American experts admit that the F-35 is too expensive even for the United States. And it has nothing to oppose to the Russian Nebo-M radar.
American analysts admit that the new F-35 multi-role aircraft from Lockheed Martin is the most expensive military project in the world, which will never justify its price. It is not superior to other aircraft in either maneuverability or speed. Even the ability to stow weapons inside a stealthy case is not worth the money spent. There is only one capability that will give the F-35 an advantage - a cognitive electronic detection system, thanks to which the aircraft will be able to locate difficult-to-detect air defense systems and find gaps in them on the fly.
wikipedia.org
Older air defense radars emitted signals of a fixed waveform in a fixed range of frequencies and were therefore relatively easy to detect. Radar detection systems were first tested during the Vietnam War. American aircraft were able to detect radiation from North Vietnamese air defense radar installations before they detected air targets and fired a salvo. This allowed the planes to turn around and leave the affected area in time.
Naturally, radar developers began to look for methods that would make it difficult to detect a radar installation. Thus began a kind of race between radars and means of detecting them. Currently, thanks to the development computer technology, radar radiation is constantly changing in both frequency and shape. The Pentagon admitted three years ago that the United States lags behind in this area, which makes the Air Force defenseless against modern systems Air defense. The F-35 is no exception.
The reason for alarm was the appearance of the 55Zh6M Nebo-M radar systems in Russian air defense service. It consists of three machines with radars installed on them, each of which operates in its own range: meter, decimeter and centimeter, which allows you to very accurately determine the coordinates of the target. The Nebo-M system is designed for automatic detection and tracking of air targets: ballistic missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles aircraft, hypersonic targets, as well as aircraft manufactured using Stealth technology. The complex is capable of tracking up to 200 targets in circular scanning mode at a range of up to 1,800 km and at an altitude of up to 1,200 km. According to the plans of the Russian Ministry of Defense, by 2020 the entire sky over Russia will be covered with these radar systems.
American military experts have come to the conclusion that in the event of a war with Russia, in the current state of affairs, the F-35 will not have a chance to overcome Russian air defense. Another problem, according to the Americans, is that the United States is far behind in air defense suppression capabilities, while Russia is far ahead in the development of air and missile defense.
wikipedia.org
US military experts see a way out of the situation in the development of self-learning systems with elements of artificial intelligence, called cognitive ones, which in their mode of operation and speed of operation are close to living beings. An example for them is a bat, which navigates in space using echolocation, while moving quite quickly. Man has not yet created anything approaching perfection.
The concept of cognitive radar was developed back in 2006 by electronics researcher Simon Haykin. Interest in these developments appeared in the Pentagon only now, when it became clear that Russia had created an air defense system insurmountable for the F-35. It is unknown whether Russia will supply Nebo-M to other countries, but it is easy to assume that China will acquire a similar system of its own development.
What about cognitive radar? For now, the Americans are busy with purely conceptual developments. The group, led by Josh Niedzwiecki, employs 200 specialists in the field machine learning, physics, statistical signal processing and computational neuroscience, etc. Of course, they never tire of advertising their concept, as if it were about to appear in the form of a working prototype. But main task its development is to justify the costs of developing the F-35.
Americans love to talk about the unpredictability of the Russians and their ability to respond asymmetrically. This view seems to be confirmed. For 15 years, Lockheed Martin tinkered with the new aircraft, spending more and more money on development, and Russia created the Nebo-M system, which turned the F-35 into an expensive toy, the costs of which had to be justified by vague promises.
Evgeniy Sizov
Designed for automatic detection, measurement of coordinates and tracking of a wide class of modern air targets (strategic and tactical aviation aircraft, Asalm-type aircraft missiles), small-sized (warheads of hypersonic cruise missiles) and subtle targets made using stealth technology during operation both as part of modern automated control systems and autonomously.
Provides recognition of target classes, determination of the nationality of air objects, direction finding of active noise jammers. When coupled with a secondary radar, the radar can be used as a route locator for air traffic control.
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Part radar antennas"Sky-UE" |
The station uses a cross-shaped phased array antenna, the horizontal part of which is the rangefinder antenna, and the vertical part is the altimeter antenna. Review in the horizontal plane is carried out due to mechanical rotation of the antenna system, in the vertical plane - due to intra-pulse scanning with an altimeter beam according to the target designation of the rangefinder.
Retrieval and distribution of information to external consumers is carried out automatically. Due to the high degree of automation of combat work and the use of adaptive algorithms, the operator’s work is extremely simplified and comes down mainly to monitoring the correct functioning and resolving possible conflict situations.
