K-328 "Leopard" - nuclear submarine of project 971 "Pike-B", belonging to the third generation of nuclear submarines. Representative of the main project of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Russian Navy.
Location
Northern Fleet, Gadzhiyevo.Building, name
The nuclear submarine was laid down on October 26, 1988 at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, received the name Leopard on January 24, 1991, launched on June 28, 1992, and entered the fleet on February 5, 1993.Milestones
In 1994, she won the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Prize for anti-submarine training.On January 9, 1999, the submarine commander, captain of the first rank S.V. Spravtsev was awarded the title of Hero Russian Federation with the award of the Gold Star medal for courage and heroism shown in the performance of military duty.
In 1999, Leopard completed the task of nuclear deterrence and stabilization of the situation in connection with NATO military aggression in the Balkans.
In July 2011, she arrived at Zvezdochka CS JSC for medium repairs and modernization.
As of 2013, she was in the Zvyozdochka slipway shop. Passed fault detection and the procedure for unloading the waste nuclear fuel. The return of the boat to the fleet is scheduled for 2015.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the project
NATO Classification: Improved AkulaSurface speed: 11.6 knots
Underwater speed: 33 knots
Operating diving depth: 480 meters
Maximum diving depth: 600 meters
Endurance: 100 days
Crew: 73 people
Dimensions
Surface displacement: 8140 tonsUnderwater displacement: 12770 tons
The greatest length (on design waterline): 110.3 meters
Small hull width: 13.6 meters
Average draft (DWL): 9.7 meters
Power plant
1 nuclear reactor of the OK-650M type (190 MW) on thermal neutrons, two auxiliary electric motors of 410 hp each. with., two diesel generators DG-300 of 750 hp.Armament
4 torpedo tubes 650 mm (ammunition - 12 torpedoes) and 4 torpedo tubes 533 mm (ammunition - 28 torpedoes), missile torpedoes and cruise missiles RK-55 "Granat", 3 portable launch containers anti-aircraft missile system"Strela-ZM".(according to CVL)
(according to CVL)
mine armament
4 × 533 mm TA (28 torpedoes)
History of creation
The decision to develop a mass series of third-generation multi-purpose submarines was made in July 1976. The boat was designed by SKB-143 Malachite. Until 1997, the work was supervised by the chief designer G. N. Chernyshev, after his death - Yu. I. Farafontov. Technical task was left the same as that of the project 945 "Barracuda", the work of the Central Design Bureau "Lazurit", and the design was carried out on its basis, therefore, work on the preliminary design stage was not carried out. Unlike the Barracuda, the hull of the boat was supposed to be made not from titanium, but from low-magnetic steel. This proposal was made by shipbuilders from Komsomolsk-on-Amur. This requirement was due to both the shortage and high cost of titanium, and the difficulties in working with it, which could be overcome only by one Soviet enterprise, Sevmash, as well as the Gorky enterprise Krasnoye Sormovo, whose capacities were clearly not enough to build a large series in enough short time. At the same time, the replacement of titanium with steel made it possible to use the increased capacities of the Far Eastern plants. On September 13, 1977, the technical project was approved, however, in connection with the construction in the United States of a new type of submarines "Los Angeles" with new generation sonar systems, "Pike-B" was sent for revision.
The improved project was ready by 1980. The first part of the series was built in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, due to the increased level of production and technical potential of the Far Eastern shipyards.
In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union purchased a batch of high-precision metal-cutting machines from the Japanese company Toshiba, which made it possible to apply new technologies in the processing of propellers, which drastically reduced the noise of submarines. The deal was secret, but information about it got into the world press. As a result, the US imposed economic sanctions against the company.
Project 971 boats received the code name "Akula" in NATO countries. Later, the project was improved several times, and the boats built according to the modified projects received the code names "Improved Akula" in the west (Russian. "Improved Shark"), project 971M corresponds to the designation "Akula-II". The last of the built boats, K-335 "Gepard", the embodiment of the latest technical achievements, is called "Akula-III" in the West.
