Communication on WhatsApp is becoming more and more interesting. The company is trying to add more and more new and interesting functions to the application, for example, not so long ago, a new option was added to the usual exchange of messages, photos, as well as video and audio files - a video call. Of course, seeing your interlocutor during a conversation is much more interesting, so today we will discuss how to set a profile photo on WhatsApp.
- You will be asked to select a photo from the gallery or take one right now using the device’s camera. Choose what is preferable for you.
How to install photos in WhatsApp on iPhone?
- Log into WhatsApp on your iPhone.
- Open “Settings”, then in your account profile, tap the image that replaces your photo for now. Following the system's instructions, select a photo from the gallery or take one immediately
Also, not everyone knows that this application can be accessed not only from a phone, but also from a computer. This may seem more convenient for those who are not used to virtual keyboard phone. To log into WhatsApp via a computer or laptop, you will need to scan a special code with your smartphone.
You can find out by reading our other article.
Coal industry engages in the extraction and primary processing (enrichment) of hard and brown coal and is the largest industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.
Coal of Russia
Russia has a variety of types of coal - brown, hard, anthracite - and occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of reserves. The total geological reserves of coal are 6421 billion tons, of which 5334 billion tons are standard. Over 2/3 of the total reserves are comprised of hard coals. Technological fuel - coking coals - make up 1/10 of the total amount of hard coals.
Coal distribution across the country's territory unevenly. 95% reserves account for eastern regions, of which more than 60% go to Siberia. The bulk of general geological coal reserves are concentrated in the Tunguska and Lena basins. In terms of industrial coal reserves, the Kansk-Achinsk and Kuznetsk basins are distinguished.
Coal mining in Russia
In terms of coal production, Russia ranks fifth in the world (after China, the USA, India and Australia), 3/4 of the coal produced is used for energy and heat production, 1/4 in metallurgy and the chemical industry. A small part is exported, mainly to Japan and the Republic of Korea.
Open pit coal mining in Russia is 2/3 of the total volume. This extraction method is considered the most productive and cheapest. However, this does not take into account the severe disturbances of nature associated with it - the creation of deep quarries and extensive dumps of overburden. Mine mining is more expensive and has a high accident rate, which is largely determined by the deterioration of mining equipment (40% of it is outdated and requires urgent modernization).
Coal basins of Russia
The role of a particular coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quality of coal, the size of reserves, technical and economic indicators of production, the degree of preparedness of reserves for industrial exploitation, the size of production, and the characteristics of the transport and geographical location. Based on the totality of these conditions, the following stand out: inter-district coal bases— Kuznetsky and Kansk-Achinsk basins, which together account for 70% of coal production in Russia, as well as the Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo and South Yakutsk basins.
Kuznetsk basin, located in the south Western Siberia in the Kemerovo region, is the main coal base of the country and provides half of all-Russian coal production. Coal lies here high quality, including coking. Almost 12% of production is carried out by open pit mining. The main centers are Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
Kansk-Achinsk basin located in the south of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Trans-Siberian Railway and accounts for 12% of coal production in Russia. Brown coal from this basin is the cheapest in the country, as it is mined by open-pit mining. Due to its low quality, coal is poorly transportable and therefore powerful thermal power plants operate on the basis of the largest open-pit mines (Irsha-Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky).
Pechora basin is the largest in the European part and accounts for 4% of the country's coal production. It is removed from the most important industrial centers and is located in the Arctic, mining is carried out only by the mine method. In the northern part of the basin (Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye deposits) coking coals are mined, in the southern part (Intinskoye deposit) - mainly energy coals. The main consumers of Pechora coal are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, enterprises in the North-West, Center and Central Black Earth Region.
Donetsk basin in the Rostov region is the eastern part of the coal basin located in Ukraine. This is one of the oldest coal mining areas. The mine method of extraction led to the high cost of coal. Coal production is declining every year and in 2007 the basin provided only 2.4% of all-Russian production.
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region ensures low cost of coal, since mining is carried out by open-pit mining and produces 3.4% of coal in the country. Due to the great distance from large consumers, it is used at local power plants.