The radar includes:
Antenna mast device on three semi-trailers;
- equipment cabin;
- diesel power plant.
In addition, there is a remote device (RU) on a separate transport unit, which allows you to control the radar from a distance of up to 1000 m.
The three-coordinate radar "Sky-UE" is the result of a deep modernization of the 55Zh6 radar, which made it possible to significantly improve its technical and performance characteristics:
The number of transport units has been reduced;
Trace information processing has been introduced;
The altitude determination area has been increased and the coordinate measurement accuracy has been increased;
Increased protection against active interference;
Improved electromagnetic compatibility characteristics;
The efficiency of the moving target selection system has been increased;
Reliability has been increased and manufacturing complexity has been reduced in serial production;
The information content of the control system has been increased;
Documentation of radar and control information is ensured;
The antennas of the ground radio interrogator of bands III and VII are built into the radar antenna.
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Deployment of the Sky-UE radar |
The altimeter implements a digital antenna array with a fundamentally new method of spatio-temporal signal processing, which made it possible to solve problematic issues Radar: Intent of heights at low (compared to beam width) elevation angles and mitigation of the influence of terrain on height measurement accuracy.
Efficient system life support, availability of simulation systems, training and operator support in conflict situations, high degree of automation of coordinates acquisition, documentation, issuance of information to external consumers and maintenance facilitate the work of personnel during operation.
Key Features:
Wave range |
Meter (13 operating points) |
Zone of detection and measurement of three coordinates of a fighter type target: |
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70 (at elevation angles up to 16 degrees) |
Upper limit of the detection zone (without height measurement) at elevation angles of more than 16 degrees: |
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Accuracy of measuring target coordinates With image intensifier 1.5 m2: |
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500 (at elevation angles greater than 1.5 degrees) |
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Sub-interference visibility coefficient of the SDC system, dB |
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Number of simultaneously tracked targets |
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Information update rate, s |
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Power consumption, kW |
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Mean time between failures, h |
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Recovery time, h |
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Service personnel, persons |
3 (per shift) |
Number of transport units |
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Deployment time, h |
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cruciform |
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number of phased array elements: |
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Transmitter, kW: |
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(NNIIRT). It was produced in versions for air defense troops and for ground forces. In the air defense version, the antenna system is more complex, the installation and dismantling time is significant, and the station’s capabilities are greater. In the version for ground forces, the antenna system is simplified to increase mobility.
"Sky"
country's air defense troops.
"Sky-SV"
Meter wave radar for ground forces.
"Sky-M"
"Sky-M" 55ZH6M (export version of "Sky-ME" 55ZH6ME) - a new three-band complex with separate radars of centimeter (modification of radar 64L6 "Gamma-S1"), decimeter (modification of radar "Protivnik-G") and meter ranges (modification Radar "Sky-SVU"). The estimated start of deliveries to the Russian Armed Forces is 2012.
In service with other countries
The "Sky-IED" is in service with Iran.
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Excerpt characterizing Heaven (radar)
-What's the matter? The fact is that the French crossed the bridge that Auesperg defends, and the bridge was not blown up, so Murat is now running along the road to Brunn, and today they will be here tomorrow.- How is it here? How come they didn’t blow up the bridge when it was mined?
– And this is what I’m asking you. Nobody, not even Bonaparte himself, knows this.
Bolkonsky shrugged.
“But if the bridge is crossed, it means the army is lost: it will be cut off,” he said.
“That’s the thing,” answered Bilibin. - Listen. The French are entering Vienna, as I told you. Everything is very good. The next day, that is, yesterday, gentlemen marshals: Murat Lann and Belliard, sit on horseback and go to the bridge. (Note that all three are Gascons.) Gentlemen,” says one, “you know that the Tabor Bridge is mined and counter-mined, and that in front of it is a formidable tete de pont and fifteen thousand troops, who have been ordered to blow up the bridge and not let us in.” But our sovereign Emperor Napoleon will be pleased if we take this bridge. The three of us will go and take this bridge. “Let’s go,” others say; and they set off and take the bridge, cross it and now with the entire army on this side of the Danube they are heading towards us, towards you and towards your messages.
“No more joking,” said Prince Andrei sadly and seriously.
This news was sad and at the same time pleasant for Prince Andrei.
As soon as he learned that the Russian army was in such a hopeless situation, it occurred to him that he was precisely destined to lead the Russian army out of this situation, that here he was, that Toulon, who would lead him out of the ranks of unknown officers and open the first path for him to glory! Listening to Bilibin, he was already thinking how, having arrived at the army, he would present an opinion at the military council that alone would save the army, and how he alone would be entrusted with the execution of this plan.