Design
Frame
Project 971 has a two-hull design. The robust body is made of high quality alloy steel with σ t = 1 GPa (10,000 kgf/cm²). To simplify the installation of equipment, the boat was designed using zone blocks, which made it possible to transfer a significant amount of work from the cramped conditions of the submarine compartments directly to the workshop. After the installation is completed, the zone block is "rolled" into the boat's hull and connected to the main cables and pipelines of the ship's systems. A two-stage depreciation system is used: all mechanisms are placed on depreciated foundations, in addition, each zonal unit is isolated from the body by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers. In addition to reducing the overall noise of nuclear submarines, such a scheme can reduce the impact of underwater explosions on equipment and crew. The boat has a developed vertical tail with a streamlined boule, in which there is a towed antenna. Also on the submarine are two reclining thrusters and retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps. A feature of the project is the smoothly mating connection of the tail unit with the body. This is done to reduce hydrodynamic turbulence that creates noise.
Boat noise at 4-8 knots 90-110 dB per 1 Pa at a distance of 1 m
Power point
Energy supply is carried out by a nuclear power plant. On the lead boat, K-284 "Shark", a water-water nuclear reactor OK-650M.01. On later orders, the AEU has minor improvements. Some sources report that subsequent boats are equipped with OK-9VM type reactors. The thermal power of the reactor is 190 MW, the shaft power is 50,000 liters. With. Two auxiliary electric motors in folding outboard columns have a capacity of 410 hp each. with., there is one diesel generator ASDG-1000.
Crew accommodation
Habitability conditions are somewhat improved compared to the project 671RTMK "Pike". The entire crew is located in the 2nd living compartment in the cabins. In the remaining compartments, the personnel keep watch and perform their official duties.
Armament
"Pike-B" is armed with a torpedo-missile system, including 4 torpedo tubes of caliber 650 mm and 4 torpedo tubes of caliber 533 mm, ammunition is 40 units, including 12 caliber 650 mm and 28 caliber 533 mm.
As ammunition of caliber 650 mm can be used: torpedoes 65-76, anti-submarine missile systems PLRK-6 "Waterfall" and PLRK-7 "Wind" with the possibility of installing a nuclear charge.
533 mm caliber devices are equipped with the Grinda torpedo preparation system and can use torpedoes, in particular deep sea torpedoes USET-80 electric self-guided torpedoes, rocket-torpedoes (APR-ZM type), model 83R anti-submarine guided missiles (PLUR), M5 Shkval submarine missiles, C-10 Granat cruise missiles with a nuclear warhead designed for destruction of aircraft carriers, are currently being converted into the Caliber-PL complex. Also, through torpedo tubes, it is possible to lay both conventional and self-transporting mines.
The weapon system used allows the Pike-B to fight submarines and surface ships, as well as to hit ground targets with high-precision cruise missiles.
Modifications
Project 971 boats received the code name "Akula" in NATO countries. Later, the project was improved several times:
Service History
In the same year, another "Pike-B" with a crew under the command of Captain 1st Rank A. V. Burilichev, while in combat service in the far reaches of the Atlantic, discovered a US Navy SSBN and secretly watched her go on combat patrol. After that campaign, the crew commander was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation.
Comparative evaluation
In June-July 2012, the submarine was unnoticed by the US Navy in the Gulf of Mexico for several weeks.
Some experts are skeptical about comparing project 971 with boats of the fourth generation, considering the performance rating to be too high.
| "Los Angeles" | "Pike" | "Pike-B" | "Barracuda" | "Condor" | "Fin" | "Ruby" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appearance |  |
 |
 |
 |
 |
||
| Years of construction | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Years of service | c | c | c | c | c | c- | c |
| Built | 62 | 15 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Displacement (t) surface underwater |
6082 7177 |
6990 7250 |
8140 12770 |
5940 9600 |
6470 10400 |
5880 8500 |
2410 2607 |
| Speed (kt) surface underwater |
17 30-35 |
11,6 31 |
11,6 33 |
19 35 |
19 35 |
11 33 |
15 25 |
| Diving depth (m) working ultimate |
280 450 |
400 600 |
480 600 |
480 550 |
520 600 |
1000
1250 |
300 |
Reaction
Original text (English)
The Improved Akula SSN, which went to sea in 1990, soon revealed that the Soviets had surpassed the U.S. Navy in some areas of acoustic quieting--the Improved Akula was quieter than our newest attack submarines, the Improved LOS ANGELES class .
