Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education.

Kuban State Agrarian University

Department of Private Animal Science and Pig Breeding

V.A. Kuznetsov, O.N. Eremenko

BASICS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
/Educational manual

for practical exercises

students of the Faculty of Agronomy /

_________________________

(F. I. O. of the student)

__________ ___________

course group

__________________________

academic year

Krasnodar, 2009

Developed by: Associate Professor V.A. Kuznetsov, assistant O.N. Eremenko.
Under the methodical editorship of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences V.I. Komlatsky.

The teaching aid provides students of the Faculty of Agronomy with the study of the chemical composition and nutritional value of fodder crops, the formation of animals of the desired productive type, the patterns of growth of farm animals, the determination of productive qualities and the use of animals in the conditions of modern livestock production technologies.

The teaching aid was reviewed and approved at a meeting of the Department of Private Zootechnics and Pig Breeding, Protocol No. 8 from 2nd of March 2009

2. Determination of the yield of nutrients from 1 ha of crops

various fodder crops 9

3. Calculation of the need for feed for various

farm animal species 17

4. Determination of the productive type of agricultural

animals 28

5. Determination of fatness of animals 43

6. Assessment of the growth and development of farm animals 50

7. Rationing, balancing and analysis of the diet of dairy cows 58

8. Calculation of the need for silage, haylage, green fodder and machinery

when harvesting them at the dairy complex 65

9. Technology of milk production. Accounting for dairy

productivity 72

10. Meat productivity of farm animals 79

11. Calculation of the output of the pig-breeding complex

with a complete production cycle 86

12. Technology of production of poultry products and accounting

poultry egg productivity. 90

13. The study of conditions of detention and basic production - technological processes on livestock farms. 96

Topic 1. Determination of the overall nutritional value of feed
Purpose of the lesson: Familiarize yourself with the essence of methods for determining the overall nutritional value of feed and energy.
As a feed unit, the nutritional value of 1 kg of dry (standard) oats, equivalent to 1414 kcal, was taken. energy of fat deposition or deposition in the body of a fattening ox 150 g of fat, or this is such an amount of digestible nutrients that, when consumed, approximately 150 g of fat is formed in the body of animals.

To calculate the nutritional value of feed in oat feed units, the following data are required:

a) gross content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV in one or 100 kg of feed;

b) indicators of the productive action of pure nutrients, which show how much fat can be deposited in the body of an animal when fed 1 kg of protein, fat, BEV and fiber.

When calculating fat deposition, it must be remembered that 1 kg of digestible nutrients deposits a certain amount of fat in the animal's body, kg

Table 1. Productive effect of digestible nutrients per kg of stored fat

Methodology calculation of the energy nutritional value of feed in oat feed units:

1. Getting the amount of digestible nutrients. (The content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV is multiplied by the digestibility coefficient of these substances and divided by 100).

2. Determination of the expected fat deposition of individual nutrients. (The resulting amounts of digestible protein, fat, fiber and BEV are multiplied by the corresponding indicator of productive action).

3. The resulting works are summarized. The sum shows the amount of stored fat as a result of the use of all nutrients.

4. The calculated total fat deposition is corrected for fiber, the consumption of which reduces fat deposition in the following amounts:

Table 2. Reduction in fat deposition per 1 kg of consumed fiber

Fiber correction is subtracted from total fat deposition, and actual fat deposition is obtained.

5. The number of feed units is found by dividing the actual fat deposition (kg) by 0.150 (kg) (fat deposition per feed unit).

Exercise 1. Determine the nutritional value of the following feed in oat feed units.

Table 3. Nutrient content and digestibility ratios

Stern	Contains, % in 100kg				Digestibility coefficients
	crude protein	Raw fat	crude fiber	BEV	crude protein	Raw fat	crude fiber	BEV
sainfoin hay	7,2	1,9	28,9	41,6	55	50	57	59
Oats green	3,1	0,7	4,0	8,5	74	80	60	65
alfalfa grass	4,4	0,9	6,1	12,5	71	63	43	74
Carrot	1,2	0,2	1,1	9,5	67	50	54	96
Feed peas	21,7	1,3	7,3	54	86	62	46	93
fish flour	59,4	1,9	-	0,4	90	76	-	40

Calculate the total nutritional value in feed units per 100 kg of feed Table 4.

