feet. In case of prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.
Sunstroke is overheating as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun and direct exposure of the head to sunlight. Symptoms: Increased body temperature, redness of the skin, increased sweating, increased heart rate and breathing, headache, weakness, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting. loss of consciousness, convulsions. Skin burns are common. Help: Place the victim with his head elevated in a shady place or cool room, remove clothes, lay him down and wrap him in damp sheets or towels. Place an ice pack or cold water pack, or a cold compress, on the victim's head. When overheating, it is important to first cool the head, since in this case the central nervous system is especially affected. The victim should not be immersed in cold water, as reflex cardiac arrest is possible. Cooling should be carried out gradually, avoiding large temperature differences. Give the victim plenty of cold fluids (water, tea, coffee, juice). If there are burns, lubricate the affected skin with Vaseline, do not open the blisters (cream), apply a dry sterile bandage and go to a medical facility.
Heat stroke is a pathological condition caused by a general sudden overheating of the body as a result of exposure to external thermal factors. The reasons are a violation of thermoregulation that occurs under the influence of excess heat from the environment, high humidity and still air, physical stress, prolonged wearing of clothes made of synthetic, leather fabric in conditions of elevated ambient temperature, insufficient intake of liquid. Symptoms: Disorder of consciousness, dilated pupils, nosebleeds, vomiting, thirst, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, fever up to 39.0, muscle pain, dry hot skin. Help: the same as for sunstroke
First aid for an epileptic seizure. An epileptic seizure is a manifestation of epilepsy or a chronic brain disease. Symptoms: Sudden loss of consciousness, convulsions begin at the same time. A short-term (10-30 seconds) cessation of breathing is possible. Pale at first, the face becomes dark red and blue. Foamed saliva comes out of the mouth. If a patient injures his tongue with his teeth, the saliva turns red. In 80% of cases, involuntary urination is observed.
First aid: 1. Avoid the possibility of injury (fixing the head - supporting with hands or lightly pressing between the knees, placing something soft under the head before an attack). For example, if you are outside, it is important to move as quickly as possible to an area where the soil is soft and not asphalt. 2. After a seizure, place the victim in a safe position (on his side) - and do not wake him up (epileptic sleep). Take care of the airway and control your breathing. The position on the side is also necessary for removing saliva from the oral cavity. 3. Loosen any tight clothing elements (buttons, belts, ties). 4. Call an ambulance. UNDER NO EVENT!!! may not breathe for about half a minute at the beginning of a seizure, this is normal), * give him water, food, use force against the victim, * create unnecessary commotion and strain the situation.
Know how to provide first aid!
Thank you for your attention!
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Providing first aid.
A healthy child is distinguished by proper physical and mental development; he usually has a good, healthy complexion, lively and cheerful eyes.
The absence of diseases is indicated by a good appetite, normal stool, sound and restful sleep. While awake, healthy children should be in a good mood, they are animated, play a lot, and are interested in everything that surrounds them.
However, in the life of every child, certain events often arise that require medical intervention.
In some cases, both parents and educators, conscious of responsibility, can resort to independently providing first aid to children.
First aid should be provided calmly, without fussiness. An injured child must be treated with care, warmth, encouragement and reassurance. Any injury is accompanied by sharp pain - when providing first aid, when there are no pain-relieving medications at hand, a word addressed to the victim is an effective means of relieving suffering
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First aid
This is a complex of protozoa medical activities using medicines performed by a medical professional or a person who does not have a medical education, butwith first aid skills,carried out to a suddenly ill or injured person at the scene of an incident and during his delivery to a medical facility.
First medical aid must be provided on the spot before the doctor arrives or the victim is taken to a medical facility.
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ABRASIONS AND SCRATCHES–
superficial damage to the outer skin.
Help:
1
. Remove dirt from the skin with a gauze pad soaked in a weak solution of manganese or hydrogen peroxide.
2. Lubricate the edges of the wound with iodine or brilliant green.
3. Cover the damaged area with a sterile bandage, gauze or napkin folded 4 times.
Damage to the skin, and especially deep ones, cannot be covered with powders, covered with ointments, covered with insulating tape, etc. Do not touch with your hands the part of the bandage that will be applied to the wound, so as not to cause an infection.
