Practice has established the following relationship between the diameter of the rope dk and the diameter of the rope pulley Dsh along the stream:
In American practice, the values of Dsh are determined by the following formula:
Dsh = Nmax + Px.кmax / Pp * dк,
where Nmax is a dimensionless coefficient,
where: Qmax -- maximum load capacity on the hook, kN; Рр – breaking force in the rope as a whole, kN; Px.кmax - maximum tension of the moving end of the rope, kN; dk - rope diameter; mm.
We take Dsh equal to 900 mm.
The correct outline of the pulley groove is important for the normal operation of the rope. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the pulley groove profile. The connection between the profile elements and the rope diameter dк is also presented there:
We take the radius to be 15 mm.
H = 1.75dк = 1.7528 = 49 mm
Rice. 5 Rope pulley groove profile
To prevent intensive wear of ropes and side walls of pulley grooves, their camber angle in traveling systems is taken to be at least 50?. The surface cleanliness of the groove must not be lower than the values shown in Fig. 4. The groove must be hardened by high frequency (or flame) to a hardness of HRC>45 to a depth of at least 3 mm.
Pressure between rope and groove:
where: Pn - nominal rope tension, MN.
We accept the pulley material - medium carbon steel, the grooves are processed to a finish of Ra12.5, [p] = 600-700 MN/m2.
Transcript
1 TRANSLEY STANDARD BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES Design and dimensions ST Official publication of the MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORTING MACHINERY Moscow 1972
2 Developed by VNIIPTMASH Director of the Institute KomashenkoA. X, Deputy Director for scientific work Skvortsov B. M. Head of the standardization department bolenskiy A. S. Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P. N. Executor Lukerina K. S. Introduced by VNIIPTMASH Prepared for approval by the Main Directorate hoisting and transport mechanical engineering MTEiTM Chief Engineer LunenkoG. I. APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering Sub. to the stove 2/XI-71. Pech. l. 1.0 Academic-:ed. l. 0.4 Circulation 4100 copies. Zach. inst Zak. type. 4 Price 5 kopecks. NIINFRMTYAZHMASH, Moscow, I-164, Mira Avenue, 106 Production and printing department of NIINFRMTYAZHMASH
3 UDC,2 Group G-86 T R A S L E V Y S T A N D A R T BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES 0ST24 Design and dimensions ^ 9 ^ D5 Introduced for the first time by Letter of the Ministry of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering dated 3/V 1971 MM-002/6397, the introduction date is set from 1/Y1972, for new design - from 1/U1G1972, "- Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law. 1. SCOPE OF DISTRIBUTION This standard applies to cast iron and steel blocks with a diameter of 320 to 900 mm for steel ropes operating at temperatures environment from -40 to +40 C. The standard does not apply to units operating in explosion and fire hazardous areas, chemical and radioactive environments, to units located in a horizontal plane, as well as to units designed for clamps to pass through them, and units special purpose. Official publication "Reproduction prohibited
4 2. DESIGN and DIMENSIONS The design and dimensions of the blocks must correspond to table. 1 of this standard. drawing and o h yu, 1/ft d i^lg, y 7 "^^^ (v; CD sl SA7 13 n ^Size for siraik L M1: 1 yg, 5
5 Dimensions in mm Table 1 p Version 4 d 4 ^3 H k K V ^1 n R r 0 s Weight* 6 t 9 to C A,5 8, St. 11 to Q 80T 22 27A^,3 8SA Cg, A .0 21, St. 14 to S T 1ZA Cg A.0 9 St. 18 to Sd 36 45A .5 7 t 11 to A^ , St. 14 to Sd 300 leot 170Ag Cg St. 18 to S A A.y ,0 40.0 10 St. 23 to 28.5 440Сд 8 t 14 to Сд A, Ay, St. 18 to Сt 210Ag C A,0 10 St. 23 to 28.5 540Сд 45 55A^,0 8 t 14 to SD 28 З4А7 SO, St. 18 to SD Т 250Ag Cg St. 23 to 28.5 eeosb t 23 to 28.5 SlOCg 550 b Corresponds to cast iron. 260T 275Ag Cg A , A , A ,0 2 90.0 97.0 o yu Example of symbol: cast iron block with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block SCH ST " block of steel with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block St ST " block of high-strength cast iron for rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block HF ST " CD sl r sl