In the same speech, Polmar quoted the words of the Commander of Naval Operations of the United States, Admiral Jeremy Burda (English Jeremy Michael Boarda):
For the first time since we launched the Nautilus, a situation has arisen that the Russians have submarines in the sea that are quieter than ours. As you know, low noise is the main quality for submarines.
Representatives
In total, the project planned to build 25 ships: 13 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur and 12 in Severodvinsk. In 1983-1993, 20 submarines were laid down, of which 14 were completed (seven at each shipyard); 10 of them are part of the Russian Navy, on the last of them - K-335 "Gepard" the flag was raised on December 4, 2001 in the presence of the President and Supreme Commander V. Putin. Two submarines, Lynx and Cougar, were not completed, and the hulls were used in the construction of project 955-955A, like K-535 Yuri Dolgoruky and K-550 Alexander Nevsky; another, the K-152 Nerpa, was launched only in 2006 and was originally intended to be leased to India, as a result of which it had differences in the installed equipment. As of May 2011, the submarine was in Bolshoy Kamen, where the Vostok plant is located. On April 4, 2012, the submarine was officially accepted into service with the Indian Navy at Visakhapatnam Base.
Table colors:
White - not completed or disposed of not launched
Green - operating in the Russian Navy
Yellow - operating as part of foreign navies or as a civil ship
Blue - under renovation or modernization
Red - decommissioned, scrapped or lost
Plant named after Lenin Komsomol No. 199, Komsomolsk-on-Amur
| Name | Head No. | Bookmark | Launching | Commissioning | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K-284 "Shark" | 501 | 11.11.1983 | 22.07.1984 | 30.12.1984 | Decommissioned. Dismantled at the DVZ "Zvezda" in 2008. |
| K-263 "Barnaul" |
502 | 09.05.1985 | 28.05.1986 | 30.12.1987 | In the sludge in Big Stone. A competition for recycling has been announced. |
| K-322 "Kashalot" | 513 | 05.09.1986 | 18.07.1987 | 30.12.1988 | As part of the TOF. Undergoing repairs in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. |
| K-391 "Bratsk" |
514 | 23.02.1988 | 14.04.1989 | 29.12.1989 | As part of the TOF. In 09.2014, it was delivered to the Zvezdochka shipyard for mid-term repairs and modernization. The renovation is scheduled to be completed in 2019. |
| K-331 "Magadan" |
515 | 28.12.1989 | 23.06.1990 | 31.12.1990 | As part of the TOF. On June 28, 2015, it was located on the territory of the Zvezda Far East Air Plant in Bolshoi Kamen, awaiting the next repair. |
| K-419 "Kuzbass" |
516 | 28.07.1991 | 18.05.1992 | 31.12.1992 | As part of the TOF. 03/19/2016 returned to the Pacific Fleet. |
| K-295 "Samara" |
517 | 07.11.1993 | 15.08.1994 | 17.07.1995 | As part of the TOF. In September 2014, it was delivered to the Zvezdochka shipyard for mid-term repairs and modernization. The renovation is scheduled to be completed in 2019. |
| K-152 "Nerpa" | 518 | 1993 | 24.06.2006 | 29.12.2009 | 01/23/2012 officially transferred to India. |
| "Irbis" | 519 | 1994 | Funding stopped in 1996. As of 2002, 42% readiness, completed under project 971I. In 2011, after the transfer of the K-152 Nerpa to India, which dragged on for 3 years, it was decided to stop the construction of nuclear submarines at the Amur Plant. A solid body has been formed. The Ministry of Defense of India is ready to finance the completion of the second nuclear submarine of the project 971 "Pike-B", and then rent this ship. As of December 17, 2014, an agreement was signed on the supply of a second nuclear submarine to India, the construction of which will be carried out by the Amur Shipyard. The second nuclear submarine is already being built at the Amur Shipyard according to the same project (971 Shchuka-B) as the first one, called the Nerpa. | ||
| TO-? | 520 | 1991 | 03/18/1992 canceled at 25% readiness | ||
| TO-? | 521 | 1990 | 03/18/1992 canceled at 12% readiness | ||