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Bruise - the result of damage to soft tissues and organs of the body with a blunt object.
The degree of damage depends on the force of the blow, the area of the damaged surface and the significance of the bruised part of the body for the body (a bruised finger, of course, is not as dangerous as a bruised head). Swelling quickly appears at the site of the injury, and bruising is also possible. When large vessels rupture under the skin, accumulations of blood (hematomas) can form.
Symptoms : the presence of an abrasion and (or) bruise at the site of the injury, bruising, increasing swelling (edema), pain
Help :
1. Create rest for the damaged organ.
2. Give this area an elevated position.
3. Apply cold (ice pack, towel moistened with cold water), which causes local vasospasm and significantly reduces bleeding into soft tissues.
4. Apply a pressure bandage to the injured area.
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Wounds - damage to body tissues due to mechanical impact, accompanied by damage to the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes. There are puncture, bruise, cut, gunshot, and bite wounds. They are accompanied by bleeding, pain, dysfunction of the damaged organ and can be complicated by infection.
There are wounds: Superficial, deep, closed, sharp, punctured, cut, torn, chopped, bitten, bruised
Help : Treat the skin around the wound with alcohol and brilliant green (1% solution of brilliant green). Apply a cotton-gauze bandage from an individual package (you can apply several sterile napkins to the wound, cover them with sterile cotton wool and bandage them).
Bite wounds Most often they are inflicted by dogs, rarely by wild animals. The wounds are irregular in shape and contaminated with animal saliva. The course of these wounds is complicated by the development of acute infection. Wounds after bites from rabid animals are especially dangerous.
Help: The wound is washed with soapy water, the skin around it is treated with an antiseptic solution (iodine solution, potassium permanganate solution, ethyl alcohol, etc.), and then a sterile bandage is applied and the victim is taken to a medical facility.
Superficial – when only the skin or mucous membrane is damaged (abrasions, scratches)
Deep – with damage to large blood vessels, muscles, nerves, tendons, blood vessels and internal organs.
Closed – bruises, sprains, subcutaneous ruptures of muscles, tendons, blood vessels.
Acute – arise as a result of a simultaneous force impact.
Wounds come in a wide variety of forms and depend on the nature of the damage:
Puncture wounds - applied with piercing objects (needle, bayonet, nail, wire), accompanied by bleeding, as they have a deep wound channel. Puncture wounds of the neck, head, and torso are especially dangerous, as they can cause internal bleeding and damage to internal organs. When a large vessel is damaged, pale skin and a rapid thread-like pulse are observed.
Incised wounds – applied with cold cutting weapons (knife, razor, glass). The edges of the wound separate, the wound bleeds heavily and causes pain.
Lacerations – are caused by rough impact (machines, saws, machines), their edges are uneven, often dirty and contain non-viable tissue.
Chopped wounds – are deep, often accompanied by bleeding and shock, as bone damage is possible.
Bite wounds – they are characterized by tooth marks, crushing of tissues, damage to blood vessels, nerves and even bones.
Bruised wounds
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Bruised wounds - a consequence of impact with blunt objects. The edges of the wound are torn. The surrounding tissues are crushed, cyanotic, and soaked in blood. As a result of compression of the vessels, they hardly bleed.
Help : Treat the skin with iodine tincture and apply an aseptic pressure bandage. To reduce swelling and bleeding in the tissue, place an ice pack on the wound area.
Bleeding - blood coming out of damaged
blood vessels.
There are arterial, venous, capillary and parenchymal bleeding.
External – blood flows from a wound or natural orifices of the body.
Internal – blood accumulates in body cavities.
The most dangerous is arterial bleeding.
Help : Apply a clean gauze bandage to the bleeding area.
A layer of cotton wool is placed on top of the gauze and the wound is bandaged. You should not put shaggy fabric or cotton wool on the wound, as its villi contain a large number of bacteria that cause infection of the wound.