South Yakutsk basin(3.9% of all-Russian production) is at Far East. It has significant reserves of energy and technological fuel, and all production is carried out by open-pit mining.
Promising coal basins include the Lensky, Tungussky and Taimyrsky, located beyond the Yenisei north of the 60th parallel. They occupy vast areas in poorly developed and sparsely populated areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
In parallel with the creation of inter-regional coal bases, there was widespread development of local coal basins, which made it possible to bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption. At the same time, in the western regions of Russia, coal production is declining (Moscow basin), and in the eastern regions it is increasing sharply (deposits of the Novosibirsk region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye.
Since ancient times, coal has been a source of energy for humanity, not the only one, but widely used. Sometimes it is compared to solar energy, preserved in stone. It is burned to obtain heat for heating, heating water, converted into electricity at thermal stations, and used for smelting metals.
With the development of new technologies, we have learned to use coal not only to produce energy by burning. The chemical industry has successfully mastered production technologies for rare metals - gallium and germanium. Composite carbon-graphite materials with a high carbon content, gaseous fuel with high calorie content are extracted from it, and plastic production methods have been developed. The lowest grade coal, its very fine fraction and coal dust are processed and are excellent for heating as production premises and private houses. Total via chemical processing coal They produce more than 400 types of products, which can cost tens of times more than the original product.
People have been actively using coal as a fuel for generating and converting energy for several centuries; with the development of the chemical industry and the need for rare and valuable materials in other industries, the need for coal is increasing. Therefore, exploration of new deposits is being intensively carried out, quarries and mines, and raw material processing enterprises are being built.
Briefly about the origin of coal
On our planet, many millions of years ago, vegetation developed rapidly in a humid climate. 210...280 million years have passed since then. For thousands of years, millions of years, billions of tons of vegetation died off, accumulated at the bottom of swamps, and became covered with layers of sediment. Slow decomposition in an oxygen-free atmosphere under the powerful pressure of water, sand, and other rocks, sometimes at high temperatures due to the close proximity of magma, led to the petrification of layers of this vegetation, with gradual degeneration into coal of varying degrees of carbonization.
Main Russian deposits and coal mining
The planet has coal reserves of more than 15 trillion tons. The largest mineral production comes from coal, approximately 0.7 tons per person, which is more than 2.6 billion tons per year. In Russia, hard coal is available in different regions. It has different characteristics, features and depth. Here are the largest and most successfully developed coal basins:
The active use of Siberian and Far Eastern deposits is limited by their remoteness from industrial European regions. In the western part of Russia, coal with excellent performance is also mined: in the Pechersk and Donetsk coal basins. In the Rostov region, local deposits are being actively developed, the most promising of which is Gukovskoye. Processing of hard coal from these deposits produces high-quality grades of hard coal - anthracite (AS and AO).
Main quality characteristics of coal
Different industries require different grades of coal. Its qualitative indicators vary widely even among those that have the same marking and largely depend on the deposit. Therefore, before purchasing coal, enterprises become familiar with the following physical characteristics:
According to the degree of enrichment, coal is divided into:
- — Concentrates (burned for heating in steam boilers and generating electricity);
- — Industrial products used in the metallurgical industry;
- — Sludge is actually a fine fraction (up to 6 mm) and dust after rock crushing. It is problematic to burn such fuel, so briquettes with good properties are formed from it. performance characteristics and used in household solid fuel boilers.
By degree of carbonization:
- — Brown coal is partially formed hard coal. It has a low heat of combustion, crumbles during transportation and storage, and has a tendency to spontaneous combustion;
- — Coal. It has many different brands (grades) with different characteristics. It has a wide range of uses: metallurgy, energy, housing and communal services, chemical industry etc.
- — Anthracite is the highest quality form of coal.
If we compare peat and coal, the calorific value of coal is higher. The most low heat combustion for brown coal, the highest for anthracite. However, based on economic feasibility, in great demand uses simple coal. It has the optimal combination of price and specific heat of combustion.
There are a lot of different characteristics of coal, but not all of them may be important when choosing coal for heating. In this case, it is important to know only a few key parameters: ash content, humidity and specific heat capacity. Sulfur content may be important. The rest are required when selecting raw materials for processing. What is important to know when choosing coal is the size: how large the pieces are offered to you. This data is encrypted in the brand name.