Table 4. Calculation of the total nutritional value in feed units per 100 kg of feed

Stern	Digestible nutrients, kg				Productive action of nutrients, kg of fat						Contained feed units
	Protein	Fat	Cellulose	BEV	Protein	Fat	Fiber + BEV	Total	Fat reduction	Actual body fat
sainfoin hay	3,96	0,95	16,5	24,5	0,93	0,45	10,17	11,55	4,13	7,42	49,5
Oats green
alfalfa grass
Carrot
Feed peas
fish flour

Task 2. Calculate the total nutritional value of the feed in Energy Feed Units (EFU).

Our country has developed new system assessment of the nutritional value of feed in energy feed units, that is, the energy nutritional value of the feed is determined by the value of the exchange energy of the feed (OE), which is the part of the feed energy used to maintain life and produce. The amount of exchange energy can be determined as follows. According to the chemical composition of the feed and the digestibility coefficients, the amount of digestible nutrients is determined. The metabolizable energy content is then calculated using the appropriate regression equation (Nutrient Energy Factors).
1 kg of feed contains the exchange energy MJ:
For cattle ME = 19.46 pP + 31.23 pF + 13.65 pC + 14.78 pBEV

For sheep, ME = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF + 13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV

For horses, ME = 19.46 pP + 35.43 pF + 15.95 pC + 15.95 pBEV

For pigs, ME = 20.85 pP + 36.63 pF + 14.27 pC + 16.95 pBEV

For poultry, ME = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF + 13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV
Example: The metabolic energy of 100 kg of sainfoin hay is:

KRS OE \u003d 19.46 * 3.96 + 31.23 * 0.95 + 13.65 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 \u003d 686000 KJ or 686 MJ

Sheep OE \u003d 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 \u003d 689.9 MJ

Horses OE \u003d 19.46 * 3.96 + 35.43 * 0.95 + 15.95 * 16.5 + 15.95 * 24.5 \u003d 764.6 MJ

Pigs OE \u003d 20.85 * 3.96 + 36.63 * 0.95 + 14.27 * 16.5 + 16.95 * 24.5 \u003d 768.2 MJ

Poultry OE \u003d 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 \u003d 834.4 MJ

Table 5. Total nutritional value of feed in ECE (OE)

Kind of animal	Exchange energy, MJ
	sainfoin hay	Oats green	alfalfa grass	Carrot	Feed peas	fish flour
Cattle	686
Sheep	689,9
Horses	764,6
Pigs	768,2
Bird	834,4

Conclusions___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Topic read _____________________________________________________________

Teacher's signature _____________________________________________

Topic 2. Determining the yield of nutrients from 1 ha of sowing various forage crops
Purpose of the lesson: To study the methodology for calculating the yield of nutrients of various feeds from 1 ha of crops.
The intensive development of animal husbandry is impossible without the creation of a solid fodder base that provides farm animals with a sufficient amount of complete feed.

The biological value of a particular feed depends on the amount of nutrients contained in it, their digestibility and assimilation by the animal's body, on the presence of taste stimuli in the feed that stimulate the animal's appetite and contribute to its palatability. Feed should not have a harmful effect on the body of the animal and the quality of the products obtained from it.

X
chemical composition of feed

Nutrients consumed by animals in feed are used to form products, to replenish the costs incurred by the body in the course of its life, and in a growing organism they are used as a material for the formation of new body tissues of animals.
Exercise 1 . Option ______ . Using information about the chemical composition of feed and their nutritional value, perform calculations to determine the yield of nutrients from 1 ha of crops of these forage crops.

Municipal educational institution

Staroisakovskaya secondary school

ELECTIVE COURSE

Technology teacher, master

industrial training

Explanatory note.

Animal husbandry is one of the most important branches of agriculture. It is designed to meet the needs of the population in such valuable products as meat, butter, milk, as well as to provide various industries with raw materials.

