Remember how in childhood we clung to the windows on which the frost painted intricate patterns? How interesting it was to look at them and find the outlines of fantastic colors in each, invent fairy tales or just run your finger along the arcs, lines and bends. Where did these come from Frost patterns?
Moving away from the language of romance to the language of science, frosty patterns are nothing more than frosting on the inner surface of the glass. In the cold season, the air temperature near the windows is always lower than in the room. Cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air. Therefore, its excess falls out as frost. If the glass temperature is below zero, water settles on it in the form of ice crystals from the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid phase. These crystals (hoarfrost) cover the glass in a thin layer.
But where does the drawing itself come from? It is formed due to two factors. The first is the movement of air inside the room. The second is the features of the glass surface. Any scratch, dust, fingerprint allow you to create your own unique pattern on frosty glass. The most common frost pattern structures are dendrites and trichites. Dendrites - tree-like structures - are formed if glass cooling began at a positive temperature and continued at a negative one. In this case, a thin water film is formed on the glass, which freezes in the form of dendrites during crystallization.
Trichites are fibrous structures that form at the sharp edges of scratches found on glass. At the same time, narrow parallel strips are first formed, and as a result of further cooling, peculiar “fibers” depart from them. In modern double-glazed windows, thermal insulation does not allow frost to draw patterns on the glass. It is with great pleasure that we cling to the windows on which we see winter paintings, recalling the happy moments of our childhood. Do you also like to look at winter art on glass?
With the advent of winter, we often observe how magical patterns form on our windows, which sometimes make up landscapes of extraordinary beauty. Even as a child, we were told that these amazing pictures at night are painted, with his magic brush, by none other than Santa Claus. And, despite the fact that this is a fairy tale, it becomes light and warm in the soul.
What are frost patterns? Frosty patterns are a cluster of tiny ice crystals. Scientists have found that the type of lace painting on the windows is very diverse - their number reaches several million. A variety of paintings can be depicted on the windows: flowers, trees, leaves, animals, people, birds, etc. This is such a delicate work that even the jewelers themselves would envy.
Today, there is not a single person who would not contemplate this magnificent and mysterious phenomenon. But few asked the question: how and why does this happen?
In fact, these extraordinarily magical frosty patterns on glass are the result of the condensation of water vapor. As you know, at sub-zero temperatures, water begins to crystallize, which is what happens on the windows.
The main reason for the formation of ice crystals is very high humidity and glass cooling for a long time.
As mentioned above, there is a very a large number of varieties of ice patterns, but most often you can find patterns of tree-like forms (dendrites) and fibrous forms (trichites). However, all types of winter landscapes appear on our windows due to different conditions of formation, condition and cooling of water vapor.
It has been recorded that at temperatures ranging from zero to minus 6 degrees inclusive, lacy patterns appear on the glass in the form of a uniform layer of loose ice. The first ice crystals are formed in the smallest chips and cracks, after which they gradually begin to grow over the entire surface, creating fantastic patterns on the windows.
Scientists have found that dendrites appear on glass under conditions of very high humidity and a fairly warm room temperature. Initially, a thin water film appears on the windows, and only then does crystallization occur, because there is a larger layer of water in the lower part of the window. It is here that the creation of amazing frosty paintings takes place. But with a lack of moisture, tiny dendrites appear on the windows. On the sharp edges of glasses, where cracks or chips often form, as a rule, trichitis is formed.
Although the magnificent frosty patterns on the windows reduce the transmission of sunlight from our glasses, they are still unusually fantastic. If someone does not like such masterpieces, then this can be easily prevented. To do this, you only need to put a container of salt on the windowsill and then the patterns will not appear. With the advent of metal plastic windows, it became very difficult to see such beauty, because at the same time energy-saving glasses appeared, in which the degree of thermal insulation is much higher than that of ordinary ones.