6 Page 6 OCT TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1. The blocks must be made of gray cast iron of a grade not lower than SCh GST. For very heavy-duty lifting machines, as well as for machines transporting liquid or hot metal, blocks must be made of steel of a grade not lower than steel 25L-11 GST or high-strength cast iron of the HF grade or HF GST Limit deviations of casting dimensions and allowances for machining, as well as maximum deviations by weight - for cast iron drinking water must correspond to the III accuracy class of GST, for steel casting - to the III accuracy class of GST Unspecified casting radii 3-5 mm Casting slopes On the processed surfaces, cracks and joints are not allowed, exceeding the depth of the allowance for machining. on unprocessed surfaces, cracks and joints are not allowed at all. Sinkholes, looseness, roughness on the treated surfaces of the stream profile are not allowed. In castings, without correction by welding and subsequent annealing, sinkholes, porosity, roughness are not allowed if their dimensions exceed the values indicated in the table. 2. Table 2 Size and number of defects, no more than Surface Nature of the defect total area in % of the surface of the part Depth in % of the thickness of the part Number of defects per 100 cm2 of surface Area of one defect, cm^ Unprocessable Shells various Looseness, porosity 1 1.2 3 0.5 processed Shells various Looseness, porosity, 1 2 0.5 Drafts Locations of _ profits, sprue connector of flasks must be chopped off and cleaned All surfaces of blocks must be cleaned of molding material castings must be annealed Non-dylindricity of the hole should not exceed half tolerance" on diameter The difference in rim thickness, measured on a section of external untreated surfaces at equal radii, must be no more than 3 mm. Nicks and dents on treated surfaces are not allowed. Blocks must be primed with anti-corrosion primer for painting. Before priming, all painted surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt. , rust and degreased. final painting is done
7 OCT Page 7 by the consumer after assembling the unit. holes d VI must be protected from corrosion and painting with an easily washable coating Finished products must be accepted by the manufacturer's technical inspector in accordance with the requirements of this standard. 4. LABELING, PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION 4.1. Each block is provided with an inscription that should reflect the material, outer diameter and design of the block according to the rim profile. Example marking inscription blocks with an outer diameter of 450 mm for ropes with a diameter of 25 mm: from gray cast iron SCh-450-8; from steel St-450-8; from high-strength cast iron HF Finished blocks are packed in batches in wooden containers, the shape and dimensions of which are determined by the manufacturer The container must allow transportation of batches of blocks by road and by rail The service life of the unit is at least 5 years. Note. Requirements for labeling, packaging and transportation must only be met when blocks are produced centrally.
8 Irna.t) kop. LICEARMTSHI
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INDUSTRY STANDARD
BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPE STREAM PROFILE Design and dimensions
OST 24.191.01
Official publication
MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORT MACHINERY
Moscow 1971
DEVELOPED BY VNIIPTMASH
Director of the Institute Komashenko A.Kh.
Deputy Director for Scientific Work B.M. Skvortsov
Head of the standardization department Obolensky A.S.
Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P.N. Performer N.I. Baykova
INTRODUCED BY VNIIPTMASH
PREPARED FOR APPROVAL by the Main Directorate of Lifting and Transport Mechanical Engineering MFC and TM
Chief engineer Lunenko G.I.
APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering
UDC 621.861.2:001.4
Group G-86
INDUSTRY STANDARD
BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPE ROUTE PROFILE CONSTRUCTION AND DIMENSIONS
24.191.01
Introduced for the first time
Letter from the Ministry of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering from Zu_1_Х_. 1970 No. MM-36/12446, the introduction date was set from January 1, 1974.
Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law
1. Area widespread
This standard applies to channel profiles of cast iron and steel crane blocks, encircled by steel ropes with a diameter of 3 to 43.5 mm.