Size classification:
Classification by brands and their brief characteristics:
Depending on the characteristics of coal, its brand, type and fraction, it is stored different times. (The article contains a table showing the shelf life of coal depending on the deposit and brand).
Particular attention should be paid to protecting coal during long-term storage (more than 6 months). In this case, a special coal shed or bunker is required, where the fuel will be protected from precipitation and direct sunlight.
Large piles of coal long-term storage require temperature control, since in the presence of small fractions in combination with moisture and high temperature have a tendency to spontaneous combustion. It is advisable to purchase an electronic thermometer and a thermocouple with a long cord, which should be buried in the center of the coal pile. You need to check the temperature once or twice a week, because some brands of coal spontaneously ignite at very low temperatures: brown - at 40-60 o C, others - 60-70 o C. Cases of spontaneous combustion of anthracite and semi-anthracite rarely occur (in Russia such cases not registered).
The range of its use is very wide. Coal is used to generate electricity, as an industrial raw material (coke), for the production of graphite, to obtain liquid fuel by hydrogenation.
Russia has vast reserves of coal deposits and coal basins.
A coal basin is an area (often over 10 thousand square kilometers) of development of coal-bearing deposits, formed under certain conditions over a certain period of time. The coal deposit has a smaller area and is a separate tectonic structure.
On the territory of Russia there are platform, folded and transitional basins.
The largest amount of coal deposits has been identified in Western and Eastern Siberia.
60% of Russian coal reserves are humic coals, including coking coal (Karaganda, South Yakutsk, Kuznetsk basins). Brown coals are also found (Ural, Eastern Siberia, Moscow region).
Coal reserves are dispersed across 25 coal basins and 650 individual deposits.
Coal mining is carried out using closed or open methods. Closed mining is carried out in mines, open - in quarries (cuts).
The life of a mine is on average 40 - 50 years. Each layer of coal takes about 10 years to be removed from the mine, followed by the development of the deeper layer through reconstruction. Reconstruction of the mine horizons is prerequisite to save environment and ensuring worker safety.
In open-pit mines, coal is extracted in successive strips.
As of 2010, coal in Russia was mined in 91 mines and 137 open-pit mines. The total annual capacity was 380 million tons.
After coal is extracted in mines or open pits, it goes directly to the consumer or is sent to coal enrichment enterprises.
In special factories, pieces of coal are sorted by size and then enriched.
The enrichment process is the purification of fuel from waste rock and foreign impurities.
Today, coal in Russia is mined mainly in the territory of 10 main basins. The largest deposit of hard and coking coals is the Kuznetsk basin (Kemerovo region), brown coal is mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin ( Krasnoyarsk region, Eastern Siberia), Anthracites - in the Gorlovka basin and Donbass.
The coal in these pools is of the highest quality.
Other well-known coal basins in Russia include the Pechora basin (Arctic region), the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region, and the South Yakut basin in the Far East.
The Taimyr, Lena and Tunguska basins are being actively developed in Eastern Siberia, as well as deposits in the Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye, and the Novosibirsk Region.
The largest industry (by number of workers and value of production fixed assets) fuel industry is coal mining in Russia.
The coal industry mines, processes (enriches) hard coal, brown coal and anthracite.
How and how much coal is produced in the Russian Federation
This mineral is mined depending on the depth of its location: open-pit (in open-pit mines) and underground (in mines) by methods.
During the period from 2000 to 2015, underground production increased from 90.9 to 103.7 million tons, and open-pit production increased by more than 100 million tons from 167.5 to 269.7 million tons. The amount of minerals mined in the country during this period, broken down by production method, can be seen in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1: Coal production in the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2015, broken down by production method, in million.
According to information from the Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC), 385 million tons of black minerals were produced in the Russian Federation in 2016, which is 3.2% higher than the previous year. This allows us to conclude that the industry has had positive growth dynamics in recent years and is promising despite the crisis.
The types of this mineral mined in our country are divided into energy coals and coals for coking.
IN total volume over the period from 2010 to 2015, the share of energy production increased from 197.4 to 284.4 million tons. The volumes of coal production in Russia by type, see Fig. 2.