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DISLOCATION – displacement of the articular surfaces of bones, which is sometimes accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule, damage to ligaments, blood vessels, and muscles. When a limb is dislocated, it assumes a forced position. The joint is deformed, pain is felt, and movement is limited.
Help:
1. Ensure complete rest and immobility of the injured limb by applying a fixing bandage.
2. Apply cold. Refer the victim to a medical facility
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Dislocation in the ankle jointalmost always associated with ankle fractures and ligament ruptures. Upon examination, bruising, joint deformation, swelling, severe pain, and limited movement are revealed.
It happens that external signs resemble a dislocation, but in fact there is a fracture of the intra-articular bones. The so-called combined injury is a dislocation and a fracture. The nature of the damage can only be determined by x-ray examination.
Help: Applying a tight elastic bandage in such a way as to ensure complete immobility of the foot. It is recommended to splint the leg (for example, secure it with a thick ruler).
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Sprains, ligament and muscle tearscan occur when there is excessive movement in the joints. In this case, sharp pain, increasing swelling and dysfunction appear.
First aid : applying a pressure bandage and applying cold with mandatorytransport immobilization.
If muscle or ligament ruptures are suspected, hospitalization in the trauma department is necessary after preliminary application of transport immobilization.
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First aid for nosebleeds.
Reasons: nose injury (blow, scratch); diseases (high blood pressure, decreased blood clotting); physical stress; overheating.
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First aid for nosebleeds:
1. It is convenient to sit the patient so that the head is higher than the body;
2. You cannot tilt the patient’s head back!! Tilt the patient's head slightly forward so that blood does not enter the nasopharynx and mouth;
3.If you have a nosebleed, you should not blow your nose, because... this may increase bleeding!
4.Press the wing of the nose to the septum. Before this, you can insert cotton swabs into the nasal passages, dry or moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, naphthyzine 0.1% (tampons are prepared from cotton wool in the form of a cocoon 2.5-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick, for children - 0 .5cm);
5.Put cold on the back of the head and bridge of the nose (ice pack) for 20 minutes.
If bleeding does not stop within 15-20 minutes, refer the victim to a medical facility
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First aid for insect bites.
Bites from bees, wasps, horseflies. With bites, only a local reaction is possible, manifested by burning pain, redness and swelling at the site of the bite. This is most pronounced when biting the face and neck. Bites to the eyes and mucous membranes of the mouth and lips are especially dangerous and painful. This can cause serious damage to your eyesight. Swelling that develops from bites on the lips and oral mucosa can lead to suffocation and death.
Symptoms: chills, fever, shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, increased heart rate, pain in the heart, nausea, vomiting, fainting.
Help: remove the sting from the bite site, then rinse the wound with alcohol and apply cold water. If suffocation develops, the child needs immediate hospitalization.
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First aid for a tick bite.
Symptoms: redness of the skin, dizziness and difficulty breathing, vomiting and fever.
After examining the child, you must:
- Remove a tick - before you begin removing a tick, you need to carefully moisten it with alcohol, soapy water or sunflower oil.
- Measure temperature; - in the absence of elevated temperature, give recommendations to parents on measuring temperature for 14 days;
3. If the temperature rises, immediately hospitalize the patient in an infectious diseases hospital; - hold an explanatory conversation with parents
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First aid for a midge bite.
Midge bite very unpleasant, it is so small that it easily penetrates the ears, eyes, and respiratory tract. The midge is a blood-sucking insect.
Like many blood-sucking insects, the midge injects a special anesthetic and anticoagulant to thin the blood (as well as enzymes and histamines).
After a midge bite, a person experiences unpleasant sensations: itching, burning, pain, swelling, and possibly an increase in temperature. All this happens due to the saliva of the midge; it contains hemolytic poison. The site of the midge bite may itch for several weeks. You should try to scratch the bite site as little as possible, as there is a risk of infection.
Symptoms: itching, burning, pain, swelling, fever
Help: Treat the bite with ammonia; to relieve itching, you can lubricate with cologne, soda solution, table vinegar, lemon juice; apply ice.
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First aid for foreign bodies.
Foreign body - an object that enters the body from the outside and lingers in tissues, organs, cavities.
