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Gender stereotypes are generalized ideas (beliefs) formed in culture about how men and women actually behave.
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Logicality - intuitiveness, abstraction - concreteness.
First of all, masculinity is associated with logic, and femininity with intuitiveness. “Male and female self-consciousness each have their own distinctive features: a man is logical, full of initiative; a woman is instinctive, prone to self-giving, wise with the illogical and impersonal wisdom of simplicity and purity.” At the same time, women are interested in specific things, they are specific in their mental activity. Applied and practical sciences usually open up space for women’s intellect.
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Instrumentality - expressiveness, consciousness - unconsciousness.
There is a stereotypical opinion that a woman’s sensuality, empathy, and emotional expressiveness distinguish her from a man with his instrumental dimensionality, goal-oriented and competence. Thanks to these qualities, it is believed that all women are more flexible and responsive. Men are firmer and more powerful (Florensky). To this we can add the opinion of S.N. Bulgakov that a woman is connected with the “depths of being.”
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Power is submission.
Devotion, sacrifice, patience, and submission were also considered feminine. A man was viewed as having opposite qualities and therefore the masculine and feminine principles were conceptualized in the categories of power - submission. “A man is assigned the right to dispose of a woman, “to be a patron and leader,” while a woman has the right to “receive a courageous and strong patron as a gift for her love.” The problem of dominance - submission is also considered by psychoanalysts when talking about sadomasochism. It is known that Freud perceived masochism as an expression of the feminine essence.
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Order is chaos
N.A. Berdyaev, speaking about the masculine and feminine principles, notes: “Since the masculine principle is the beginning of design, introducing meaning, Logos, structure, harmony, since the masculine spirit shapes, disciplines, organizes, it is the beginning of order.” Disorder and chaos are seen as manifestations of the feminine principle: “The feminine-passive spirit plunges into formless, undisciplined, unorganized chaos.” R. Gorski reports that men tend to first fix any problem and only then consider it, while women analyze relationships as they go along. It should be remembered that just as a woman is able to develop her thinking so that it becomes equivalent to a man’s, so a man, in turn, can differentiate his needs and feelings no worse than a woman.
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Independence, individuality - intimacy, collectivity.
Important gender stereotype is that women tend to look primarily not at objects and the solution of some problems, but at the well-being of the people who make up their social circle. Thus, N. Khodorov, K. Gilligan argue that women put relationships between people first, while men in all societies are more independent, dominant, powerful, authoritarian and decisive. Women are more cautious, prone to submission, responsive and democratic.
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The strength of I is the weakness of I.
It is also stereotypically believed that men and women are distinguished by the strength of their personality. According to Florensky, “women’s activity, to a significant extent, more significantly than men’s, is the activity not of the woman herself, but of other forces in a woman.” To this we can add the opinion of V.V. Rozanov: “The I of a man is the size of a mountain, the I of a woman... but it is simply leaning against the male I.”
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Impulsivity, activity - static, passivity.
In Aristotle's view, strength, activity, movement, life come from the masculine principle, while woman provides only passive matter. Hippocrates supports this doctrine and distinguishes between weak (female) and strong (male) semen. Hegel also believes that the two sexes must be different: one is active, the other is passive. Passivity goes to the woman. Modern researchers contrast the activity, risk-taking, despotism, impulsiveness of men and the humility, passivity, dependence, and weakness of women.
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Inconstancy, infidelity, radicalism - constancy, fidelity, conservatism.
There is also a stereotypical belief in culture that women are distinguished by conservatism and loyalty to everything that has happened, while men are distinguished by radicalism and inconstancy. Simmel notes women’s attachment to “everything that has happened and happened” and considers this problem in the light of binary oppositions: “fidelity” - “infidelity”
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There is no such thing as pure masculinity or femininity, either biologically or psychologically. Each individual has a “mixture” of biological and psychological characteristics of his own and the opposite sex. Modern psychology identifies four gender-role types, characteristic of men and women: masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated. But at the same time, it should be understood that “a bisexual human being is endowed with a certain gender, and it cannot combine opposite essences in itself until it finds its own.” This entity must become identical with itself and accept itself in all aspects of properties, male and female.