The standard does not apply to the strand profile of blocks located in a horizontal plane, as well as to blocks designed for the passage of rope clamps through them, or to other blocks with special-purpose strand profiles.
The permissible angle of deviation of the rope v 1 from the average plane of the block should be no more
4r- 2k 4fiTj->
where p is half the opening angle of the stream profile;
Uf(- rope diameter;
Diameter of the block along the center line of the rope;
K - coefficient depending on the bending stiffness of some types of ropes (Table 1)
|
Type 1 |
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Page 4 OST 24.191.01
2. Design and dimensions
The design and dimensions of the streams must comply with the drawing and table of this standard (see drawing and table 2) 1
OST 24.191.01 Page 5
Maximum deviations of casting dimensions and allowances for machining must correspond to iron casting Sh class. accuracy |
The displacement of the stream relative to the axis of symmetry is no more than 1 mm. |
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Size for reference
Selection and termination of cable ends sailing yachts
The ship builder has to deal with cables (steel, vegetable or synthetic) in one way or another. The correct selection of the cable in terms of design and diameter depending on its operating conditions, reliable sealing of its ends, and proper design of the blocks are of no small importance for the safe operation of the vessel.
Cables made of galvanized steel wire are used for steering gear (steering cable), drive remote control motor, standing and running rigging on yachts.
The cable design (Fig. 167) is indicated by three numbers, which express respectively the number of strands, the number of wires in a strand and the number of organic cores. For example, the entry 6 X 37 + 1 OS means: a six-strand cable, has 37 wires per strand, with one organic core. The design of the cable determines its flexibility, on which the size and weight of the blocks and drums depend and which, along with strength, serves as the basis for its selection in the manufacture of this or that gear. The greater the number of wires in a strand and the smaller their diameter, the more flexible the cable.
For the manufacture of standing rigging gear, rigid cables are used, which, with a minimum diameter and weight, have the greatest strength and do not stretch under load. For running rigging and outrigger lines, flexibility is paramount.
For the manufacture of standing rigging for yachts, a very rigid and durable spiral cable of the 1 X 19 design has become widespread. Seating the fire on such a cable, however, is a complex matter, so end bushings, clips, etc. are more often used to attach the cable to the spar.
7x7 rope, also used for standing rigging, has some flexibility and is much easier to terminate, but due to the larger number of wires it stretches more under load and is more susceptible to corrosion than 1 X19 rope. When sealing the fire, the seventh strand is cut off, so you need to take into account the reduced strength of such a seal.
6x7+1 OS cable can also be used to make standing rigging, although it is less strong and stretches more than the previously mentioned cables (due to the presence of an organic core). The cable is easily spliced; it can be successfully used for railings. This cable is of little use for the manufacture of running rigging due to insufficient flexibility. The organic core helps retain lubrication to prevent corrosion.
Rice. 167. Typical designs of steel cables: a - cable IX 19; 6 - 7X7; c - 7X 19; g - 6X 19 + 1 OS; 5-6X37+ 1 OS.
The 7x19" cable is the most durable of the flexible cables. It is used in the manufacture of running rigging parts, for which, along with strength, low elongation under load is important (for example, for steering ropes). The properties of this cable include the possibility of sealing fires and the presence of a metal core, thanks to which the cable does not wrinkle in the pulley groove and can be wound onto the winch drum in several layers. When sealing the fire, the middle strand is usually cut out, and in this case it is necessary to take into account the weakening of the cable by 15%.
The 6x19+1 OS cable has an organic core. It is more flexible and elastic than 7x19 cable, but it is more stretched and deformed under load, and therefore is not very suitable for winding on a smooth (without grooves) drum and for multi-layer winding.
Cable 6x37+1 OS - very flexible, easy to weave. The wires that make up its strands have a small diameter, so a cable of this design is produced starting with a diameter of 5.5 mm. The cable is strongly stretched and is used for small diameter pulleys.
