Hanging Gardens of Babylon - the second of the seven wonders
light and least explored by scientists. TO
Unfortunately, this marvelous architectural creation is not
has reached the present day. What is known is that they
were in the legendary city of Mesopotamia
(Interfluve) - Babylon, and their creator
Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II is considered
(605-562 BC).
gardens of Amitis: that was the name of the wife of the Babylonian
King Nebuchadnezzar, for whose sake the gardens were
created. In the 6th century BC, the Babylonian king
Nebuchadnezzar II gave the order to build marvelous
gardens for his beloved wife Amytis. She was
Median princess and in the dusty, noisy
Babylon, located on a bare sandy plain,
I really missed the green hills of my homeland.
The king, in order to please his beloved, decided to create
fairy gardens. The very name of the miracle - the Hanging Gardens - introduces us to
delusion. The gardens did not hang in the air! And not even
were supported by ropes, it was believed
earlier. The gardens were not hanging gardens, but
speakers. Architecturally, the Hanging Gardens represented
a pyramid consisting of four tiers of platforms. They were supported by columns up to 25
meters. The lower tier had an irregular shape
quadrilateral whose longest side is
was 42 m, the smallest was 34 m. To prevent irrigation water from leaking,
the surface of each platform was first covered
layer of reeds and asphalt, then laid
brick, lead slabs, with a thick carpet on them
there was fertile land where it was planted
vegetation. The gardens are formed from arched
vaults laid out in a checkerboard pattern in several
rows The Hanging Gardens were amazing - the trees,
shrubs and flowers from all over the world grew in the noisy and
dusty Babylon. The plants were arranged like this:
how they were supposed to grow in their natural environment: plants
lowlands - on the lower terraces, highlands -
at the highest levels. The following trees were planted in the Gardens:
palm, cypress, cedar, boxwood, plane tree, oak. The pyramid resembled an ever-blooming hill. For
people of that time the most surprising thing was not
only the design of the gardens itself, but also the irrigation system. IN
pipes were placed in the cavity of one of the columns. Day and
at night hundreds of slaves turned a wheel with leather buckets,
supplying water upward, pumping it from the river. Magnificent
gardens with rare trees, flowers and coolness in
sultry Babylon were truly a miracle. When the city fell into disrepair, supply water to the gardens
there was no one left. Over time, the plants died, and
As a result of the earthquake, the palace was destroyed. So
Along with Babylon, the amazing wonder of the world also perished
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. It is worth noting that some historians believe
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a myth, a fiction. Herodotus,
traveling through Mesopotamia, talks about
the delights of Babylon, but does not say a word about the Hanging Ones
gardens However, the ancient historians Diodorus and Strabo
describe them. Now tourists coming to Iraq
offer to look at the ruins left from
Gardens
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Abstract The ancient world... a world of secrets and unsolved mysteries... Presentation "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: myth or reality?" dedicated to one of the seven wonders of the world, in which I wanted to tell and show the history of the creation and existence of ancient gardens, stunning in their beauty and engineering. Can be used to study topics on the history of the Ancient World.
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Presentation Teacher of history and social studies Elena Anatolyevna Grebneva “First Moscow Educational Complex” Hanging Gardens of Babylon: myth or reality?
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The beginning of the story The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is not known for sure whether they existed at all? A more correct name for this structure is the Hanging Gardens of Amytis: this was the name of the wife of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 634-562 BC), for whose sake the gardens were created. Despite the well-established connection between the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the name of the Assyrian queen Semiramis, who lived around 800 BC, scientists consider this a misconception. In fact, the official version of the origin of this wonder of the world is as follows: Nebuchadnezzar and his wife Amytis
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Nebuchadnezzar II fought against Assyria. In order to strengthen the army, an alliance was concluded with the Median king. After destroying the enemy, Nebuchadnezzar II decided to marry the daughter of the Median sovereign. But the dusty city of Babylon, standing essentially in the desert, could not be compared with the green and blooming Media. It was for this reason that the ambitious ruler decided to build the Babylonian Hanging Gardens. By the way, the queen’s name was Amytis, so it would be more correct to call the second of the seven wonders of the world by this name... But the unforgettable Semiramis, who was also an extraordinary person, was entrenched in history, although she lived two centuries earlier...