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The term “stereotype” was taken from the Greek words στερεός (stereos), “firm, solid” and τύπος (typos), “impression”, thus “solid impression”.
The term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original.
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Outside of printing, the first mention of "stereotype" was in 1850, as a noun that meant "image perpetuated without change." However, it was not until 1922. The “stereotype” was first used in the modern psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work “Public Opinion”.
In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of persons or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.
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In some cultures age is a virtue, while in others it may seem to be a curse. We all find that as we get older, certain things are expected of us. Many older people feel themselves discriminated against in areas such as work, housing and sports. With the average age of populations around the world increasing and health care improving, many countries are finding that the expectations and laws regarding age need to be reconsidered.
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Ethnic stereotypes
An ethnic stereotype is a system of beliefs about typical characteristics of members of a given ethnic group or nationality, their status, society and cultural norms. National stereotypes may be either about their own nationality or about others. Stereotypes about their own nation may aid in maintaining the national identity. Various anti-national phobias and prejudices operate with stereotype ethnics.
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Gender stereotypes
The age-old battle of the sexes is a major subject under diversity. Equality between the sexes is still a relatively new concept in some societies (women did not have the right to vote in the United States until 1920). Stereotyping is a form of prejudice and many people stereotype what is expected of a woman and what is expected of a man.
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In many countries around the world the dominant culture sets the standards and norms for day-to-day living. People who are not part of the dominant culture find themselves stereotyped and victims of prejudice when it comes to jobs, educational opportunities, housing, and so forth.
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Religious stereotypes
Religious stereotyping is the act of discrimination against members of other religions and is commonly based on generalized ideas and appearances of other religious beliefs and practices. It is important to understand that religious stereotypes, as well as many other stereotypes, are misleading and that one cannot judge a person by their religious background.
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If you don’t like or don’t trust somebody because of stereotypes, you have a prejudice against that person (or group of person). It is dangerous because it leads to discrimination and conflicts.
2 Definition The term “stereotype” was introduced by U. Lipmann in 1922 (book “ Public opinion") A stereotype (in a broad sense) is a stable image of a phenomenon or person, which is used as a “shortcut” when interacting with this phenomenon.
3 autostereotypes (1) autostereotypes (about members of their group) – Russians consider themselves kind, patient, hospitable, lazy, friendly, open, etc. What stereotypes exist? heterostereotypes (2) heterostereotypes (about members of an out-group) – Russians consider Germans to be neat, punctual, pedantic, hardworking, thrifty, etc.
4 Properties of stereotypes Complexity / simplicity – Group size – Group size (stereotypes in relation to members of large groups are more complex); – Amount of information – Amount of information (the less information, the simpler the stereotypes); – Similarity between in-group and out-group – Similarity between in-group and out-group (the more similar the groups, the simpler the stereotypes).
5 Properties of stereotypes Valence Valence - emotional and evaluative loading of stereotypes Coherence - Consistency - a high degree of unity of ideas among a stereotyped group Stability / rigidity Stability / rigidity - changing stereotypes is possible only with a change in group relations
Are stereotypes "true"? 6 1. Inconsistency between stereotypes and reality (W. Lippmann) / Proof (each social group includes so many different people that it is simply impossible to describe them with one characteristic); 2. Correspondence of stereotypes to reality / “grain of truth” hypothesis (each stereotype contains information that corresponds to reality).
7 Simplification of reality / Saving cognitive resources Simplification of reality / Saving cognitive resources (stereotypes allow us to simplify the process of perception) Emotional expression Emotional expression (stereotypes allow us to demonstrate an emotional attitude towards social groups) Determination of relations between groups Definition of relations between groups (demonstration by the bearer of stereotypes of belonging to a particular social group) group / defining boundaries between groups) Functions of stereotypes
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A stereotype is a simplified, pre-accepted idea that does not follow from own experience human, arising on the basis of indirect perception of an object. A social stereotype is usually understood as a simplified, schematized, emotionally charged and extremely stable image of a social group or community, easily extended to all its representatives.