Northern Machine-Building Enterprise No. 402, Severodvinsk
| Name | Head No. | Bookmark | Launching | Commissioning | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K-480 Ak Bars | 821 | 22.02.1985 | 16.04.1988 | 29.12.1988 | It was withdrawn to the reserve in 1998, 10/1/2002 was excluded and transferred to the OFI. In 2007, she was towed to Zvezdochka Shipyard for scrapping. Recycled. Sections of the hull were used for the construction of the K-551 "Vladimir Monomakh" project 955. According to some reports, this was the reason for the disposal of the ship. |
| K-317 "Panther" | 822 | 06.11.1986 | 21.05.1990 | 27.12.1990 | As part of the SF. From 2006 to 2008 passed overhaul with modernization. |
| K-461 "Wolf" | 831 | 14.11.1987 | 11.06.1991 | 29.12.1991 | As part of the SF. From 08/14/2014 to 2019, a medium repair and deep modernization is taking place at the Zvezdochka shipyard. |
| K-328 "Leopard" | 832 | 26.10.1988 | 28.06.1992 | 30.12.1992 | As part of the SF. From the end of June 2011 until 2019, a medium repair with modernization is being carried out at the Zvezdochka shipyard. |
| K-154 "Tiger" | 833 | 10.09.1989 | 26.06.1993 | 29.12.1993 | As part of the SF. According to NATO classification - "Improved Akula class" distinguished by increased acoustic secrecy. |
| K-157 Vepr | 834 | 13.07.1990 | 10.12.1994 | 25.11.1995 | As part of the SF (under repair). Will be handed over to the Navy in 2019. |
| K-335 "Gepard" | 835 | 23.09.1991 | 17.09.1999 | 03.12.2001 | As part of the SF. According to NATO classification - "Akula-III" with a modified hull design and new equipment. 12/4/1997 inherited the Guards flag from the K-22 submarine. At 11.2015 completed repairs with VTG. |
| K-337 Cougar | 836 | 18.08.1992 | K-550 "Alexander Nevsky" project 955 | ||
| K-333 "Lynx" | 837 | 31.08.1993 | Not completed, sections of the hull were used in the construction of K-535 "Yuri Dolgoruky" project 955 | ||
Current state
All completed boats of the project, except for three, were in service until the early 2000s and were part of the Northern and Pacific Fleets, based on Yagelnaya Bay (now the city of Gadzhiyevo) (SF) and in the village of Rybachy (Pacific Fleet). As of the beginning of 2017, 4 submarines of the project are combat-ready; 3 - on the Northern Fleet and one - on the TF, the rest - under repair or conservation.
The lead boat of the project, K-284 "Shark", was excluded from the combat strength of the fleet and at least since 1996 has been laid up at the base of the Pacific Fleet in Pavlovsky Bay. K-480 "Ak Bars" was decommissioned from the fleet in 1998 and was in long-term storage in Yagelnaya Bay. In 2007 K-480 was towed to Zvezdochka shipyard for cutting into metal. Unfinished structures of Sevmash boats K-337 Cougar And K-333 "Lynx" were used in the construction of the strategic missile carrier "Yuri Dolgoruky" of project 955 "Borey". Two of the four unfinished boats of the plant. Leninsky Komsomol were canceled at the early stages of readiness, the third boat, K-152 Nerpa, was completed and on January 23, 2012 was officially leased to the Indian Navy for $ 650 million for a period of 10 years. Interestingly, in the Indian Navy, the Nerpa will carry the name "Chakra". Previously, this name was borne by the Soviet nuclear submarine K-43 of project 670 "Skat", which was part of the Indian fleet on a lease in 1988-1992 and has become a good base for training Indian submariners over the years: many sailors who served on the first "Chakra" subsequently occupied important posts in the country's navy, including eight who rose to the rank of admiral. The terms of the contract with India also provide for the completion and leasing to the Indian side of the fourth of the unfinished boats in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the readiness of which as of 2002 was 42%.
Three boats: "Wolf", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are patronized by the districts Nizhny Novgorod.