It is always important for a person to know what the weather will be like, because it affects his activity and well-being. Observing nature in bad weather and on a sunny day, at dusk and at night, people noted characteristics anticipating certain changes in the weather. So there were numerous signs - evidence folk wisdom, many of which are based on a simple snow pattern.
A beautiful snow pattern on the windows in the brilliance of the morning sun and in the thick blue of winter twilight, when you get out of bed early in the morning, stretch, go to the window ... And, oh, MIRACLE!!! There's magic on the window again. Yes Yes. Do not wonder. The most real magic: fabulous trees, enchanting forest, unusual flowers. It is so attractively beautiful, unusual and mysterious that I am always interested to know: why does frost draw snow patterns on the windows? Can patterns predict the weather? What kind magical transformations formed on glass and do they depend on air temperature?
Turns out it's water! Transparent water vapor, which is always in the air. He is also in the room. And between the double window frames - everywhere! Warm water vapor settles on the cold glass windows and turns into ice crystals, just like snowflakes in the sky. There are many such crystals, they are connected to each other. In order for crystallization to begin, the first ice crystals need to settle on something. On a window that is not yet frozen, the first crystals appear, first of all, in those places where there are scratches and dirt on the glass. Sometimes, on completely unfrozen glass, frost will string a garland of snowflakes along a barely noticeable scratch. Sometimes the glass seems cleanly worn, and the frost will draw patterns on it, showing traces of a napkin that was used to wipe the window.
The first ice crystals on glass are always six-rayed stars or six-sided stems. But, increasing, expanding, they meet each other, put pressure on each other, bend, bend. And patterns appear.
The stronger the frost on the street, the more ice crystals are formed and
clings to scratches and dust particles on the glass.
During the growth of crystals, especially if the growth is very fast, so-called skeletal forms and branched crystals, or dendrites, are often formed. Examples of dendritic crystals are ice patterns on glass and snowflakes.
Among the snowflakes there are "plates", "pyramids", "columns", "needles", "arrows", simple or complex "stars" with highly branched rays.
Each of them is one of a kind. But at the same time, they all have six faces and one axis of symmetry.
Spatial lattice of ice crystals.
The balls represent oxygen atoms; positions of hydrogen atoms
not shown. The first to note this feature of snowflakes was the German astronomer Johannes Kepler.
Scientists have found that the shape of a snow crystal repeats the molecular structure of ice - its crystal lattice just consists of hexagons.
It turns out that the internal structure of a snow crystal determines its appearance.
The first systematic studies of snow crystals were undertaken in the 1930s by the Japanese Ukihiro Nakaya. He singled out 41 types of snowflakes, made the first classification and found out that the size and shape of the resulting ice crystals depend on temperature and humidity.
On the glass of a frozen window, it is easy to see how ice crystals arise, grow and gradually change their shape. First, frosty drawings begin to appear at the bottom of the window. As a rule, a large amount of water accumulates here, and then the frost crystals gradually rise up.
It is possible to clear a round “peephole” in the opaque layer of ice that has covered the window by breathing on the frozen glass or by placing a finger on it. If you stop warming the peephole, it will again be covered with a layer of ice, just as an ice-hole on a river freezes from the cold breath of frost.
If you look more closely at how the peephole closes, you can see: first, thin needles stretch from its edges to the middle - a delicate, barely visible pattern. From these needles, new needles, feathers, stars branch off to the sides. For now, the entire eye is covered with them, like the thinnest lace, and a new layer of needles and stars grows from the edges of the eye, closing the first weave - individual branches are connected, merging into a continuous layer. This is how ice crystals grow.
New crystals always begin to grow from the edges of the eye, from layers of ice that have not melted. There is a simple and understandable explanation for this: it is easier for water particles to attach themselves to an already prepared crystal lattice than to start building a new lattice.
A snow crystal often grows like a fractal, forming a complex irregular structure, the parts of which are similar to the whole.
In nature, fractals can be seen everywhere - in the outlines of mountains, rivers, seashores, trees, the vascular system ... And in frosty patterns on the windows!