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A gift to his beloved wife King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon was married to the daughter of the king of Media. The marriage was concluded not so much for love, which was not accepted in those days, but for political reasons, for the sake of consolidating the military alliance of Nebuchadnezzar with Cyaxares, the Median king. However, in all likelihood, Nebuchadnezzar valued his wife and tried to make her life happy. It’s not for nothing that the wonder of the world he created is called the first monument of love in this world!
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A native of a mountainous area, the queen yearned in dusty and hot Babylon among the lifeless desert. To console his wife, Nebuchadnezzar decided to create a structure unprecedented at that time in the country - the hanging gardens. These gardens were designed to create in the desert city the illusion of the green hills of Media, where foliage fluttered in the wind and flowers fragrant. The best architects of Babylon took up the construction of the gardens. The task they faced was non-trivial. It was necessary to carry out a huge amount of work, design stone supports and galleries, fill huge containers with fertile soil, think over an irrigation system, so that a garden would grow in the heart of the desert, as if magically brought here from the homeland of the young queen.
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Construction of the garden Columns 25 meters high were built from baked bricks. Four tiers of gardens rested on them. The tiers rose upward in ledges, and they were connected by wide staircases lined with elegant colored tiles. The platforms of each tier were made of stone slabs, lined with reeds and covered with a layer of lead. On top of this kind of waterproofing, a thick layer of fertile soil was poured with the addition of Nile silt, in which large trees could grow. Construction was carried out quickly: the king was in a hurry to please his wife. Seeds of rare herbs and tree seedlings arrived in Babylon from the north. With great precautions, in every possible way preserving the vegetation from drying out, even large trees were brought here so that the queen would not have to wait long for the seedlings to grow.
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Finally, the goal of the Babylonian king was achieved - a garden unprecedented in these places began to rise above the hundred-meter walls of the city. The greenery of the trees amazed the imagination of the townspeople and travelers who entered the city. And the queen got the opportunity to bask in the shade and enjoy the views of green gardens familiar from childhood. The fame of the second wonder of the world reached the most remote corners: merchants, talking about Babylon, always mentioned the huge green gardens previously unimaginable in these places.
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Interesting facts about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Surprisingly, this unique building, included in the seven wonders of the world, was not new at that time. It’s just that Nebuchadnezzar II, under whom many architectural masterpieces were built, managed to supply water to his hanging gardens in an unusual way. An interesting fact is that the described structure consisted of four levels. Each of them had many cool rooms where the royal family walked during the heat of the day. The building's vaults were supported by 25-meter columns at each level. The fortified terraces were covered with earth, the thickness of which was sufficient for trees to grow there.
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The floors of the gardens rose in ledges and were connected by wide, gentle staircases covered with pink and white stone. The height of the floors reached almost 28 meters and provided enough light for plants. “In carts drawn by oxen, trees wrapped in damp matting and seeds of rare herbs, flowers and bushes were brought to Babylon.” And trees of the most amazing species and beautiful flowers bloomed in extraordinary gardens. Pipes were placed in the cavity of one of the columns, through which water from the Euphrates was pumped day and night to the upper tier of the gardens, from where it, flowing in streams and small waterfalls, irrigated the plants of the lower tiers. Day and night, hundreds of slaves turned a lifting wheel with leather buckets, bringing water from the Euphrates to the gardens. The murmur of water, shade and coolness among the trees taken from distant Media seemed miraculous.
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To prevent liquid from leaking to the lower floors, the platforms of each tier, consisting of huge slabs, were covered with lead leaves and covered with asphalt. Water was supplied upward using a specially designed mechanism pumping it from the Euphrates River. To do this, the slaves turned a huge wheel, irrigating the Hanging Gardens of Babylon with a sufficient amount of moisture. The hundred-meter walls of Babylon and the crowns of trees towering above them instilled in everyone who saw this wonder of the world the thought of the power and strength of the kingdom. And proud Amytis, to whom this grandiose building was actually dedicated, enjoyed the greenery of flowering plants stretching for many kilometers around.
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Semiramis: fiction or reality? Semiramis (Shammuramat) (811-805 BC) became famous for having the experience of sole rule - an extremely rare phenomenon for that time. There is no more reliable information about this queen. Life and legend intertwined together, and Semiramis took one of the honorable places in Armenian and Akkadian mythologies, as a cunning queen who cunningly killed her husband and gained power into her hands. The features of many goddesses were harmoniously woven into her image, and very little is known today about a real woman with that name.