In 2014, a deep modernization of the nuclear submarine began at the Zvezdochka shipyard. The first upgraded boats are K-328 "Leopard", K-461 "Wolf", K-391 "Bratsk" and K-295 "Samara". In total, it was planned to upgrade 6 boats.
accidents
On November 8, 2008, during tests in the Sea of Japan, as a result of unauthorized operation of the LOH fire extinguishing system on board the K-152 Nerpa, 20 people died - 17 civilians and 3 military. Another 21 people were hospitalized (later another 20 people from civilian specialists asked for help. 208 people were on board the nuclear submarine at the time of the accident, 81 of them were military personnel. .
Notes
- K-322, Sperm Whale Project 971
- See K-152 "Nerpa"
- Silent "Superakula" armed with "Caliber" "Izvestia", April 28, 2017.
- "Gepard" - the first nuclear submarine cruiser of the XXI century, Igor Lisochkin, shipbuilding.ru
- Fedorov, Vyacheslav WEAPONS OF RUSSIA. "Gepard": Underwater hunter. (indefinite) . Military Library Fedorov (2000-2008). Retrieved March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011.
- "Panther" is being tested, Andrey Gavrilenko, "Red Star" (rosprom.gov.ru), 01/18/2007
- Mikhailov, Andrey "Silent hunter" of the depths turned 20 years old (indefinite) . Rosprom. Federal Agency for Industry. 06/21/2004 (PRAVDA.Ru, 06/16/2004). Retrieved March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012.
- What is known about the character of noise created by submarines? Appendix 1 - The Future of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces - by Eugene Miasnikov, Center for Arms Control, …
- Yu. V. Apalkov "Submarines" vol. 1 part 2, "Galea Print", St. Petersburg, 2002
- Myasnikov, Viktor Strategic missiles flew to China and Iran (indefinite) . nvo.ng.ru(07.07.2006). Retrieved March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012.
With the arrival in 2011 and the acceptance for repair of the Leopard nuclear submarine, Zvyozdochka opened the era of repair and modernization of project 971 multi-purpose boats (Pike-B code), better known to shipbuilders and naval sailors as Barsy. Today, next to the "Leopard" on the slipway of the factory boathouse stands the "Wolf" - the second representative of this series from the submarine forces Northern Fleet. Their two brothers from the Pacific Ocean - "Bratsk" and "Samara" are still waiting for their turn to stand on a solid foundation.
The fact is that the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center remains the only enterprise in Russia today that can handle a large-scale program for the modernization of nuclear submarines. Therefore, the command of the Navy made a decision to assign to the head enterprise of the Ship Repair Center and its branch - "Nerpa" the implementation of a part of the program to maintain the combat readiness of a group of multi-purpose nuclear submarines. Moreover, Zvezdochka is the most developed enterprise in the domestic ship repair industry, having vast and, most importantly, up-to-date experience in technically complex projects. Such a project, for example, was the modernization of all strategic missile carriers project 667BDRM - the basis of the naval component of the nuclear deterrence forces. These circumstances explain the fact that the Pacific Bars arrived at the Yagrin shipyard for improvement.
All of them, in addition to repairs, are waiting for a deep modernization, after which the project code will also change. Modernization work will concern both the "stuffing" - all systems and complexes, and the ship's hull. Multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the III generation of the project 971M according to the updated performance characteristics approach the nuclear submarine of the next generation - project 885 "Ash". We can say that a new ship will be created in the old hull.
The inevitable decommissioning of the II and III generation submarines, the physical and moral obsolescence of the Project 971 nuclear submarines, which have more than 20 years of service behind them, especially in the absence of the necessary repairs, combined with the extremely low rate of commissioning of the IV generation ships, forces the Navy command to take seriously the maintenance of the existing grouping of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Northern and Pacific fleets.
The actual state of repair carried out in recent years cannot overcome the obsolescence of electronic weapons and technical equipment. And the characteristics of the strike complex of ships no longer adequately meet modern requirements. To maintain the grouping of multi-purpose nuclear submarines, speaking of project 971, repairs and modernization are required, which, according to experts, includes a number of mandatory elements. These areas should cover the transition to modern level control systems, communications and navigation, hydroacoustics, CICS and other REV systems, the introduction of advanced models of missile and torpedo weapons of a wide range, means of support nuclear safety, survivability, habitability, operational reliability, reduction of acoustic visibility.
