Slide 2
Drawing Images
Depending on the content, all images in the drawings are divided into types, sections or sections
Slide 3
Species
A view is an image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer. Invisible parts of the surface of an object in views are indicated by dashed lines. GOST provides for 6 main types. The main view is usually the image in which greatest number surface elements are indicated explicitly (by visible contour lines).
Slide 4
Additional views
The main view is usually located in the field of the frontal projection of the object. In addition to the main view, there are also auxiliary (additional) views, local views and remote elements. Their function is to clarify graphic information about the subject, to detail it
Slide 5
Slide 6
Sections
Often three types of an object are not enough to fully convey graphic information about the object. Especially if the item contains internal cavities of complex shape. Sections are used to convey graphic information about the internal structure of an object.
Slide 7
Slide 8
Section surfaces
Planes are usually used as cutting surfaces. However, GOST allows the use of secant cylindrical surfaces turned into a plane
Slide 9
Slide 10
Cuts
A cut is an image of a figure resulting from the mental dissection of an object by a plane (one or several) together with the elements of the object located behind the cutting plane. Thus, simplified: a cut is a section plus what is behind it
Slide 11
Sections By position of the cutting plane By the number of cutting planes Horizontal Vertical Frontal Profile Inclined Simple Complex Broken Step Other cuts
Slide 12
Other cuts According to the relative position of the cutting plane and the length (height) of the object Longitudinal Transverse
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
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Slide 19
Questions
What image is called a view? What type is usually called the main one? In which projection field is the main view usually located? What type is called additional? How (by what icons) are additional views indicated on the drawing? In what case additional view is not indicated by special icons?
Slide 20
Questions
How (by what icons) are additional views indicated on the drawing? In what case is an additional species not indicated by special icons? What is a section? What surfaces can be used as secants? How are sections classified depending on their location in relation to the view? What is a cut? How does an incision differ from a section?
Lesson topic:
Section
Akhuzin Andrey Akhmetovich, teacher of PKP educational institution No. 228, city Kurgan, Kurgan region.
TOPIC: Section
Objective of the lesson:
- Give the concept of sections
- Give concepts about the types of sections (superimposed, extended)
- Teach students to determine where to apply the necessary sections
- Teach students how to construct, designate and identify sections in drawings
From history
One day, during archaeological excavations, the oldest human weapon was found - a spear. The artist of the expedition, whose duties included depicting all the objects found, had to give such images of the spear that its shape and design would be clearly perceived. The artist made a drawing
but he was dissatisfied with it, since it was impossible to determine the shape of the spear from this image. “How can we convey the shape of a spear,” the artist wondered, “so that its shape is clearly perceived in each characteristic area?”
Let us try to solve this problem too.
section
And if a visual image is given
This is impossible
and even a visual image does not provide clear information about the geometric shape of the object and its parts.
section
Let's look at an example: Table knife blade
section
What images should be used to clearly show the geometric shape of the knife elements in the drawing?
Maybe do two types
or three types
Conclusion:
the shape of the knife elements cannot be determined
section
It can be argued that increasing the number of species and using visual images do not solve the problem under consideration.
What's the solution?
Some fundamentally new image is needed
In such cases, images are used that are called
SECTIONS
The essence of obtaining a cross-section :
part of the part, the geometric shape of which is difficult to determine from the drawing, is mentally cut through a cutting plane.
Section
is the image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with a cutting plane.
Sections show what is located in the cutting plane.
section
Sections are projection images.
This means that the section figures are projected onto the projection plane.
section
Front view (main view)
section
the section figure is projected onto the projection plane.
section
According to the location of the sections relative to the types, they are distinguished
on
issued
superimposed
Superimposed section
Overlaid sections are placed directly in views ( the image of the section figure seems to be superimposed on view image),
Extended section
the exposed sections are located outside the view image
When choosing sections, preference is given taken out sections , since they do not clutter the view.
From history
The artist made a drawing
“How can we convey the shape of a spear so that its shape is clearly perceived in each characteristic area?”
You can judge the shape of an object by images , which result sections its plane
section
Superimposed section
Extended section
Purpose of the section
- Helps to get a clearer idea of the shape of an object;
- Makes it possible to perform fewer images in a drawing.