Animal husbandry also affects the increase in plant productivity, since it serves as a source of organic fertilizers. Thus, crop production
and animal husbandry are closely related branches of agriculture.

In connection with the use of advanced technology, mechanization and electrification of production processes, the requirements for the training of livestock breeders are also increasing. They must have a good general education, polytechnic and special zootechnical training, know the biological characteristics of animals, various machines and equipment, be able to manage them and use them rationally.

In the lessons on the basics of animal husbandry, as well as on the mechanization and automation of livestock farms and complexes, students will get acquainted with modern ways to increase the productivity of animals.

Based also on the acquired knowledge in biology, physics, chemistry, geography, mathematics, they will learn how to correctly perform basic production work on mechanized agricultural complexes.

Knowledge on this course will help students immediately after school to engage in socially useful, productive work in animal husbandry, study at a university or technical school in their chosen profession and specialty.

Educational and thematic plan

"Young Farmer's School"

on the course "Fundamentals of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine"

for 2008/2009 academic year

	Topic name	Number of hours	Including
lectures	practicalclasses
	State and problems of agriculturalproduction at the present stage
	Legal basis farming, land laws
	Sustainable agriculture production
	Marketing: research, sales and promotionproduction
	Optimization of the structure of production and reimplementation of investment projects in fermerskoye economy
	business game: "Organization and activitiesmarketing service»
	Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of farm animals
	Fundamentals of agricultural breedinganimals
	Farm Feeding Basicsanimals
	Status and prospects for the development of livestockleadership in Russian Federation
	horse breeding
	Pig farming basics in farms
	Sheep and goat breeding, their importance
	poultry farming
	Rabbit breeding is a promising industryanimal husbandry
	Beekeeping
	Fundamentals of zoohygiene and veterinary medicine
	TOTAL

Study program

on the course "Fundamentals of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine

The program is designed for 68 hours. Good assimilation of the material will contribute to personal experience schoolchildren, because living in countryside, they have a circle of their permanent household duties for the care of farm animals and work on the farms of the food corporation.

GENERAL ISSUES

Ø State and problems of agricultural production at the present stage (1 hour)

Ø Legal framework for farming, land laws (1 hour)

Ø Sustainable agricultural production (1 hour)

Ø Marketing: research, sales and promotion of products (1 hour)

Ø Optimization of the structure of production and implementation of investment projects in the farm (1 hour)

Ø Business game: "Organization and activities of the marketing service" (1 hour)

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology

farm animals (3 hours)

The organism is characterized as a whole. The structure and functions of cells are outlined. The concept of fabric and its types. Organ system: voluntary movement, blood and lymph circulation. The composition of the blood. Small and large circles of blood circulation. Respiratory system. The digestive system. The concept of metabolism and energy. Protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Exchange of water and minerals. Vitamins. Thermoregulation. The characteristic of excretory organs systems is given. Reproductive system. Pregnancy, its timing in different animal species. The mammary gland and the process of milk formation. Endocrine glands. Nervous system. Sense organs.

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Farm Animal Breeding (3 hours)

Growth and development of animals. Average data on the duration of the main periods of animal life. The concept of the constitution, exterior and interior of animals. Animal productivity. Dairy and meat productivity. weight of animals. The concept of the breed and rock formation. Fundamentals of tribal business. Principles of selection and selection. Animal breeding methods: purebred, inbreeding, inbreeding, crossing (absorption, introductory, reproductive, variable), hybridization. Breeding technique. Puberty, sexual hunting. Tribal organization. Tribal forms. Zootechnical accounting. Animal grading.

Chapter 3. Fundamentals of feeding farm animals (2 hours)

The chemical composition of feed. A scheme of the chemical composition of plants is given. water like component plants and animal. The organic part of the feed: nitrogenous and nitrogen-free substances, fats and enzymes. Minerals, trace elements and vitamins. Factors affecting chemical composition fodder.

The concept of digestibility of feed; factors affecting the digestibility of feed: age, size and composition of the diet. Preparation of feed for feeding. Evaluation of the nutritional value of feed.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/009/images/image009_16.jpg" align="left" width="234" height="183">Concentrated feed: grain feed and by-products of grain and oilseed processing ( oats, barley, corn, legumes; bran, linseed cake).