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Stereotyping is the process of forming an impression about a perceived person on the basis of stereotypes developed by a group, i.e., simplified stable ideas about the psyche and behavior of a person and the community of people. Stereotyping allows you to quickly and reliably categorize, simplify social information, and make it more understandable.
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Study of stereotypes in social psychology The term “social stereotype” was first introduced by W. Lippman, analyzing the influence of existing knowledge about a subject on its perception and assessment during direct contact. According to W. Lippmann, stereotypes are ordered, schematic, culturally determined “pictures” of the world “in the head” of a person, which save his efforts in perceiving complex social objects and protect his values, positions and rights. T. Shibutani defines a social stereotype as “a popular concept denoting an approximate grouping of people in terms of some easily distinguishable characteristic, supported by widely held ideas regarding the properties of these people.” R. Tajouri understands a social stereotype as “the tendency of the perceiving subject to easily and quickly place the perceived person into certain categories depending on his age, gender, ethnicity, nationality and profession, and thereby attribute to him qualities that are considered typical for people in this category” .
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Study of stereotypes in social psychology G. Tajfel summarized the main conclusions of research in the field of social stereotyping: people easily show a willingness to characterize large human groups (or social categories) with undifferentiated, crude and biased characteristics; such categorization is characterized by strong stability over a very long time; social stereotypes may vary to some extent depending on social, political or economic changes, but this process occurs extremely slowly; social stereotypes become more pronounced (“pronounceable”) and hostile when social tensions arise between groups; they are acquired very early and are used by children long before clear ideas arise about the groups to which they belong; Social stereotypes are not much of a problem when there is no overt hostility in group relations, but they are difficult to modify and manage under conditions of significant tension and conflict.
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Study of stereotypes in social psychology In Soviet literature, the study of the problem of stereotypes is associated with the names of Shikhirev P.N., Sherkovin Yu.L., Gadzhiev K.S., Kona I.S., Yadov V.A., Zak L.A., Kondratenko G.M. and others. They have a class approach to the problem of studying stereotypes; in their works, the most common definition of a stereotype is as an “image” or “set of qualities”, as a rather primitive or emotionally charged idea of reality that inadequately reflects objective processes. However, today the majority of Russian scientists (following Western ones) have begun to approach the phenomenon of stereotype more cautiously, considering the latter primarily a complex formation and assessing its content not only with negative side(Ageev V.S., Vasilyeva T.V., Malysheva I.V., Korobov V.K., Stefanenko T.G., Sorokin Yu.A., Yanchuk V.A. and others).
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Functions of social stereotypes The English psychologist Henry Tajfel identifies four functions of stereotypes, two of which are implemented at the individual level, two at the group level. The meaning of a stereotype at the individual level: – cognitive (selection social information, schematization, simplification); – value-protective (creation and maintenance of a positive “I-image”). At the group level: – ideologizing (formation and maintenance of a group ideology that explains and justifies the group’s behavior); – identifying (creation and maintenance of a positive group “We-image”).
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Functions of social stereotypes German researcher U. Quasthoff identifies the following functions of stereotypes: – cognitive – generalization (sometimes excessive) when organizing information – when something striking is noted. For example, when learning a foreign culture in class foreign language it is necessary to replace some stereotypes (regulating the interpretation of speech) with others; – affective – a certain measure of ethnocentrism in interethnic communication, manifested as the constant highlighting of “one’s own” as opposed to “their”; – social – differentiation between “in-group” and “out-group”: leads to social categorization, to education social structures, which they actively focus on in everyday life.
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The mechanism of stereotyping 1. Categorization is the mental process of assigning a single object, event, experience to a certain class, which can be verbal and non-verbal meanings, symbols, sensory and perceptual standards, social stereotypes, behavioral stereotypes, etc. 2. Schematization. Schemas are a series of interconnected thoughts, ideas, social attitudes and stereotypes that provide the ability to quickly recognize objects in the presence of limited information resources. 3. Attribution. In the process of attribution, the causes of behavior and achievements of individuals are attributed on the basis of group membership.