The cable is usually selected according to the actual load, taking into account the safety factor. For standing rigging, a safety factor of 4 to 6 is taken; for running rigging, "- no less than 4 and no less than 6 in all cases when the cable is used to lift a person or the vessel itself. When choosing a safety factor, in addition to the design load, it is necessary to take into account attention to the operating conditions of the cable: securing the ends, the diameter of the pulleys, the frequency of load application, susceptibility to corrosion, etc.
Caution should be given to using very thin cables, especially on seagoing vessels. It is also necessary to take into account that the thinner the wire, the more susceptible the cable is to corrosion and wear. The most corrosion-resistant cables are galvanized or stainless wire. Cables made of non-galvanized or copper-plated wire quickly become rusty and destroyed, especially at bends.
When arming masts with standing rigging, it is advisable to give the cable, especially if it has an organic core, a preliminary stretch. This contributes to a more even distribution of forces between straight strands under the action of a working load. For. sealing a loop (fire) at the end of a steel cable, it is developed onto the strands, and then tight marks are applied to the cable and the strands. A strong thread is laid lengthwise along the cable (Fig. 168), one end of it is folded into a loop, and the other (running) is tightly, turn to turn, wrapped in one row around the cable towards the loop. Then thread the running end into the loop and tighten it under the coils. Having applied the marks, the cable is bent according to the shape and size of the required fire. The bent fire is taken in the left hand with the loose strands upward and away from you and, dividing the developed strands into two equal parts, the root end of the cable is inserted between them. To prevent the fire from unwinding, after inserting the root end of the cable, the upper left strand is transferred to the right side, and the lower right strand to the left side. Then the running strands are punched into the root end of the cable. The lower left strand 1 is pierced under two root strands against the lay of the cable. Then they break through the next strand 2 (Fig. 169), but under one root strand.
In the same way, strands 3 and 4 are punched on the right side. After this, all four punched strands are pulled together until the mark comes to the root end, and the remaining strands 5 and 6 are punched. After punching, the strands are pulled again and the second punching begins through one strand under two against the direction of the cable lay, just as it was done when punching the second strand. Having made 3.5 or 4.5 punches, the fire is beaten with light blows of the handbrake, and the excess ends of the strands are cut off. The place where the hole is to be punched is wrapped with a thin cord or soft wire. Punching the strands is carried out using a metal pile (Fig. 170): before tightening the strands into a loop, a thimble is inserted.
In order to make a correct and sufficiently strong fire, you need to have certain skills. Amateurs often replace it with grips made from scraps of copper or aluminum tube, applied to the ends of the cable folded together (Fig. 171, a). The inner diameter of the tube should be approximately one and a half times the diameter of the cable, the length is 10 times the diameter of the cable.
The tube, put on the cable and pressed closely to the thimble, is riveted until the cable is tightly compressed, then a second contraction is placed at a distance of 40-60 mm, followed by a third contraction. The connection can be made by using one long (80-100 mm) tube (Fig. 171, b), flattening it alternately in two mutually perpendicular planes. Sealing the end of the cable by pressing it into the hole of a steel ball is also quite strong (Fig. 171, c). The tensile strength of such a seal is 60-80% of the breaking load of the cable.
When a cable passes through a block, its wires, in addition to stretching from the load, receive additional stress from bending, twisting and crushing. Wires that have burst due to fatigue and wear are always found where the cable touches the block. It should be remembered that in practice, running rigging gear and steering ropes are subject to variable loads, that is, they work to the point of fatigue. For example, while the yacht is moving, the jib halyard is constantly subject to fluctuations depending on the load on the jib and the sag of the forestay. The amplitude of these oscillations on a large yacht can reach 40-60 mm, and the period is 1-3 seconds. The steering rope also operates under approximately the same conditions.
In table 14 indicated minimum values diameters of block pulleys, measured along the groove, depending on the design and diameter of the cable. The drums of steering drives or winches should also have the same diameter.
The radius of the pulley bale should be equal to 1.05 of the cable radius. With a narrower or wider pile, the cable will wear out faster. The pulley bale should cover 130-150° of the cable cross-section (Fig. 172). The use of aluminum or textolite drums helps reduce cable wear.
Rice. 169. Seal the fire on steel cable: a d - the order of punching the strands.