Remains of technical production (beet pulp, molasses, bard, spent grains, potato pulp). Feed of animal origin: milk, skim milk, buttermilk, whey, fish and meat industry waste (meat, meat and bone, blood and fish meal). Vitamin feed. Antibiotics. Amino acids. Mineral feed (salt, tricalcium phosphate, feed chalk), protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (PVMD). Fundamentals of rationed feeding. Megajoule (MJ). The structure of the diet and type of feeding.

Chapter 4. Status and prospects for the development of cattle breeding

in the Russian Federation /with a video film showing/ (5 hours)

The history of the development of cattle breeding in the USSR and Russia. Breed classification. Breeds of the dairy direction of productivity. Dutch breed. Black-and-white breed. Holstein breed. Kholmogory breed. Yaroslavl breed. Breeds of double productivity. Simmental breed. Sychevskaya breed. Swiss breed. Kostroma breed.

Breeds of the meat direction of productivity. Hereford breed. Kazakh white-headed breed. Aberdeen Angus breed. Kalmyk cattle.

Productivity of large cattle. Milk productivity and its relationship with the breed, feeding and maintenance, age, with age at the first mating. Multiplicity and technique of milking; factors affecting the fat content of milk. meat productivity.

The structure of a herd of cattle. Technique of cattle breeding. Puberty. Pregnancy. Preparing cows for calving. Reception of a calf at the hotel. Tribal work in cattle breeding. Breeding work in the conditions of dairy industrial complexes.

Valuation of cattle. Breeding planning. Tribal books. Feeding and maintenance of cattle. Feeding cows during the launch period. Feeding dairy cows. Winter feeding cows. Summer feeding cows. Feeding and maintenance of sires.

Milking cows. Milk production on an industrial basis.

Growing young. Raising calves during the milk period. Raising young animals after 6 months of age. Intensive rearing of young animals for meat.

Feeding and fattening livestock. Industrial complexes for fattening cattle.

Chapter 5. Horse breeding (2 hours)

Status, direction and objectives of the development of horse breeding. Tribal horse breeding. Sports horse breeding. Productive and user horse breeding. Horse farms. State stations for breeding and artificial insemination. Hippodromes. Classification of breeds of horses. Riding, harness, harness. Productive horse breeding. Meat and dairy horse breeding. The working qualities of the horse. Traction force. Normal and maximum tractive effort. The mode of feeding, keeping and using horses. Feeds: coarse (hay, straw, chaff), concentrated (oats, barley, bran, corn), succulent (carrots, beets, silage, etc.), green feeds and vitamin and mineral supplements (premixes). Feeding guidelines for horses. Horse care. Clay floor. Temperature and humidity conditions. Skin cleaning. Clearing hooves and shoeing horses.

Breeds of horses. Heavy trucks: Brabonsons; percherons; Russian Ardennes; Vladimir horse. Horses of riding breeds: Arabian; thoroughbred; Don and others. Terek plant of the Arabian horse. Akhal-Teke horse. Terek horse. Kabardian horse (for mountains).

Draft horses: Oryol trotter. The Russian trotter is a cross between the Oryol trotter and the American trotter. Local breeds: Mongolian horse, Kazakh horse, Transbaikal horse, Altai horse, Adaev horse, Bashkir steppe horse.

Sexual and physiological maturity of the mare. Mating season. Sexual hunting of a mare. Intrauterine growth and development of the fetus Dennik. Regular exercise of stallions. Diet: wheat bran, peas, millet, raw eggs, milk and sugar, carrots. Major diseases of horses.

Chapter 6

The role and importance of pig breeding in providing the population with meat products. Biological features of pigs. Fertility, gestation period, growth and development indicators. The quality and nutritional value of pig meat. Productive qualities of pigs and main breeds. Premises and maintenance of pigs. Development and reproduction of pigs. Obtaining and rearing piglets. Feeding pigs. Pig feeding.