Fractals are sets with an extremely irregular branched and jagged structure. The term was introduced by B. Mandelbort in 1975, although such objects have been studied in mathematics since the end of the 19th century. The main characteristic of a fractal is its fractional dimension.
As the air cools, its moisture content decreases, and excess water condenses on the window pane. When the air temperature drops below 0ºС, water crystallizes.
Why do drawings appear on the window glass in the cold? On the one hand, the crystals themselves have their own structure, which determines the pattern. In addition, scratches on the glass surface, dust particles, air currents help Santa Claus create beautiful patterns on the windows.
The symbol of winter in past centuries was not only severe frosts and snowdrifts, but also ice patterns on the windows, which, according to an old belief, are drawn by Santa Claus himself. Ice crystals form on glass into unique patterns in which you can see thicket, unusual animals, fabulous trees and flowers, sea, stars. In order for ice gardens to bloom on the windows, it is necessary that the air in the room is humid, and the temperature outside the window is below zero.
Why do frosty patterns appear on the window
Everyone remembers the parable that Santa Claus draws frosty patterns on the window. He imperceptibly sneaks up to the window at night and draws unique frosty pictures on it with a thin ice brush. In fact, everything is much more prosaic. If there is humid air in the room, and the temperature outside is from zero degrees Celsius and below, then excess moisture condenses on the cold surface of the window glass. Here, the water vapor cools and passes from a vaporous state to a solid state, forming thin crystals.
Any perfect in appearance has microscopic notches and scratches. The moisture that settles on the surface of the glass crystallizes first of all on these smallest defects, and only then new and new ones cling to the first crystals, forming patterns. Sometimes, for the appearance of ice patterns, there are enough dust particles with which the surface of the glass is dotted, or streaks that remain after washing the windows. And drafts and air currents contribute to the appearance of patterns. According to the method of formation, frost patterns are divided into two types: dendrites - branching patterns that resemble trees, and trichites, which are more like stars.
Why are there no patterns on plastic windows?
Patterns on windows in a frosty winter appear when water vapor from the air condenses on the surface of cold glass and then crystallizes, forming ice. In other words, the glass and the layer of surrounding air must be sufficiently cold. Plastic windows have better thermal insulation properties than wooden windows, so the temperature of the glass on the inside is higher. Consequently, condensation with crystallization proceeds worse. In other words, old wooden windows They "breathe" and the cold enters the apartments, and patterns form from the temperature difference.
Old wooden windows are double-framed with single panes without insulating glass. The frames are not airtight, between them (and therefore between the glasses) there is ordinary room air, on the cold glass there are processes of moisture condensation and crystallization. And in PVC windows they use - two or three glasses, hermetically glued. Between the glass panes of a double-glazed window is not humid room air, but dry, cleaned of dust and moisture or an inert gas. So it turns out that there is nothing to condense on the coldest outer glass - there is no moisture in the double-glazed unit chamber, and patterns do not form on the inner glass, since it is too warm.
There is another reason: old wooden windows, as a rule, are “dirtier” than PVC windows, that is, there is more dust on the surface of such glasses, namely, water crystallizes on dust particles.
If ice patterns appear on PVC windows, this means that the windows are not installed quite correctly, they are not sufficiently sealed with a special rubber band, the double-glazed window is not tight ... Contact
Lyudmila Polyukhova
Summary of the lesson "Where frosty patterns come from on the windows"
Where do frosty patterns come from on windows?
Goals lessons:
To enrich the cognitive level of children in the field of natural phenomena; - to form in children the ability to observe - to see the unusual in the ordinary; arouse children's interest in winter events nature; - - to educate children in love for the nature of their native land; to the artistic word (poems, riddles, signs);
Develop visual observation, the ability to notice the unusual in the world around;
Develop imagination.