The overall set of repair and modernization works will extend the service life of these ships by another 15 years. If we take into account that their service life only with maintenance repairs is a quarter of a century, then a decade and a half before commissioning required amount Nuclear submarines of the fourth generation are a sufficient guarantee of maintaining the combat capability of a multi-purpose group.
For the implementation of such a large-scale task, even the shipyard, which has been successfully coping with the repair of nuclear submarines for many decades, had to carry out serious preparations, from the coordination of design documentation with the designer to the reconstruction of its production capacity.
Unfortunately, good intentions, as often happens, are faced with a harsh reality. The classical scheme "first design, then execution in metal" was actually turned on its head. The ships are being repaired, and the R&D and technical re-equipment of the shipyard is still ongoing, despite the fact that the go-ahead to start fulfilling the contract has been given. Due to the rush to complete the overall task, ship repairers are forced to go ahead of the designers, who, in turn, urgently have to make constant adjustments to the “raw” design documentation, for a long time working out issues that require a prompt solution. Such a lack of synchronization between the designer and the contractor inevitably resulted in lagging behind the planned tasks. And this is only one component of the difficult process of updating Barsov.
boats this project belong to the III generation, in which Soviet designers and designers introduced the latest scientific and technical developments. Increasing the role of process automation in the management of systems and complexes of the ship made it possible to reduce the number of crew members. On the other hand, this was reflected in the dense layout of the interior of the boat with equipment. The approach to the construction of Project 971 ships was also changed, with the transition to a block one, when finished zone blocks were placed in the hull. All this undoubtedly complicates the already difficult process of upgrading these nuclear submarines, requiring new concepts for the implementation of this program.
On the example of the first-born of the series for the enterprise - the Leopard, one can judge the difficulties that befell the Zvezdochka shipbuilders. design organizations, up to several months delaying the release of design and technological documentation. A separate line in the general course of repair and modernization is the process of manufacturing and repairing equipment by manufacturers. The situation, unfortunately, is typical not only in relation to these ships. Many enterprises barely make ends meet, some have completely disappeared from the once all-Union network industrial cooperation. It must be admitted that the delays in the supply of basic equipment and spare parts for repairs have become a headache for the builders of Zvezdochka.
However, the process is underway. The installation of foundations for equipment, testing of hull elements and tanks continues. With a significant delay, but the Leopard was brought to electrical work and they are already being implemented. The pace of work and the incoming equipment (albeit with more than a six-month delay) allow us to say with confidence that the order will be delivered within the period specified by the state contract. An analysis of the errors received during work on the lead ship of the Barsov series will significantly reduce the time for the return to service of the remaining ships of this project.
The timely fulfillment of the task set also requires the enterprise to implement a number of investment projects for the technical re-equipment and reconstruction of Zvezdochka's production facilities. In addition, it was necessary to introduce the widest list of technical equipment for orders, including stands for testing and tuning systems and mechanisms, means of repair. All this had to be "run in" on the lead Leopard for Zvezdochka. The numbers speak volumes about the extensive work that has been done. From the moment of preparation and during the unloading and repair of equipment to date, more than 1,400 units of technical equipment for orders of project 971M have been manufactured, which is more than half of the required number. At the same time, the creation and implementation of new stands continues, for which research and design institutes are involved.
As for the infrastructure, it should be noted that in order to carry out the program for the medium repair and modernization of nuclear submarines of the third generation, within the framework of the federal target program, calculated until 2018, a number of production and technical facilities of the shipyard are being reconstructed and built. At the expense of multibillion-dollar budgetary and own funds, the reconstruction of the low-pressure steam boiler house, the reconstruction of shop No. 10 was carried out, the technical re-equipment of shop No. 15 - the slipway shops of the enterprise is underway. The construction and re-equipment of several more facilities is underway. Among them are hydraulic structures (first of all, deep-water and shallow-water embankments), ship-lifting and transport-transfer complexes, and screw-processing production.