Foreign body of the eyecan be located on the inner surface of the eyelids and the cornea of the eye or penetrate into the cornea.
First aid . Do not rub your eyes, pull the eyelid by the eyelashes, remove the foreign body with a moistened corner of a clean napkin or scarf. If a foreign body is introduced into the cornea of the eye, assistance should be provided in a medical institution.
Foreign body of the earThere are two types: an insect or an object.
First aid . If an insect gets into the ear, drip 3-5 drops of vegetable oil (water) into the ear canal and place the victim on the sore ear after 1-2 minutes; the foreign body should come out with the fluid.
Foreign body from the noseremove by blowing your nose; If this procedure fails, consult a doctor.
Help : If a foreign body gets into the nose, do not try to remove it with your fingers, especially in small children, otherwise you will push it deeper. Ask an older child to blow his nose, after holding the nasal passage free of foreign matter. If the attempt is unsuccessful, consult a doctor quickly; the sooner the foreign body is removed,
The less complications there are when removing it.
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Foreign body in the respiratory tract, can lead to complete blockage and suffocation. Choking occurs when food or a foreign object enters the trachea instead of the esophagus).
Help: Give the victim the opportunity to clear his throat: bend his torso strongly forward, apply several intense blows with the palm of his hand between the shoulder blades. Grasp the victim's waist with your hands and press 4-5 times in the middle of the abdomen. If the result is negative, immediately transport the victim to a medical facility
17th slide
Fainting is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by weakening of the heart and breathing.
It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.
Symptoms: dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness, paleness and coldness of the skin, slow, shallow breathing, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).
Help: Place the victim on his back (legs should be higher than head),
free your neck and chest from restrictive clothing,
cover the victim and place a heating pad at his feet.
In case of prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.
18th slide
Sunstroke - overheating as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun and direct exposure of the head to sunlight.
Symptoms: Increased body temperature, redness of the skin, increased sweating, increased heart rate and breathing, headache, weakness,
tinnitus, nausea, vomiting. loss of consciousness, convulsions. Often skin burns
Help: Victim lay with the head end raisedin a shady place orcool room, remove clothes, lay and wrap in wet sheets or towels. On your head place the victim in an ice or cold water pack, orcold compress.When overheating it is importantcool your head first, since, in
In this case, the central nervous system is especially affected.
The victim should not be immersed in cold water.since reflex cardiac arrest is possible.Cooling should be done gradually, avoiding large temperature differences.
Give the victim plenty of cold drink (water, tea, coffee, juice).
If there are burns, affected skin lubricate with Vaseline, (cream) do not open the blisters, apply a dry sterile bandage and go to a medical facility.
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Heatstroke - pathological condition caused by generalsudden overheating of the bodyas a result of exposure to external thermal factors.
Reasons - violation of thermoregulation that occurs under the influence of excess heat from the environment, high humidity and still air, physical stress, prolonged wearing of clothes made of synthetic, leather fabric in conditions of elevated ambient temperature,
insufficient fluid intake.
Symptoms: Disorder of consciousness, dilated pupils, nosebleeds, vomiting, thirst, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, fever up to 39.0, muscle pain, dry hot skin.
Help : same as with sunstroke
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First aid for an epileptic seizure.
Epileptic seizure- manifestation of epilepsy or chronic brain disease.
Symptoms: Sudden loss of consciousness, convulsions begin at the same time. A short-term (10-30 seconds) cessation of breathing is possible. Pale at first, the face becomes dark red and blue. Foamed saliva comes out of the mouth. If a patient injures his tongue with his teeth, the saliva turns red. In 80% of cases, involuntary urination is observed.
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First aid
1. Avoid the possibility of injury (fixing the head - supporting it with your hands or lightly pinching it between your knees, placing something soft under your head before an attack).
For example, if you are outside, it is important to move as quickly as possible to an area where the soil is soft and not asphalt.
2. After a seizure, place the victim in a safe position (on his side) - and do not wake him up (epileptic sleep). Take care of the airway and control your breathing. The position on the side is also necessary for removing saliva from the oral cavity.