Chapter 7. Sheep and goat breeding, their significance (2 hours)

Economic and biological features of sheep. Sheep products. Wool and its types. Fine wool. Semi-fine wool. Crossbred wool. Rough wool. Semi-coarse wool. Mutton. Sheep milk. Sheepskin. Fur sheepskins. Fur coats. Leather sheepskins. Smushki. Wool fibers. Down or undercoat. Ost. Transitional or intermediate hair. Dead hair. Technical properties wool: the crimp of the wool, the length and thickness of the wool. Strength, extensibility, firmness, elasticity, coat color. Output of pure wool. Wool defects and ways to improve its quality. Weed wool. Burdock wool. Defective wool. Wool defects. Shearing. Production classification of breeds of sheep. Fine-wool breeds. Wool-meat breeds. Meat-wool breeds. Semi-fine-wool breeds. Semi-coarse breeds. Rough-haired breeds. Breeding work in sheep breeding. Selection and selection of sheep. Grading sheep. Sheep feeding. Feeding rams-producers. Feeding pregnant queens. Feeding suckling queens. Feeding the young. Dairy, wool, down, meat and mixed goats. Russian goat. Gorky goat. Negrelian goat. Downy goats (Don and Orenburg). Feeding and maintenance of goats. Goat culling. Goat meat.

Chapter 8Poultry farming (4 hours)

The main breeds, lines and crosses of chickens used in poultry farming. Definition of concepts about the breed, line and cross of chickens. Enumeration of basic breeds, lines and crosses.

egg production technology. Cell content. Standards for growing young egg hens (area, feeding front, size of cages, feeders, etc.). The temperature regime in the rearing of young animals and other parameters of the microclimate of the premises. Technology of production of chickens - broilers. The main technological parameters in the production of meat - broilers. Parameters of indoor microclimate when growing broilers. Approximate norms of live weight by age. Fundamentals of duck, turkey, goose meat production. Veterinary-sanitary and preventive measures in poultry farming.

Chapter 9animal husbandry (2 hours)

Rabbit. Early maturity. Fertility. Features of the sexual cycle. Milkiness of rabbits. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of rabbits. The system of organs of movement. The digestive system. Vascular system: circulatory and lymphatic. Respiratory system. Nervous system. Skin and its derivatives. The structure of the mammary glands.

Feeding rabbits. Characteristics of the main feed used in rabbit breeding. concentrates. Remains of technical production. Feed of animal origin. Green fodder. Juicy food. Vitamin and mineral feed (additives). Types of feeding. Breeds of rabbits and the genetics of their color. Characteristics of the main breeds of rabbits: Soviet chinchilla, white giant, gray giant, silver, black-brown, Viennese blue, Soviet marder. Short-haired rabbits (rex). Angora downy. White downy. Fundamentals of breeding in rabbit breeding. Selection and selection. rabbit breeding technique. Okrol, jigging and rearing of young animals. Keeping rabbits. Rabbit products. Skins. Meat. Fluff.

Fundamentals of zoohygiene and veterinary prevention. non-communicable diseases. infectious diseases. Invasive diseases.

Chapter 10(1 hour)

Bee products, their properties and significance.

Organization, placement and equipment of the apiary. Biology of the bee colony.

Technology of keeping and breeding bees. Tribal business. Feed base, pollination of agricultural crops by bees.

Chapter 11

The concept of zoohygiene. The concept of veterinary medicine.

Non-contagious, infectious and parasitic diseases of animals. Zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary requirements for livestock buildings. Zoohygienic requirements for feed and water. Non-infectious diseases of the stomach and intestines of adults and young animals. Diseases of the respiratory system, metabolism. Diseases of the genitourinary system. Mastitis. Infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, leukemia, necrobacteriosis, calibacteriosis of calves. Zooanthroponoses: rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, trichophytosis (ringworm). Invasive diseases: cysticercosis (finnosis), echinococcosis, fascioliasis, dicroceliosis, ascariasis.

Labor protection when handling animals. Prevention of non-communicable and infectious diseases in humans when working with animals.