2: Structure of coal production in the Russian Federation by type for 2010-2015, in million tons.
How much black mineral is there in the country and where is it mined?
According to Rosstat, Russian Federation(157 billion
tons) ranks second after the United States (237.3 billion tons) in the world in terms of coal reserves. The Russian Federation accounts for about 18% of all world reserves. See Figure 3.
Rice. 3: World reserves by leading countries
Information from Rosstat for 2010-2015 indicates that production in the country is carried out in 25 constituent entities of the Federation in 7 Federal Districts.
There are 192 coal enterprises. These include 71 mines and 121 coal mines. Their total production capacity is 408 million tons. More than 80% of it is mined in Siberia. Coal production in Russia by region is shown in Table 1.
In 2016, 227,400 thousand.
tons were mined in the Kemerovo region (such cities with one industry affiliation are called single-industry towns), of which about 125,000 thousand tons were exported.
Kuzbass accounts for about 60% of domestic coal production, there are about 120 mines and open pits.
At the beginning of February 2017, a new open-pit mine, Trudarmeysky Yuzhny, with a design capacity of 2,500 thousand, began operation in the Kemerovo region.
In 2017, it is planned to extract 1,500 thousand tons of minerals from the open-pit mine, and, according to forecasts, the open-pit mine will reach its design capacity in 2018. Also in 2017, three new enterprises are planned to be launched in Kuzbass.
Largest deposits
On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 22 coal basins (according to Rosstat information for 2014) and 129 individual deposits.
More than 2/3 of the reserves that have already been explored are concentrated in the Kansk-Achinsk (79.3 billion tons) and Kuznetsk (53.4 billion tons) basins. They are located in the Kemerovo region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Also among the largest basins are: Irkutsk, Pechora, Donetsk, South Yakutsk, Minusinsk, and others.
Figure 4 shows the structure of proven reserves for the main basins.
Rice. 4: Proven reserves for the main basins in Russia, billion tons.
Import-export
The Russian Federation is one of the three largest coal exporters after Australia (export volume 390 million).
tons) and Indonesia (330 million tons) in 2015. Russia's share in 2015 - 156 million tons of black minerals were exported. This figure for the country has increased by 40 million tons over five years. In addition to the Russian Federation, Australia and Indonesia, the six leading countries include the United States of America, Colombia and South Africa.
The structure of world exports is shown in Fig. 5.
Rice. 5: Structure of world exports (largest exporting countries).
The Central Dispatch Office of the Fuel and Energy Complex reports that in 2016, total exports from the country increased, while imports decreased.
Data on export-import in 2016 are presented in Table 2.
Head of the information and analytical department of the department of coal and peat industry Ministry of Energy of the country V.
Grishin predicts an increase in exports by 6% in 2017, its volume could reach 175 million tons, that is, an increase of 10 million tons.
Which companies are the largest producers
Large oil companies Russia is on everyone’s lips, and the largest coal producing companies in the country in 2016 are: OJSC SUEK (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-Ugol (28.6), “ Vostsibugol (13.1), Southern Kuzbass (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), the amount of coal produced is indicated in parentheses in millions of tons, see
Rice. 6. The largest producers in the Russian Federation in 2016, in millions.
The companies OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol and SDS-Ugol have been leaders in production over recent years.
The largest producers for 2014-2015 are presented in Fig.
7. Among them, in addition to the two above-mentioned industry leaders, there are also processing enterprises: Kuzbass Fuel Company, Sibuglement Holding, Vostsibugol, Russian Coal, EVRAZ (which is one of the largest private companies in the country), "Mechel-Mining", "SDS-Coal".
7. The largest producers in the Russian Federation for 2014-2015, in million tons.
In November 2016, Evgeniy Kosmin’s team of section No. 1 of the V.D. mine.
Yalevsky JSC SUEK-Kuzbass set a new Russian production record for the year from one production face - 4,810 thousand tons.
Results and conclusions
- The Russian coal complex is actively developing.
- Imports have fallen slightly in recent years, while exports and production have increased.
- In terms of exports, the Russian Federation is one of the three leading countries after Australia and Indonesia.