Sections show only what is directly in the cutting plane.
A section is not an action, but an image.
TEST
IN
A
B
3
2
1
Homework
Do the exercise according to Fig. 176 in your notebook
“Find visual images of parts by type and section”
Thank you
for
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Slide captions:
LESSON ON THE TOPICS: “CUT” AND “SECTIONS”
GOAL: To test and consolidate theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities in practice Objectives: 1. To promote understanding and consolidation of the topics studied 2. To prepare students for the final graphic work 3. To improve graphic skills and abilities 4. To develop thinking, ingenuity, spatial concepts 5. Activate mental work, the ability to think critically, deepen knowledge 6. Develop skills of self-organization and self-control
Task on the board Correct the drawing
Task on the board Make an expedient cut
Individual task Restore the main view, supplementing it with the missing lines. Make a frontal incision
Individual task Solve the crossword puzzle Horizontally: 1. A section formed by one secant plane (Simple) 2. A cut formed by a number of parallel secant planes (stepped) 3. Refusal to “hatch” the stiffeners that fall into the secant plane (Conventional) 4. Name a detail that is not shaded in the section, although it falls into the longitudinal secant plane. (Shaft) Vertical: 5. A method of graphically highlighting a sectional figure in a drawing. (Hatching) 6. An image used to identify the internal shape of an object in a drawing. (Section).
Individual task Convert a section into a section
Individual task Designate sections
Individual task Check whether the cut is made correctly. Correct if necessary
Frontal survey on the part drawing From two images, select the one that is a section. Give reasons for your answer.
Programmed control You need to choose the correct answer options for the tasks and enter them in the table No. Task Answer option 1. 2. 3. 4.
Programmed knowledge control Indicate the correctly executed section
Programmed knowledge control Indicate the correct cut
Programmed control Determine in which of the drawings the connection between the view and the section is made correctly
Programmed control Using the visual image, find the corresponding drawing with a frontal section
Programmed control Correct answers Task No. Answer option 1. 3 2. in 3. 1 4. 2
Practical work Complete the drawing with the missing lines and add dimensions Task option
Homework Textbook p. 127 – 153 repeat Prepare A4 format, tools and accessories for graphic work SUMMARY Today in the lesson we checked, consolidated and generalized your knowledge on the topics “Sections” and “Sections”. You answered theoretical questions, worked at the board and using cards, analyzed completed tasks, paid attention to mistakes made, and checked each other’s work using programmed control. You have consolidated the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in practice. Thanks for the work!
Sozykina Tatyana Nikolaevna
art and drawing teacher
Sholokhovsky village
Rostov region
MBOU secondary school No. 8
Figure 1
Let's remember... the fairy tale "The Little Prince". It was written shortly before his death (he did not return from a combat mission) by a brave pilot and remarkable French writer of the 20th century Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1900-1944). He wrote this fairy tale for both children and adults.
Do you remember what picture (the first in his life) Exupery drew as a child? It was drawing 1. Look at it, what is shown there?) And all the adults thought it was a hat. But in fact it was a boa constrictor that swallowed an elephant.
- So that others would understand this, the young artist expressed himself more specifically and drew Figure 2. He was sure that now everyone would understand, since he explained his picture to adults not only from the outside, but also from the inside.
- Question: How did the six-year-old artist, the future famous writer and pilot, manage to do this?
FAMILIAR IMAGES
In the lessons of botany, zoology, chemistry and physics, you often came across images that convey the internal structure of fruits and living organisms. You observed in these images everything that is usually hidden from us.
- What are these images called?
- Standard (GOST 2.305...68 ESKD).
- What is called a cut?
- How to distinguish a cut from a section.
- What designations and inscriptions are installed for sections.
- The main difference between the cuts.
- The names of the sections depending on the relative position of the cutting planes.
- How are the cuts located in the drawings?
- Complex cuts.
- Depending on the content, images in the drawings are divided into types, sections, and sections. Rules for depicting objects (products, structures and their constituent elements) installed GOST 2.305 – 68 ESKD.