LITERATURE

1. . Cattle breeding. M., 1970

2. . Breeding farm animals, 4th edition, M., 1967

3. , . Ecological agricultural production. Farmer, issue 4. M., 1997

4. R. A. Khaertdinov. Golishta cattle in Tatarstan "href="/text/category/tatarstan/" rel="bookmark">Tatarstan. Kazan, 1995

5. . Feeds of the Tatar ASSR, their composition and nutritional value. Tatar book publishing house, 1975

6. and others. Handbook of a livestock farmer. Kazan, 1993

7., etc. Norms and diets for feeding farm animals. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1985

8. , . Reference book of zootechnics. M., 1986

9. et al. Epizootology and infectious diseases of agricultural animals. Moscow "Kolos", 1984

10. . Cattle breeding. Cattle, v.1, M., 1961

11. etc. Hygiene of farm animals. M., "Kolos", 1977

12. , . Educational book of the rabbit breeder. M., 1985

13. , . Diseases of young animals in industrial animal husbandry. M., Kolos, 1984

14. Veterinary encyclopedia, volumes 1-6.M.,

Diseases caused pathogenic microbes(bacteria, fungi, viruses) are called contagious, or infectious. They spread in the form of panzootics (in a number of regions, in the whole country and in a number of countries), epizootics (mass manifestation in a certain territory ...

IN modern conditions animal husbandry, the issues of preserving livestock, protecting it from diseases acquire special meaning. In farms and complexes, infertility, diseases of the genital organs, mastitis, gastrointestinal ...

Veterinary science is a complex of sciences about the causes and signs of diseases of farm and game animals, methods for their recognition, prevention and measures to combat them. Veterinary business is a historically developed field of activity...

Regardless of the type of feed and its purpose, all of them must meet the following basic requirements: contain the maximum amount of nutrients; not contain or contain the minimum allowable amount of harmful and toxic substances ...

For animals, rooms are built according to standard designs, taking into account zonal features. According to the terrain, the site should be located below residential and cultural buildings, but above manure storage facilities, veterinary buildings and sewage treatment facilities.

Zoohygiene is the science of protecting animal health, the purpose of which is to study the relationship of the organism with the external environment, to develop ways to eliminate adverse environmental influences and to determine the conditions for the rational maintenance, feeding and use of animals.

The textbook is intended for students of higher agricultural educational institutions students in the direction of training "Agronomy" (qualification (degree) "bachelor"), can serve as a reference book for agronomists, farmers, managers of agricultural enterprises and graduate students.

Textbook "Fundamentals of animal husbandry" - Chikalev A.I., Yuldashbaev Yu.A.

Introduction

It is believed that the level of material well-being of people is approximately 90% due to the consumption of products Agriculture and only 10% depends on goods produced by industry. Historically, agriculture has been divided into two large independent branches - crop production and animal husbandry. The latter compares favorably with a number of valuable features. For example, about 3/4 of crop production cannot be directly absorbed by humans, and the rest has a low nutritional value. Farm animals, utilizing crop products, as well as various wastes (straw, tops, etc.), provide high-quality food and raw materials for industry. At the same time, up to 40% of organic substances fed to animals are returned to the fields in the form of valuable organic fertilizer- manure.

Cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming and horse breeding stand out in terms of their importance from all branches of animal husbandry. The share of these sectors in the production of livestock products is over 90%.

The main tasks facing animal husbandry at present are the creation of a solid food base, since the genetic potential of animals is used only by 50-70% due to underfeeding, and the improvement of breeding work aimed at improving existing and creating new breeds of animals that give more products at lower feed costs.

In the implementation of the intensification of animal husbandry, an important role is assigned to zootechnics. The name of this science comes from the Greek words zoon - animal and technika - art. Zootechnics, based on the knowledge of biological laws, studies, develops and introduces into production scientifically based methods of animal husbandry. Zootechnics is associated with such fundamental biological sciences as biology, zoology, biochemistry, genetics, and applied sciences - veterinary medicine, agronomy, mechanization of agricultural production. Animal science is divided into general and particular. General zootechnics studies the basics of breeding, feeding and keeping all kinds of animals, and private one takes into account the specifics of conducting certain industries: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, etc.

A great contribution to zootechnics, which used to be called cattle-breeding art, was made by Russian scientists.