- In the coming years, it is planned to open new mining and processing enterprises.
- The top three include companies from the Siberian region, which accounts for more than 80% of the country’s total production.
Lyudmila Poberezhnykh, 2017-03-29
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Reference materials on the topic
Coal basins of Russia
The role of a particular coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quality of coal, the size of reserves, technical and economic indicators of production, the degree of preparedness of reserves for industrial exploitation, the size of production, and the characteristics of the transport and geographical location.
Based on the totality of these conditions, the following stand out: inter-district coal bases- Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins, which together account for 70% of coal production in Russia, as well as the Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo and South Yakutsk basins.
The most important producer of hard coal in Russia is the Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
Kuznetsk basin
The balance reserves of Kuzbass hard coal of category A+B+C1 are estimated at 57 billion tons, which is 58.8% of hard coal in Russia.
At the same time, coking coal reserves amount to 30.1 billion tons, or 73% of the country’s total reserves.
Almost the entire range of hard coal grades is mined in Kuzbass. The subsoil of Kuzbass is rich in other minerals - these are manganese, iron, phosphorite, nepheline ores, oil shale and other minerals.
Kuznetsk coals are of high quality: ash content is 8-22%, sulfur content is 0.3-0.6%, specific heat combustion – 6000 – 8500 kcal/kg.
The average depth of underground development reaches 315m.
About 40% of the mined coal is consumed in the Kemerovo region itself and 60% is exported to other regions of Russia and for export.
In the structure of coal exports from Russia, Kuzbass accounts for over 70% of its physical volume.
High quality coal occurs here, including coking coal. Almost 12% of production is carried out by open pit mining.
Belovsky district is one of the oldest coal mining areas in Kuzbass.
The balance reserves of coal in the Belovsky district amount to more than 10 billion.
tons
The development of the Kuznetsk coal basin began in 1851 with more or less regular production of fuel at the Bachat mine for the Guryev Metallurgical Plant. The Bachat mine was located six miles northeast of the village of Bachat. Now this place is occupied by the Chertinskaya-Koksovaya and Novaya-2 mines and the Novobochatsky open-pit mine.
Firstborn coal industry Belova is considered to be the Pioneer mine, in 1933. The first ton of coal was mined here.
Currently, the Belovsky district is the largest coal mining region in Kuzbass.
The Belovsky district is the geographical center of the Kemerovo region.
The main centers are Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
The Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in the south of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Trans-Siberian Railway and produces 12% of coal production in Russia.
Brown coal from this basin is the cheapest in the country, as it is mined by open-pit mining. Due to its low quality, coal is poorly transportable and therefore powerful thermal power plants operate on the basis of the largest open-pit mines (Irsha-Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky).
The Pechora basin is the largest in the European part and accounts for 4% of the country's coal production.
It is located far from the most important industrial centers and is located in the Arctic; mining is carried out only by mining. In the northern part of the basin (Vorkutinskoye and Vorgashorskoye deposits) coking coals are mined, and in the southern part (Intinskoye deposit) mainly energy coals are mined.
The main consumers of Pechora coal are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, enterprises in the North-West, Center and Central Black Earth Region.
The Donetsk basin in the Rostov region is the eastern part of the coal basin located in Ukraine.
This is one of the oldest coal mining areas. The mine method of extraction led to the high cost of coal. Coal production is declining every year and in 2007 the basin provided only 2.4% of all-Russian production.
The Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region provides low cost of coal, since mining is carried out by open-pit mining and produces 3.4% of the country's coal.
Due to the great distance from large consumers, it is used at local power plants.
The South Yakut basin (3.9% of all-Russian production) is located in the Far East. It has significant reserves of energy and technological fuel, and all production is carried out by open-pit mining.
Promising coal basins include the Lensky, Tungussky and Taimyrsky, located beyond the Yenisei north of the 60th parallel.
They occupy vast areas in poorly developed and sparsely populated areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
In parallel with the creation of inter-regional coal bases, there was widespread development of local coal basins, which made it possible to bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption. At the same time, in the western regions of Russia, coal production is declining (Moscow basin), and in the eastern regions it is increasing sharply (deposits of the Novosibirsk region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye.
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