3. Loosen any tight clothing elements (buttons, belts, ties).
4. Call an ambulance.
UNDER NO EVENT CAN YOU!!!:
* insert foreign objects into the victim’s mouth,
* leave the victim alone.
* wake up, jerk, forcefully bring to consciousness, pour water on, hit in the face,
* use artificial respiration in the first minutes of an epileptic seizure (the patient may not breathe for about half a minute at the beginning of the seizure, this is normal),
* give him water, food, use force against the victim,
* create unnecessary turmoil and strain the situation.
Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution
"Kindergarten No. 28"
"Providing first aid"
Consultation for teachers
- "Academic"
- YuZOUO
- First aid
- First aid -
- This is a set of simple, urgent, but nevertheless very effective measures that should be carried out immediately after the incident in the form of self- and mutual assistance.
- basics of providing
- first aid
- Stop exposure to damaging factors
- (extracted from under rubble or water, removed from a burning room, removed from a car, carriage, etc.)
- Quickly and correctly assess the condition of the victim
- (to establish whether the victim is alive or dead)
- Determine the severity of injury, damage
- (presence of bleeding, fractures, etc.)
- Proceed with first aid
- Prepare the victim for transportation
- Quickly transport the victim to a medical facility
- The optimal period for providing first aid is up to 30 minutes. after being injured.
- Leakage of blood from a damaged blood vessel
- BLEEDING
- External
- (bleeding onto the surface of the body)
- Internal
- (bleeding into internal organs, cavities and tissues)
- Depending on which vessel is bleeding, the bleeding may be:
- venous
- arterial
- capillary
- mixed
- Capillary:
- blood from small vessels oozes evenly over the entire surface of the wound (like from a sponge)
- Venous:
- dark cherry-colored blood flows from the wound continuously, calmly
- Arterial:
- the blood is scarlet in color and flows out in a pulsating stream (blood emissions correspond to the rhythm of heart contractions)
- Mixed:
- characterized by signs of arterial and venous bleeding
- A - arterial; B - venous;
- Maximum limb flexion
- Pressing the bleeding vessel at the site of injury using a pressure bandage
- Application of a hemostatic tourniquet
- Finger pressure on a bleeding vessel
- Giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the body
- Giving the injured limb an elevated position relative to the body
- A - bleeding from the wound
- B - pressing the bleeding vessel
- B - pressure bandage (several layers of gauze are applied over the wound, a thick wad of cotton wool is applied and bandaged tightly)
- This method makes it possible to prepare for a thorough cessation of bleeding, prepare a tourniquet, twist, etc.
- It is best to press the arteries to the bony protrusions at certain, most convenient points for this, where the pulse can be easily felt
- You can press the artery with your thumb, palm, edge of the palm, fist
- Finger pressure on a bleeding vessel
- on the neck and head
- the pressure point of the artery should be below the wound or in the wound
- on the limbs
- the pressure point of the artery should be above the bleeding site
- 1 - temporal
- 2 - external jaw
- 3 - elbow
- 4 - radial 5 - humeral
- 6 - axillary
- 7 - femoral
- 8 - posterior tibial 9 - anterior tibial
- 10 - right carotid
- 11 - subclavian
- It is performed in the joint above the wound and the limb is fixed with bandages (using improvised means) in this position. Maximum limb flexion can be maintained
- no more than 2 hours.
- A - if the brachial artery is injured, it is pressed with a finger to the bone along the inner edge of the biceps muscle
- B - the femoral artery is pressed against the femur along the inner edge of the quadriceps muscle
- Bleeding from the femoral artery is stopped by flexing the lower limb at the hip joint, after placing a roller in the groin area. After the bleeding has stopped, the thigh is secured with a belt to the body.
- Bleeding from wounds below the knee is stopped by laying the victim on his back, and a cotton-gauze roll is placed in the popliteal area, the thigh is brought to the stomach, and the lower leg is bent and secured to the thigh with a bandage or belt.
- Bleeding from the upper arm and subclavian region is stopped by:
- bring both shoulders behind the back with bending at the elbow joints, after which they are tied with a bandage (belt, etc.). In this case, the arteries on both sides are compressed.