“Don’t be kidding,” he said.
“I’m not joking,” continued Bilibin, “there is nothing fairer and sadder.” These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise white scarves; They assure that there is a truce, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The officer on duty lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon nonsense: they say that the war is over, that Emperor Franz has appointed a meeting with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, etc. The officer sends for Auersperg; These gentlemen hug the officers, joke, sit on the cannons, and meanwhile the French battalion enters the bridge unnoticed, throws bags of flammable substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself appears, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern. “Dear enemy! The flower of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can give each other a hand... Emperor Napoleon is burning with the desire to recognize Prince Auersperg.” In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing Gascons, shower Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the sight of Murat’s mantle and ostrich feathers, qu"il n"y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu"il devait faire faire sur l"ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, which he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to pause after this mot to give time to evaluate it.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the guns are nailed down, and the bridge is taken. No, but what’s best,” he continued, calming down in his excitement by the charm of his own story, “is that the sergeant assigned to that cannon, at the signal of which the mines were supposed to be lit and the bridge blown up, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops running to the bridge, he was about to shoot, but Lann pulled his hand away. The sergeant, who was apparently smarter than his general, comes up to Auersperg and says: “Prince, you are being deceived, these are the French!” Murat sees that the matter is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He turns to Auersperg with surprise (a real Gascon): “I don’t recognize the Austrian discipline so vaunted in the world,” he says, “and you allow a lower rank to talk to you like that!” C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n"est ni betise, ni lachete... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is offended and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it, it’s lovely, this whole story with the bridge. This is not just stupidity, not just meanness...]
MOBILE RADAR COMPLEX
TO DETECT AERODYNAMIC
AND BALLISTIC OBJECTS 55ZH6ME "NEBO-M"
MOBILE RADAR COMPLEX FOR DETECTION
OF AERODYNAMIC AND BALLISTIC OBJECTS 55ZH6ME “NEBO-M”
13.08.2012
ALMAZ-ANTEY AIR DEFENSE CONCERN DEMONSTRATED A NEW DEVELOPMENT TO THE WIDE PUBLIC
At the equipment demonstration site in Zhukovsky, where events dedicated to the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Russian Air Force took place, the new multifunctional radar complex 55Zh6ME was presented to the public.
This complex is a “fresh” development of the Almaz-Antey air defense concern. Its testing was completed in October 2011.
The new generation 55Zh6ME multifunctional radar complex is designed to detect aerodynamic and ballistic targets under conditions of radio interference.
It includes:
RLM-ME - meter wave radar module;
RLM-SE - centimeter wave radar module;
RLM-DE - UHF radar module;
CU RLC - radar control cabin.
www.i-mash.ru
27.01.2013
THE WESTERN MILITARY DISTRICT WILL RECEIVE 16 NEW RADAR STATIONS IN 2013
The Western Military District (WMD) will receive 16 new radar stations in 2013, RIA Novosti reports with reference to the official representative of the Western Military District, Colonel Andrei Bobrun.
According to him, “in 2013, units of the radio-technical troops of the Western Military District will be replenished with modern and promising models of equipment: 16 new radar stations will go to the radio-technical battalions in Leningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk regions and the Republic of Karelia,” the agency notes.
In particular, during the year the district will receive stations “Kasta-2E2”, “Sky-M” and “Sky-U”.
In addition, Sopka stations will be received for monitoring targets at low and extremely low altitudes, and Oborona stations for long-range detection.
A. Bobrun noted that many radars that are already in service in the Western Military District will undergo planned modernization in 2013.
According to A. Bobrun, “within the framework state program weapons, by 2020, the Western Military District will receive over 50 modern radar stations and complexes of various ranges for information support anti-aircraft missiles and the latest aviation complexes", reports RIA Novosti.
15.01.2015
This year, four Nebo-M and Nebo-UM radar stations will be put on combat duty in the Eastern Military District.
The stations will go to radar units stationed in the Trans-Baikal, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories and will complement common system airspace control.
New radars are interspecific radar stations high and medium altitudes. The complexes are capable of analyzing information at operating altitudes about small hypersonic and aerodynamic targets in difficult weather conditions, and transmitting the collected information to missile defense combat units - medium and short-range anti-aircraft missile units.
Press service of the Eastern Military District
20.02.2015
The Aerospace Defense Forces (ASD) have begun deploying the new Nebo-M radar system, capable of tracking small aerodynamic and hypersonic targets in conditions of interference. The official representative of the Aerospace Defense Forces, Colonel Alexey Zolotukhin, told reporters about this on Thursday.