Unfortunately, it is precisely this set of factors: the delay in the implementation of the technical re-equipment program (really long and labor-intensive), gaps in preliminary design and organizational work, non-fulfillment of work by counterparties - inevitably shifted and continue to shift to the right the execution of state contracts for the repair and modernization of the group of nuclear submarines of project 971 .
This situation is not new for Zvezdochka. The start of the multi-year stage of factory repairs of nuclear submarines of project 667BDRM began in a similar way. Initial difficulties and inconsistencies were eliminated by common efforts, and later the repair of strategic missile carriers was put on the conveyor. With a high degree of confidence, it seems that in the Barsov repair and modernization program, the initial roughness will be eliminated, and subsequent ships of project 971M will return to service in accordance with the contractual terms.
This is the first domestic multi-purpose PCB with a reduced acoustic field level and increased immersion depth. The boat is capable of striking coastal targets. Chief Designer G.N. Chernyshov, Chief Observer of the Navy Captain 2nd Rank I.P. Bogachenko. When creating the nuclear submarine project 971, much attention was paid to reducing the noise level.
Project 971, code "Bars" (according to other sources "Pike-B"), made in the SPMBM "Malachite". The only fundamental difference from the Project 945 PLAT is the use of steel instead of a titanium alloy in order to expand the front for the construction of 3rd generation nuclear multipurpose boats. This is the first domestic multi-purpose PCB with a reduced acoustic field level and increased immersion depth.
The boat is capable of striking coastal targets. Chief Designer G.N. Chernyshov, Chief Observer of the Navy Captain 2nd Rank I.P. Bogachenko. When creating the nuclear submarine project 971, much attention was paid to reducing the noise level. By its design, the boat is a double-hull, single-shaft, with a high stern plumage, on which a fairing for a towed antenna is placed. The light body is covered with an anti-hydroacoustic rubber coating. The strong case steel, is made of high-strength steel with a yield strength of 100kgf/mm2 and is divided into 7 compartments. During the construction of the boat, the block method was used. The equipment was mounted in shock-absorbing blocks and, after assembly, moved inside the pressure housing and connected there to the cables and pipelines of the onboard systems. The depreciation of the blocks led to a decrease in the acoustic field of the ship, in addition, such a block design greatly facilitated the installation of equipment. The nuclear submarine uses an advanced two-stage damping system, which significantly reduces structure-borne noise. All mechanisms are placed on depreciated foundations. Each block is isolated from the nuclear submarine hull by rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers, which form the second stage of vibration isolation. As a result, the boat became the quietest in the domestic fleet.
The nuclear power plant consists of one OK-650B (190 MW) thermal pressurized water reactor with four steam generators and a steam single-shaft block steam turbine plant with a wide redundancy of the mechanization composition. Power about 50,000 hp Two turbogenerators alternating current. As a source of direct current, there are two groups of batteries and two reversible converters. In the event of failure of the main power plant for its subsequent input, emergency sources of electricity are provided and On board the ship there are two DG-300 diesel generators with reversible converters (2 * 750 hp) with a fuel reserve for 10 days of operation. They are designed to generate direct current for propulsion motors and alternating current for general ship consumers. A seven-blade constant-pitch propeller with improved hydroacoustic characteristics and a reduced rotational speed is used as a propeller.
There are two thrusters with 410 hp DC propulsion motors, providing movement at speeds up to 5 knots and serving for maneuvering. The armament consists of four 533-mm TTs and four 650-mm TTs, with a bow two-row arrangement, traditional for domestic submarines, in the upper nose. Under the torpedo tubes there is a partition with a HAC antenna. Ammunition more than 40 units. It is possible to fire torpedoes, Granat cruise missiles, underwater missiles and rocket-torpedoes (Squall, Waterfall and Wind), as well as self-transporting mines. Part of the ammunition can be replaced by mines, the setting of which is also carried out through the TA. The armament makes it possible to effectively deal with submarines and surface ships, as well as to hit ground targets with cruise missiles with high accuracy.