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Ethnicity is a stable group of people who recognize themselves as its members on the basis of any characteristics perceived as ethnically differentiating (T.G. Stefanenko). Psychological characteristics ethnic groups Stable components of ethnic communities (mental makeup): ethnic/national character; traditions and customs. Emotional-dynamic sphere: ethnic/national feelings.
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Ethnic self-awareness is expressed in the formation of a “we-feeling” - fixation of the characteristics of one’s group, its differences from others. An ethnic stereotype is a simplified image of ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to perceive life events from the position of “one’s” ethnic group, considered as a standard.
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Gender groups Gender groups are distinguished based on gender. The concept of "gender" is used to social characteristics gender as opposed to biological. Gender characteristics are a set of social roles “prescribed” by society for each gender. Gender is studied at three levels: individual (gender identity); structural (the position of men and women in society); symbolic (images of a “real man” and a “real woman”).
Khalikova Diana
Life is the most precious value that a person possesses. The main reasons why first aid to victims is not provided on time is the indifference and ignorance of eyewitnesses associated with the use of stereotypes.
Purpose of the study:
Identification of existing negative stereotypes when providing first aid in modern society;
Obtaining information about the level of awareness of sociological survey participants about the rules of first aid.
Hypothesis:
stereotypes of incorrect provision of first aid are evil. If they are dispelled, then the victims in non-standard and emergency situations there will be less.
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Stereotypes are life-threatening. Author: Khalikova Diana Sergeevna, 7th grade, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 10” Leader: Elena Aleksandrovna Metelina, life safety teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 10” XIV city scientific and practical conference of students “Knowledge is moral strength, Junior!” » Winter, 2017
Relevance Life is the most precious value that a person possesses. The main reasons why first aid to victims is not provided on time is the indifference and ignorance of eyewitnesses associated with the use of stereotypes.
Purpose of the study: to identify existing negative stereotypes when providing first aid in modern society; obtaining information about the level of awareness of sociological survey participants about the rules for providing first aid. Hypothesis: stereotypes of incorrect provision of first aid are evil. If they are dispelled, then there will be fewer victims in non-standard and emergency situations.
The word “stereotype” was coined in the 1920s by American journalist Walter Lippman. He characterized a stereotype as a small “picture of the world” that a person stores in the brain in order to save the effort required to perceive more complex situations.
C stereotypes when providing first aid If you’re chilling, let’s warm you up. Lubricate the burn with oil. A drowning person always calls for help. A person injured in an accident must be pulled out of the car at any cost. You can get rid of the symptoms of hypothermia by rubbing the damaged areas of the skin. A solution of potassium permanganate will help cleanse the stomach. Let's knock and clap.
Survey results: 98% of people surveyed made mistakes in their answers.
Is it necessary to warm a person if he has high temperature and he's shivering?
Is it necessary to lubricate a burn with vegetable oil?
Does a drowning person cry for help?
In case of an accident, is it necessary to remove the victim from the car?
If your nose gets frostbitten, do you need to rub it?
Is it possible to drink a solution of potassium permanganate to cleanse the stomach?
If a person is choking, is it necessary to tap on the back?
during a sociological survey it was found that the majority of respondents are inclined to provide first aid according to stereotypes; among the respondents there are those who will not provide first aid based on stereotypes, which means that first aid to victims in unusual situations will be provided in another way that is safe for human life and health; respondents who do not know how to provide first aid should be familiarized with a memo on providing such assistance to victims in various situations. Conclusions
Conclusions The survey results showed that the subjects who participated in the survey are poorly informed in matters of first aid. We also became convinced that the stereotypes that we had studied were evil. Just like any evil, it is necessary to get rid of them. Therefore, if we dispel stereotypes of incorrect first aid, there will be fewer victims in non-standard and emergency situations. The hypothesis of my work was confirmed.
Practical orientation of the work The work materials can be used in life safety lessons and when practicing practical skills in providing first aid, extracurricular activities. Working on the research broadened my horizons and improved my skills in working with information, including electronic information.
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