According to him, such complexes are characterized by a significantly increased range, high rate of updating and issuing data on ballistic and hypersonic targets.
“The use of active phased array antennas makes it possible to improve the performance of target detection and tracking,” Zolotukhin noted.
In addition, the colonel said, using Neba-M requires half as many people as before, due to fully digital automatic data processing, the complex’s ability to recognize target classes and other technical features.
Calculations for these radars are prepared at the Center for Training Specialists of Anti-Aircraft Missile Forces of the Military Space Academy named after. Mozhaisky. There in 2013 they deployed educational complex"Sky-M". Since that moment, about 250 people have already been trained.
TASS
06.05.2015
The new generation radar complex "Sky-M", designed to solve the problems of air defense and radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces in difficult air and interference environments, will be presented in the exposition of the Aerospace Defense Forces at the Army-2015 forum.
As reported by the Department of Press Service and Information of the Ministry of Defense Russian Federation, the mobile multi-band complex of program surveillance "Sky-M" is capable of performing tasks of issuing information about small-sized aerodynamic and hypersonic targets in difficult interference conditions, as well as issuing information to anti-aircraft missile systems non-strategic missile defense of near and middle interception lines.
Currently, specialists from the Air Defense and Missile Defense Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces have begun preparing the Nebo-M radar complex for transportation by tractor-trailers from the point of permanent deployment to the location of the exposition.
The military-technical forum "Army-2015" will be held in June of this year on the territory of the military-patriotic park of culture and recreation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "Patriot" in Kubinka near Moscow.
TsAMTO
Mi-28N attack helicopter “Night Hunter”.
Complex 55Zh6M - latest development Russian designers. According to its technical capabilities, it is capable of replacing, if necessary, almost any of the currently existing units of this class. The complex has no modern analogues in the world today.
The mobile interspecific multi-band radar "Sky-M" (export designation 55Zh6ME) of high and medium altitudes is a system of interconnected block-modular elements placed on a four-wheeled off-road chassis. It is able to determine the coordinates of a target by distance, height and elevation. 55Zh6M is designed to detect all existing and future means of air and space attack (ballistic and hypersonic missiles, airplanes, helicopters and unmanned manned aircraft of all types, etc.). Its second purpose is to target identified targets with weapons used by Russian short- and medium-range air defense/anti-aircraft defense systems. The Russian Ministry of Defense has ordered 100 such stations.
Structure.
The complex consists of four machines: three large-sized RLMs (RLM-M, RLM-D, RLM-S) with an active phased antenna array (PAR), operating in the meter (VHF), decimeter (L) and centimeter (C/X) ranges , radar control cabins (command and information modules). RLM-M is designed to search and detect small targets. RLM-S and RLM-D serve to track them and subsequently guide missiles at them. An integrated secondary radar is integrated into the on-board equipment of the control cabin. Its presence ensures the operation of the complex in both domestic and international systems ATC/RBS (secondary radar) identification. All Nebo-M detection and guidance systems have large detection zones for subtle and small-sized targets. This equipment is placed on a four-axle wheeled chassis BAZ-6909-015.
Design and application.
Structurally, the radar is capable of operating independently in three main modes (one of three), and in the adaptive version - in all three ranges simultaneously, making maximum use of the advantages of the wavelengths of each range from meter to centimeter.
One of its most important advantages is the possibility of stable operation of the radar in the VHF range, implemented in the design. This is due to the fact that the currently widely used stealth technologies almost completely lose their effectiveness in it, since the wingtips and stabilizers of aircraft are close in their geometric dimensions to this range of radio waves.
The Nebo-M complex has a minimum time for establishing routes to targets, especially high-speed ones, and a significant rate of issuing and updating information, including for maneuvering and high-speed targets. 55Zh6M is capable of detecting ballistic missile launches at very long ranges and has significant ceilings when operating in tracking mode for identified ballistic targets.
Peculiarities.
The new complex managed to achieve high mobility thanks to the use of new technical solutions. The most important of them are the placement of the radar of each range on a separate cross-country chassis, the presence of a built-in autonomous power supply on each unit, the placement of sets of equipment and equipment in rotating containers, the absence of internal cable connections of the RLM, the use of hydraulic systems for deploying/collapsing antenna arrays. TO technical features also include the use of hydraulic systems for leveling and stabilizing platforms, the implementation of a radio channel for information exchange and control of modules (this made it possible to completely eliminate inter-cabin cable connections), the presence of an automatic topographical location and navigation system, including satellite ones (GLONASS and GPS).
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