The REV includes the MGK-540 Skat-3 SJSC with a digital information processing system, which includes a bow antenna, two long-range onboard antennas, as well as a towed extended antenna placed in a container located on the vertical tail. The target detection range through the new complex has increased three times compared to the sonar installed on second-generation boats. The time for determining the parameters of the movement of the target has also been significantly reduced. In addition to the SJSC, Project 971 nuclear submarines are equipped with a highly efficient, unparalleled world-wide system for detecting submarines and surface ships the enemy along the wake (the equipment installed on the boat makes it possible to record such a trace many hours after the passage of the enemy submarine). Installed on the ship navigation complex Symphony-U, Molniya-MTs radio communication complex with Tsunami space communication system and towed antenna. The lead boat K-248 was laid down at the plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Already in the process of its testing, it was revealed that a qualitatively higher level of acoustic stealth had been achieved. The noise level of K-284 by 12-15 dB (i.e. 4-4.5 times) turned out to be lower than the noise level of the "quietest" domestic boat of the previous generation - 671 RTM, which gave reason to talk about our country's becoming a world leader in this most important indicator of submarine shipbuilding. Boats with serial numbers 501, 502, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517 were assembled at the SZ in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The rest are on the NSR (Severodvinsk). In the process of serial construction, the design of the submarine was improved.
On October 10, 1990, an order was issued by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy V.N. Chernavin about assigning the name "Panther" to the boat K-317. In the future, other nuclear submarines of this project also received names. The first nuclear submarine K-480 of the "Severodvinsk series" received the name "Bars", which soon became a household name for all Project 971 nuclear-powered ships. In December 1997, at the request of the government of Tatarstan, "Bars" was renamed "Ak-Bars". According to NATO classification, Project 971 received the code "Akula". The boats of Severodvinsk construction, as well as the last of those built at the plant in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, received the code "Improved Akula". Compared to their predecessors, they had increased acoustic stealth. Starting from the nuclear submarine K-157, while maintaining the external contours, the boat has a modified design of a durable hull and internal equipment.
She received the designation "Akula-2". High performance characteristics, increased stealth, combined with tremendous firepower make Project 971 multi-purpose nuclear submarines a formidable weapon capable of solving any combat missions.
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In July 1976, in order to expand the front for the production of third-generation multi-purpose submarines, the military leadership decided to develop a new, cheaper nuclear submarine on the basis of the Gorky 945 project, the main difference of which from the prototype was to be the use of steel instead of titanium alloys in hull structures. Therefore, the development of the submarine, which received the number 971 ( code "Pike-B"), were carried out as before TTZ, bypassing the preliminary design.
A feature of the new nuclear submarine, the development of which was commissioned by the Malachite Squadron (Leningrad), was a significant reduction in noise, which is approximately 5 times less compared to the most advanced second-generation Soviet torpedo boats. This level was supposed to be reached through the implementation of the early developments of the SLE designers in the field of increasing the stealth of boats (an ultra-low-noise nuclear submarine was developed in the SLE in the 1970s), as well as research by specialists from the Central Research Institute. Krylov.
The efforts of the developers of the submarine were crowned with success: the new nuclear-powered ship in terms of stealth for the first time in the history of the USSR submarine shipbuilding surpassed the most the best analogue American-made multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the third generation of the Los Angeles type.
The submarine of the 971st project was equipped with powerful strike weapons, which significantly exceeded (in terms of missile and torpedo ammunition, caliber and number of torpedo tubes) the potentials of Soviet and foreign submarines of a similar purpose. The new submarine, like the ship of the 945th project, was designed to deal with enemy ship groups and submarines. The boat can take part in special operations, mine laying and reconnaissance.
09/13/1977 approved the technical project "Pike-B". However, later it was subjected to refinement, caused by the need to increase technological level GAK to the level of American submarines (the United States again took the lead in this area). On submarines of the Los Angeles type (third generation), an AN / BQQ-5 sonar system was installed, which has digital processing information that provides a more accurate selection of the useful signal against the background of interference. Another new "introductory", which necessitated changes, was the requirement of the military to install strategic missile launchers "Granat" on the submarine.
During the revision (completed in 1980), the submarine received a new digital sonar system with improved performance, as well as a weapons control system that allows the use of Granat cruise missiles.
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