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“In ancient times there was a city in Syria called Askalon, and next to it there was a deep lake, where the temple of the goddess Derketo stood.” Outwardly, this temple looked like a fish with a human head. The goddess Aphrodite became angry with Derketo for something and made her fall in love with a mere mortal youth. Then Derketo gave birth to his daughter and, in anger, irritated by this unequal marriage, killed the young man, and she disappeared into the lake. The girl was saved by pigeons: they warmed her with their wings, carried milk in their beaks, and when the girl grew up, they brought her cheese. The shepherds noticed hollowed-out holes in the cheese, followed the trail of the pigeons and found a lovely child. They took the girl and took her to the caretaker of the royal herds, Simmas. “He made the girl his daughter, gave her the name Semiramis, which means “dove” among the people of Syria, and raised her approximately. She surpassed everyone in her beauty.” This became the key to her future career.
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Modern historians prove that when the soldiers of Alexander the Great reached the fertile land of Mesopotamia and saw Babylon, they were amazed. After returning to their homeland, they reported amazing gardens and trees in Mesopotamia, the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, the Tower of Babel and ziggurats (multi-stage structures). This gave food to the imagination of poets and ancient historians, who mixed all these stories into one to create one of the Seven Wonders of the World... Tower of Babel Palace of Nebuchadnezzar Alexander the Great 336-323 AD. BC
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One of the wonders of the world, about which there are many legends and the likelihood of whose existence is shrouded in mystery for us, is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
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According to various historical chronicles of Greek and Roman writers, a fairly truthful theory of the existence of the Hanging Gardens is revealed to us. The secret of the existence of a grandiose monument of engineering was slightly revealed only in 1898 thanks to the excavations of Robert Koldewey. During excavations, he discovered a network of intersecting trenches near the Iraqi city of Hille (90 km from Baghdad), in the sections of which traces of dilapidated masonry are still visible.
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ISHTAR GATE One day, during excavations, Koldewey came across some vaults. They were under a five-meter layer of clay and rubble on Qasr Hill, which hid the ruins of the southern fortress and the royal palace. He continued his excavations, hoping to find a basement under the arches, although it seemed strange to him that the basement would be under the roofs of neighboring buildings. But he did not find any side walls: the workers’ shovels only tore off the pillars on which these vaults rested. The pillars were made of stone, and stone was very rare in Mesopotamian architecture. And finally Koldewey discovered traces of a deep stone well, but a well with a strange three-stage spiral shaft. The vault was lined not only with brick, but also with stone. The Ishtar Gate is part of the powerful rampart around Babylon (according to Koldewey’s reconstruction). Ishtar - Babylonian goddess of war and love
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The totality of all the details made it possible to see in this building an extremely successful design for that time (both from the point of view of technology and from the point of view of architecture). Apparently, this structure was intended for very special purposes. And suddenly it dawned on Koldewey! In all the literature about Babylon, starting with ancient authors (Josephus, Diodorus, Ctesias, Strabo and others) and ending with cuneiform tablets, wherever the “sinful city” was discussed, there were only two mentions of the use of stone in Babylon, and this was especially emphasized during the construction of the northern wall of the Qasr region and during the construction of the “Hanging Gardens” of Babylon. Koldewey re-read the ancient sources again. He weighed every phrase, every line, every word; he even ventured into the alien field of comparative linguistics. In the end, he came to the conclusion that the found structure could not be anything other than the vault of the basement floor of the evergreen “hanging gardens” of Babylon, inside of which there was an amazing water supply system for those times.
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The ruins of Babylon are located 90 kilometers from Baghdad. The ancient city ceased to exist long ago, but even today the ruins testify to its grandeur. “A great city... a strong city,” the Bible says about this city. In the 7th century BC, Babylon was the largest and richest city in the Ancient East. There were many amazing structures in Babylon, but most striking were the hanging gardens of the royal palace, gardens that became a legend.
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So far, the most accurate information about the Gardens comes from Greek historians such as Verossus and Diodorus (Sikulis), but the description of the material is rather meager. The tablets from the time of Nebuchadnezzar do not have even a single reference to the Hanging Gardens, although descriptions of the palace of the city of Babylon and the walls are found. Even the historians who give detailed descriptions of the Hanging Gardens have never seen them. Modern historians prove that when Alexander's soldiers reached the fertile land of Mesopotamia and saw Babylon, they were amazed. After returning to their homeland, they reported amazing gardens and trees in Mesopotamia, the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, the Tower of Babel and ziggurats. This was the imagination of the poets and ancient historians who mixed all these stories into one whole to produce one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It was only the twentieth century that revealed some of the mysteries surrounding the legends of the Hanging Gardens. Archaeologists are still struggling to gather enough evidence before reaching definitive conclusions about the location of the Gardens, their irrigation system, and their true appearance.