Lesson progress
Guys, today I will tell you a fairy tale about Winter, but not a simple one, but a magical one. She loves doing miracles. There lived a little Droplet on a big white cloud. She lived alone and was bored. Droplet wanted to see what was behind the cloud. She decided to jump out of the cloud. As soon as she flew down, she suddenly turned into a beautiful Snowflake.
Guys, tell me, why did the Droplet turn into a Snowflake? (children's answers). Let's remember what happens to water in winter? (children's answers).
Now listen to the poem and tell me what I will tell you today.
I couldn't take my eyes off the glass this morning.
Here again he brought me his surprise
This fabulous artist Freezing. A miracle appeared before me -
artist frosty fruit of creation
He is not just painting something there,
And he draws a fairy tale on the window.
What will I tell you today? (children's answers). Guys, I suggest you see what are patterns(view presentation « Frosty patterns on the window» ).
Every winter we have miracles happen appear of incredible beauty patterns! It's always been interesting where do they come from and who draws them?
The miraculous pictures that appear can sometimes resemble palm forests, sometimes garlands of flowers, sometimes branches of fir trees. How do these bizarre frosty patterns on the windows?
Guys, what do you think Frost draws these patterns?
(Children's opinions: Blows on the glass with cold, magically throws on snowflake windows, and they stick to the window.)
Actually from the cold frosty air, water droplets that are present in the air settle on cold glass, freeze and turn into ice floes, similar to the thinnest needles that diverge in different directions along the glass. During the cold night, many, many of them are formed, they seem to grow on top of each other.
friend. And the result is different patterns and drawings, in which you can even see the outlines of familiar objects. Here, it turns out, how they are formed Frost patterns, and the artist here, without a doubt, is Freezing. It turns out such beauty that neither in a fairy tale can be said, nor described with a pen. Incidentally, in Germany Frost patterns on the glass they call it - "ice flowers".
Patterns are different: one formed at the bottom window, others - in the form of narrow strips of frost, which will be the stem of the plant.
One girl decided to observe how Frost patterns. "It's time frosty morning. When I woke up, I looked out the window. On the glass bizarrely sparkled in the sun icy patterns that I painted on the window freezing. It is hard to believe that all this is drawn without the help of human hands. Especially beautiful when it falls on the window Sunshine, then the whole picture sparkles. Watching the snow patterns I noticed that they colored: either blue in cloudy weather, then yellow in the sun, then pink and purple - at sunset. In the evening, when it becomes completely dark outside the window and the glass looks black, frosty patterns sparkle like stars.
Interesting I also observed patterns on the windows of my father's car. The glass is, as it were, covered with a fur coat of ice needles. Let's go, glass frozen, daddy doesn't like it, but I beautiful picture drawn on glass.
Is it for everyone frosty patterns appear on the windows? It turns out not. patterns do not appear on the window if the window is open. With high-quality sealing of glasses, patterns do not appear on the glass, because there is no temperature difference. patterns on glass are short-lived - the sun begins to warm, and Frost patterns become less clear, blur and flow down the glass in streams of water. They disappear forever.
Pro frosty patterns are signs, riddles and poems. Long time ago by
frosty patterns people determined weather:
If twigs patterns pointing down the weather will be snowy and cloudy;
If up - clear and sunny (illustration display frosty patterns) .
Guess the riddles:
The night turned white everywhere, The wind blew, and freezing
And we have a miracle in the apartment! Snow brought us from the north.
Outside the window, the yard disappeared. Just since then
A magical forest has grown there! On my glass.
Poem:
Waiting for the warmth
In the middle of a winter day
flowers bloomed,
On my window.
I went to the flowers
My cheek got wet
Because of window
I touched lightly.
I went to the flowers
But they didn't smell.
Why did they grow up?
On winter days?
But Frost patterns you can draw it yourself, for this they even sell special paints and offer other options for painting glass (toothpaste, white gouache or artificial snow). But none of the people can do it so intricately, so magically, as nature can do (or grandfather Freezing) .
Guys, what interesting did you learn today? What did you like the most? What signs do you remember? Tell your parents about them.
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