It should be remembered that the section is a conventional image. The convention is that drawing a cutting plane, removing part of an object, depicting the remaining part - all these actions are carried out mentally.
The part is cut by a plane parallel to the horizontal projection plane. Part of the object is mentally discarded, and the remaining part is projected onto the horizontal plane of projections, and the part of the object that falls into the cut is shaded.
The cut is not an action, but an image.
The section shows only what is obtained directly in the cutting plane.
The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane, and what located behind it.
Connecting the section to the drawing plane.
The section consists of a section and what is located behind the cutting plane (a rectangular parallelepiped.
Classification of cuts
Depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, the sections are divided into:
Horizontal– the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections.
Oblique– cuts with a secant plane making an angle with the horizontal plane of projections. different from the 90° angle.
Vertical– the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal projection plane.
Horizontal
Frontal
Profile
Inclined
- A frontal section is a section obtained as a result of mental dissection of a part with a plane parallel to the frontal plane of projections.
- A profile section is a section obtained as a result of mental dissection of a part with a plane parallel to the frontal plane of projections.
- A horizontal section is a section obtained as a result of mental dissection of a part with a plane parallel to the horizontal plane of projections.
Depending on the direction of the cutting plane relative to the length or height of the object, the cuts are divided into:
transverse, if the cutting plane is directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object.
longitudinal, if the cutting plane is directed along the length or height of the object.
Determine the location of the cutting plane.
Algorithm execution cut
Apply shading where the solid parts of the part fall into the cutting plane.
Outline the dashed lines with solid thick main lines.
Remove any visible lines other than the outline.
Tell me what knife you used to cut what.
Is this the case with you too?
Well done!
LEARNING SHARPENS THE MIND
D/Z: § 23-24. ! p. 143 task 50 on tracing paper; p.144 task 51 on tracing paper.
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Slide captions:
Section
TOPIC: Section Purpose of the lesson: To give the concept of sections To give concepts about the types of sections (superimposed, taken out) To teach students to determine the places of application of the necessary sections To teach students to construct, designate and identify sections in drawings
From history One day, during archaeological excavations, the oldest human weapon was found - a spear. The artist of the expedition, whose duties included depicting all the objects found, had to give such images of the spear that its shape and design would be clearly perceived. The artist made a drawing but was dissatisfied with it, since it was impossible to determine the shape of the spear from this image. “How can we convey the shape of a spear,” the artist wondered, “so that its shape is clearly perceived in each characteristic area?” Let us solve this problem.
section In everyday life and technology, there are often objects and parts whose shape is difficult to convey in the drawing presented. Try to determine the geometric shape of the object in one view, in two views, in three views.
section And if a visual image is given, and even a visual image does not provide clear information about the geometric shape of the object and its parts. This is impossible
cross-section Consider an example: Table knife blade
section What images should be used to clearly show the geometric shape of the knife elements in the drawing? Maybe make two types or three types Conclusion: it is impossible to determine the shape of the knife elements
cross-section It can be argued that increasing the number of species and using visual images do not solve the problem under consideration. What's the solution? Some fundamentally new image is needed. In such cases, images are used that are called SECTIONS
The essence of obtaining a section: a part of a part, the geometric shape of which is difficult to determine from a drawing, is mentally dissected with a cutting plane.
is the image of a figure obtained by mentally dissecting an object with a cutting plane. Section Sections show what is located in the cutting plane.
section Sections are projection images. This means that the section figures are projected onto the projection plane.
cross section Front view (main view)
section The section figure is projected onto the projection plane.
section Based on the location of the sections relative to the types, they are distinguished as superimposed on
Superimposed section Superimposed sections are located directly on views (the image of the section figure is, as it were, superimposed on the image of the view),
Extended section Exposed sections are located outside the view image. When selecting sections, preference is given to extended sections, since they do not clutter the view.
From history The artist made a drawing “How to convey the shape of a spear so that its shape is clearly perceived in each characteristic area?” You can judge the shape of an object by the images that are obtained as a result of cutting it with a plane
section Superimposed section Extended section
A B C 2 1 3 TEST
Homework In your notebook, complete the exercise according to Fig. 176 “Find visual images of parts by type and section”
Thank you
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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