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Legend associates the creation of the famous gardens with the name of Semiramis, Queen of Assyria. Diodorus and other Greek historians say that the Hanging Gardens in Babylon were built by her. Semiramis - Shammuramat - is a historical figure, but her life is legendary. According to legend, the daughter of the goddess Derketo, Semiramis, grew up in the desert, in a flock of pigeons. Then the shepherds saw her and gave her to the caretaker of the royal flocks, Simmas, who raised her as his own daughter. The royal governor Oann saw the girl and married her. Semiramis was amazingly beautiful, smart and brave. She charmed the king, who took her away from his commander. Oannes took his own life, and Semiramis became queen. After the death of her husband, she became the heir to the throne, although they had a son, Ninias.
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It was then that her abilities in peacefully governing the state manifested themselves. She built the royal city of Babylon with powerful walls and towers, a magnificent bridge over the Euphrates and an amazing temple of Bel. Under her rule, a convenient road was built through the seven ridges of the Zagros chain to Lydia, where she also built the capital Ecbatana with a beautiful royal palace, and brought water to the capital through a tunnel from distant mountain lakes. The courtyard of Semiramis shone with splendor. Ninia was bored with his inglorious life, and he organized a conspiracy against his mother. The queen voluntarily transferred power to her son, and she herself, turning into a dove, flew away from the palace with a flock of doves. From that time on, the Assyrians began to revere her as a goddess, and the dove became a sacred bird for them.
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However, the famous “Hanging Gardens” were not laid out by Semiramis and not even during her reign, but later, in honor of another, alas, not legendary woman. They were built by order of Nebuchadnezzar for his beloved wife Amytis, a Median princess who yearned for the green hills of Media in dusty Babylon. This king, who destroyed city after city and even entire states, built a lot in Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar turned the capital into an impregnable stronghold and surrounded himself with unprecedented luxury, even in those days. Nebuchadnezzar built his palace on an artificially created platform, raised to the height of a four-tier structure. Hanging gardens were laid out on earthen terraces resting on vaults. The vaults were supported by powerful tall columns located inside each floor. The terrace platforms were a complex structure.
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At their base lay massive stone slabs with a layer of reeds covered with asphalt. Then there was a double row of bricks connected with plaster. Even higher are lead plates to retain water. The terrace itself was covered with a thick layer of fertile soil, in which large trees could take root. The floors of the gardens rose in ledges and were connected by wide, gentle staircases covered with pink and white stones. The height of the floors reached 50 cubits (27.75 m) and provided enough light for plants. In carts drawn by oxen, trees wrapped in wet matting and seeds of rare plants, herbs and bushes were brought to Babylon.
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And trees of the most amazing species and beautiful flowers bloomed in extraordinary gardens. Day and night, hundreds of slaves turned a water-lifting wheel with leather buckets, supplying water from the Euphrates River to the hanging gardens. Magnificent gardens with rare trees, beautiful fragrant flowers and coolness in sultry Babylonia were truly a wonder of the world. He spent his last days in the chambers of the lower tier of these gardens in June 323 BC. Alexander the Great. The Hanging Gardens were destroyed by floods of the Euphrates, which rises 3-4 meters during floods. Ancient Babylon ceased to exist long ago, but its name still lives on.
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Presentation on history Topic: “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon” 5th grade student of the State School (College) of Spiritual Arts Sergey Gureev Moscow 2011 – 2012 academic year
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. A more correct name for this structure is the Hanging Gardens Amitis (according to other sources - Amanis): this was the name of the wife of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, for whose sake the gardens were created.
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History of appearance
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC), in order to fight against the main enemy - Assyria, whose troops twice destroyed the capital of the state of Babylon, entered into a military alliance with Cyaxares, the king of Media. Having won, they divided the territory of Assyria among themselves. Their military alliance was confirmed by the marriage of Nebuchadnezzar II to the daughter of the Median king Amitis
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They were built by order of Nebuchadnezzar for his beloved wife Amytis, a Median princess who yearned for the green hills of Media in dusty Babylon. This king, who destroyed city after city and even entire states, built a lot in Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar turned the capital into an impregnable stronghold and surrounded himself with unprecedented luxury, even in those days.