Mikhail Georgievich Livanov (1751-1800) is the first livestock scientist in Russia who wrote two books: "On Agriculture, Cattle Breeding and Poultry Farming" and "A Guide to Breeding and Correcting Livestock".

Vsevolod Ivanovich Vsevolodov (1790-1863) - author of the textbook Cattle Breeding Course (1837).

In the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Russian scientists laid the foundations for such issues as growth, development, exterior, interior, constitution, selection, selection, breeding methods. Among the scientists who developed these questions, we can mention Pavel Nikolaevich Kuleshov, Mikhail Fedorovich Ivanov, Nikolai Petrovich Chirvinsky, Anton Aleksandrovich Maligonov, Efim Fedotovich Liskun, who was the first director of VIZh.

In 1919, the first zootechnical institute (Moscow) was established in our country, in 1925 the first stud books were established.

Since the 1930s, 87 new breeds have been bred in the USSR, including 13 breeds of cattle, 16 breeds of pigs, 31 breeds of sheep and goats, 11 breeds of horses, 7 breeds of birds, 7 breeds of rabbits.

The role of agronomists in the development of animal husbandry is great;

Introduction.......... 5

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of animals .......... 7

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of animal breeding. .......... 19

Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Animal Feeding .......... 36

Chapter 4. Livestock .......... 51

Chapter 5

Chapter 6. Sheep and goat breeding.......... 80

Chapter 7

Chapter 8. Poultry farming .......... 113

Chapter 9

Chapter 10. Fish farming .......... 154

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Glossary.......... 185

Applications.......... 193

References .......... 202

The livestock business will be productive only if the basic hygiene standards for keeping animals are observed, they are properly fed and kept in an optimal climate. Knowing the main directions of the organization of production, the farmer will be able to get the maximum profit from the business and use useful products for personal purposes.

Animal husbandry is one of the two key branches of agriculture along with crop production. According to various data, livestock products account for 50 to 60 percent of goods produced in Russia's agro-industrial complex. At the same time, the livestock industry has its own unique specifics and the organization of production in it is subject to the influence of factors that are not characteristic of other types of production.

The essence and branches of animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is a rather extensive industry, consisting of many sub-sectors, united by a common production concept, namely the breeding of farm animals for meat, milk, wool, skins and other products of animal origin. The most important livestock sub-sectors in Russia are:

• cattle breeding (breeding of cattle for meat, milk and skins),
• pig breeding,
• poultry farming,
• rabbit breeding,
• fish farming, etc.

Ways to organize production process for each of these areas are different from each other. The difference in approaches and technologies is determined not only by the physiological and behavioral difference between different animal species, but also by the type of product that needs to be obtained in the production process.

It is obvious that a pig farm and a fish farm will be organized in completely different ways, already by virtue of the fact that pigs can live in ordinary sheds and fences, while fish need water environment. Also, dissimilar approaches can be used even when breeding the same animals for different products: for example, breeding chickens strictly for meat or strictly for eggs.

The main directions of the organization of production

From the point of view of the organization of livestock production main task enterprises is to ensure maximum production efficiency. That is, per unit of production (a liter of milk, a kilogram of meat, a dozen eggs) should be spent as little feed as possible, staff time and other resources should be spent. An alternative approach is to produce as many products as possible while maintaining the current number of personnel, production and technical base and consumables.

It is noteworthy that such a task is faced not only by the management of individual livestock farms, but also by the state as a whole. Business owners are interested in constantly improving efficiency because in this way they increase their profit margins. In turn, for the state, the high efficiency of the entire livestock industry means an increase in food security and, in general, the formation of a more dynamic economy, since the resources released on a large scale can be used to create additional material benefits.

There are two main approaches to increasing the level of production efficiency:

• introduction of more progressive methods of management and analysis of production results;
• modernization of production by introducing more modern technologies and using the latest equipment.

As a rule, in practice, work on improving efficiency is carried out simultaneously in both directions, since this way it is possible to achieve better results. Ultimately, the organization of livestock production comes down to the following actions:

• drawing up clear production plans and their prompt adjustment depending on market conditions;
• equipping the enterprise with the most modern and efficient equipment;
• introduction of the most advanced methods and technologies based on the latest achievements of science;
• the most rational use of labor resources, the maximum possible mechanization of production processes;
• use of the most productive breeds and hybrids of animals.