- Bleeding from wounds of the forearm and hand is stopped:
- A cotton-gauze roll (a cloth roll) is placed on the flexor surface of the elbow joint, then the arm is bent at the elbow as much as possible, pulling the forearm to the shoulder with a bandage or belt. In this position, the hand is fixed with a bandage (belt).
- apply the tourniquet only to clothing (if there is no clothing, place fabric under the tourniquet)
- in case of injury to the hand, forearm, or elbow area, apply a tourniquet in the upper third of the shoulder
- if the lower limb is injured, apply a tourniquet in the middle third of the thigh
- Place a note under the tourniquet indicating the time and date it was applied
- the tourniquet can be on the limb for no more than 1.5 - 2 hours, and in the cold season - 0.5 - 1 hour
- Periodically (every 30 - 60 minutes) the tourniquet should be loosened for a few minutes
- (at this time, pinch the vessel above the tourniquet with your finger), and apply it again, but with greater tension.
- fixing the tourniquet
- tourniquet stretching
- To prevent pinching of the skin, place clothing (or fabric) under the tourniquet
- place the tourniquet behind the injured limb above the wound and stretch with maximum effort
- press the first round of the tourniquet and make sure there is no pulse in the artery below the applied tourniquet
- apply the following rounds of the tourniquet with less force
- Tighten the tourniquet only until the bleeding stops, then stop tightening
- wrap the fastener loop around the tourniquet
- pull the loop and place it under the free end of the tourniquet
- Place a note under the tourniquet indicating the time it was applied
- REMEMBER:
- With the tourniquet applied correctly:
- bleeding from the wound stops
- pulse disappears
- the skin below the site of its application turns pale
- In the absence of a factory harness
- it can be replaced with improvised ones -
- rubber tube
- tie
- belt
- belt, scarf, bandage
- wire should not be used
- Tie
- Kerchief
- Using a waist belt as a tourniquet: a, b, c, d – stages of applying a tourniquet; d, f – preparation of a double loop.
- Using a twist:
- a - making a knot into which a stick is inserted and twisted until the bleeding stops;
- b - fix,
- For capillary:
- Apply a regular bandage
- For venous:
- Press the bleeding vessel with your fingers
- Fix a limb in a certain position
- Apply a pressure bandage
- Raise the injured limb above the level of the body
- For arterial:
- All known methods of temporarily stopping bleeding are used, but the final method will be the application of a hemostatic tourniquet.
- Oral discharge may be associated with bleeding from the lungs, upper respiratory tract, pharynx, esophagus and stomach
- The discharge of foamy scarlet blood from the mouth is characteristic of pulmonary hemorrhage, which occurs, for example, with pulmonary tuberculosis
- “Bloody vomiting” often occurs with peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, if the ulcerative process has destroyed a blood vessel; sometimes gastric bleeding can complicate the course of acute gastritis, stomach tumors
- A completely reliable sign of bleeding from the stomach and duodenum is vomiting with contents resembling coffee grounds; vomiting of fresh and coagulated blood is possible; after a while, tarry stools with a foul odor appear
- The presence of blood in the urine indicates bleeding from the kidneys or bladder
- Falling glass caused a cut wound on the front
- surface of the forearm. A stream flows from the wound
- venous blood. There are no special devices to stop bleeding. No sterile material. There is a handkerchief, an electric iron, and a boiling kettle on the stove.
- What is the sequence of actions when providing first aid?
- Suddenly, copious amounts of blood began to flow from the nasal passages. The patient is worried, blows his nose, spits out blood, and partially swallows it.
- How to stop nosebleeds?
- What position should the patient be placed in?
- As a result of the knife wound, severe arterial bleeding occurred from the popliteal artery. There are no tools or dressings, except for your own clothes and trouser belt.
- What is the sequence of first aid?
- While sawing off a piece of board, the saw suddenly jumped out of the carpenter's hand and injured his leg below the knee. A pulsating stream of scarlet blood flows from the wound in the shin.
- Determine the type of bleeding and describe it.
- List the sequence of first aid.
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