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Structure of the Hanging Gardens
Nebuchadnezzar built his palace on an artificially created platform, raised to the height of a four-tier structure. Hanging gardens were laid out on earthen terraces resting on vaults.
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The vaults were supported by powerful tall columns located inside each floor. The terrace platforms were a complex structure. At their base lay massive stone slabs with a layer of reeds covered with asphalt.
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Then there was a double row of bricks connected with plaster. Even higher are lead plates to retain water. The terrace itself was covered with a thick layer of fertile soil, in which large trees could take root.
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Why Hanging?
The very name of the miracle - the Hanging Gardens - misleads us. The gardens did not hang in the air! And they weren’t even supported by ropes, as they had previously thought. The gardens were not hanging, but protruding.
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The Hanging Gardens were amazing - trees, shrubs and flowers from all over the world grew in noisy and dusty Babylon. The plants were located as they should have grown in their natural environment: lowland plants - on the lower terraces, highland plants - on the higher ones. Trees such as palm, cypress, cedar, boxwood, plane tree, and oak were planted in the Gardens.
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The well-known Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a marvelous architectural creation of magical beauty, which, unfortunately, has not survived to this day, but is ranked among the seven wonders of the world.
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The Hanging Gardens were amazing - trees, shrubs and flowers from all over the world grew in noisy and dusty Babylon. The most beautiful plants were selected for planting in the Hanging Gardens.
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Now tourists coming to Iraq are offered to look at the ruins remaining from the Gardens, but these debris are unlikely to impress.
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Destruction:
In 331 BC. e. Alexander the Great's troops captured Babylon. The famous commander made the city the capital of his huge empire. It was here, in the shadow of the Hanging Gardens, that he died in 339 BC. e. After the death of Alexander, Babylon gradually fell into decay. The gardens were in disrepair. Powerful floods destroyed the brick foundation of the columns, and the platforms collapsed to the ground. Thus one of the wonders of the world perished.
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Briefly about the Hanging Gardens
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Another slave died today, Without words of mercy, anger or resentment. A many-legged crab closed over him - The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The loving king could not bear the reproach. He spared neither money nor slaves For the joy of his noble wife. The slaves will build the garden in the shortest possible time. They - slaves, they don’t need coffins, And the soil will become twice as fertile! The dawn of humanity is rising, And the truths have not yet been beaten. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are speaking quietly to the wind about something...
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Ancient Babylon Babylon means “Gate of God” - a city that existed in Mesopotamia (today Iraq, 90 km south of Baghdad), and was one of the largest cities of the Ancient World. Babylon was the capital of Babylonia, a kingdom that lasted for one and a half millennia, and then the power of Alexander the Great.
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Nebuchadnezzar built his palace on an artificially created platform, raised to the height of a four-tiered structure. Hanging gardens were laid out on earthen terraces resting on vaults. The vaults were supported by powerful tall columns located inside each floor. The terrace platforms were a complex structure. At their base lay massive stone slabs with a layer of reeds covered with asphalt. Then there was a double row of bricks connected with plaster. Even higher are lead plates for water retention. The terrace itself was covered with a thick layer of fertile soil, in which large trees could take root. The floors of the gardens rose in ledges and were connected by wide canopy staircases covered with pink and white stone. The height of the floors reached 50 cubits (27.75 m) and provided enough light for plants.
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Hanging Gardens of St. Petersburg The Hanging Garden of the Small Hermitage in St. Petersburg was created from 1764 to 1769 by architects Yu. M. Felten and J. B. Wallen-Delamot (perestroika by V. P. Stasov) at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. This hanging garden still exists today. At the same time, it is sandwiched on all sides by the walls of the palace and open to the sky; The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna had a hanging garden; Betsky's house had a hanging garden similar to the hanging garden of the Small Hermitage - no one except royalty could afford such a luxury in those years; On the roof of the side building of the Anichkov Palace, its owner, Alexey Razumovsky, placed a hanging garden. However, the fate of this garden was short. The Anichkov Palace often changed owners, who repeatedly and carelessly rebuilt it. As a result, the garden died. But the memory of him remains.
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