Principles of organization of production

Livestock production will be efficient and highly profitable only when it is organized on the key principles underlying any production. If these principles are ignored, then in the medium term the economy will lose financial stability and simply cease to exist. When creating a new enterprise, or in the course of modernization and structural and organizational restructuring of an existing economy, these principles must be followed:

1. Planned. All economic activity enterprises must obey a single strategy pursuing a specific goal, expressed in numerical values. That is, there must be strategic objective(for example, to produce 100 tons of milk per month, or to bring the quarterly profit to 100 million rubles, etc.) and a clear plan for its implementation. Based on forecasts and analytical reports on current and expected prices for feed and finished products operational, annual and long-term plans are drawn up.
2. Specialization. Management must clearly understand the role, place and tasks of their enterprise in the existing economic system. This principle also implies that an enterprise producing several types of products should have a clear internal structure, where each type of production has its own functional unit.
3. Complexity. The organization of animal husbandry must take into account all factors that can affect financial results enterprise activities. For example, mastering the breeding of a new unusual for this region animal species, for the products of which there is a high demand, you should make sure that the enterprise has the technical capabilities to create the necessary conditions for them.
4. Optimality. Any organizational and technical changes in the manufacturing process should eventually generate more income than expenses. If, for example, switching to new, more expensive feeds did not lead to an increase in profits by an amount greater than the difference in price between the new and old feeds, then such an innovation is unacceptable.

One of the main factors determining the order and method of organizing the production of livestock products is the system of keeping animals adopted in the economy.

Depending on the degree of intensification of the production process and the natural and economic characteristics of the region, the following housing systems can be used for cattle, sheep, goats and some other ungulates:

• pasture,
• stall-pasture,
• stall-camp,
• stall.

The pasture system involves year-round grazing of animals on natural or cultivated pastures. Due to climatic conditions in Russia is not applicable.

The stall-pasture system involves summer period walking animals on pastures (usually natural), where they feed on fresh grass, and in winter the animals are kept indoors and eat fodder. Currently in Russia it is used only by small agricultural producers (small farms family type and private farmsteads).

The stall-camp system provides for the placement of animals in winter period- indoors, and in summer - in camps (large open-air pens). It is used in regions where there are no natural pastures.

With a stall system, animals are indoors all year round. This technique is used by large farms and livestock complexes with industrial production volumes.

In pig breeding, there are only two systems of keeping - free-range and free-range. As you might guess, the first system involves walking animals in the open air, and the second does not.

In poultry farming, the following systems are used:

• Cellular. It is mainly used for industrial herds of chickens for egg and meat production.
• Floor on a deep bedding. So contain chickens of breeding herds, as well as turkeys, ducks and geese.
• Enclosure. Widely used in the southern regions for all types of poultry.

Animal nutrition and hygiene

General concepts of the organization of the livestock industry suggest that the conditions of keeping and the diet of animals are essential elements production process. If on natural pastures this issue is not an acute problem, then in artificially created conditions of detention, all concern for the condition of animals falls on the shoulders of a person.

The feed that livestock receives in stalls, pens, aviaries and cages is usually divided into the following groups:

• vegetable origin - green fodder (grass, fruits, vegetables), silage, roughage (hay, straw, chaff), root and tuber crops, grain, residues of technical production;
• animal origin - milk and dairy products;
• waste meat and fish processing plants;
• mineral supplements;
• vitamin preparations, feed protein substitutes, antibiotics;
• feed.

As you can see, the hygiene issue is partially solved with the help of feed, to which various medications are added. However, to a much greater extent, the health of animals depends on the conditions of detention:

• regular disinfection, cleaning and cleaning of premises from waste;
• temperature, humidity and level of illumination of premises;
• the safety of the materials from which cowsheds, pigsties, chicken coops and rabbitries are built;
• prophylactic vaccinations, if any are necessary for this type of animal;
• cleanliness of feed and drinking water.