Rice. 170. Piles - wooden (/) and metal (2).
Rice. 171. Closing a loop on a cable using tubes (a, b) and wrapping a ball at the end of the cable (c).
Table 14 Values of block pulley diameters depending on the design and cable diameter
Standing rigging should be oiled or painted, and all fires and splashes should be braided.
It is much easier to seal the ends of plant cables than steel cables. As with steel cables, you need to start by applying a mark that would prevent the strands from developing. The mark must be applied on a dry cable, otherwise it will slide off after the cable dries. A regular mark is applied in the same way as on a steel cable, but to make a self-tightening mark (Fig. 173), one end of the thread must be placed along the cable, and the other end must be applied with turns. On the last turns it is necessary to leave slack and pass the end of the running thread under them, which is then pulled tight. If you need to not only secure the strands of the cable, but also make a stopper at the end that protects the tackle from whipping out, for example, from a block, knit a button. There are many types of buttons, we will only consider a simple button and a turnip.
To seal a simple button (Fig. 174), the cable is unraveled into strands, the strands are passed one under the other, as shown in the figure (positions 1, 2, 3, 4), and tightened. It turns out to be a “half wheel” - the basis of a simple button. To obtain a button, another punch of running strands is made between the strands of the half-wheel (positions 5, 6). If a large thickening is not required at the end of the cable, then to prevent the cable from developing, a turnip is sealed (Fig. 175): first, the loose ends of the cable are passed one under the other (positions 1, 2), then the running strands are punched using a pile through one strand under two, against the direction of the cable lay (positions 3, 4). After making three or four punches, cut off the remaining ends of the cable.
When it is necessary to make a large loop (fire) at the end of the cable, the end is grabbed to the cable with a benzel. Benzel (Fig. 176) is applied in the same way as a stamp, but immediately on both ends of the cable, pressed against one another. Adjacent parallel sections of cables are wrapped in strips of thin canvas or insulation tape- they slander.
On a thin line, with which the benzel is applied, a loop is made and the running end, enclosed around both cables, is threaded through it. Having tightened the loop, they begin to apply the benzel hoses one tightly to the other. When the first row of bezel reaches approximately two cable diameters in length, a thin line folded in half is placed on it - dragging 1 with a loop facing the beginning of the bezel. The second row of hoses is wound onto the pull-through. To finish the job, pass the running end of the line with some slack into the pulling loop 2 and pull it under the entire upper row of benzel hoses. Now all that remains is to tie the line across the bezel with a sliding bayonet and grab the end of the line to cable 3.
The fire (Fig. 177, a) on a simple three-strand cable is sealed like this. The cable is bent into a loop of the required size and strands are laid on it so that one of them is located on top of the root end 1, and the other two are on the sides of it. In this case, the root end 1 should be located on the left, and the running end 2 should be on the right. The cable is held in a loop towards itself.
The weaving of the running end 2 into the main end 1 begins with the middle running strand 3, which, using a pile, is punched under one of the strands of the main end 1, always against the direction of the cable lay, t. e. from right to left. Having tightened strand 3, they punch the left running strand 4 under the next root strand, again against the direction of the cable lay. Then, turning the cable over, the remaining running strand is pierced under the corresponding, not yet pierced, root strand.
Between two adjacent running strands there should always be one root strand. In order for the thickening at the joint to gradually disappear, after two punches, with each subsequent one, it is necessary to cut off part of the thickness of the running end, reducing its diameter by half. Having finished the work, you need to tighten the strands and cut their ends.
When it is necessary to splice two cables without a knot, they do it in the form of a splice. The separated strands of both cables are placed inside each other in a checkerboard pattern, as shown in Fig. 178, bringing the marks as close as possible, and begin punching the running strands into the root strands pushed apart by the pile, one after another. Punching begins with running strand 1 of cable A, which covers running strand 5 of cable B, then punches it under the main strand 6, tightens it and bends it so that it does not interfere with work. The same is done with running strands 3 and 4 of cable A: they cover running strands 6 and 2 of cable B, and then pass them under the main strands 2 and 5 of this cable, respectively.
Rice. 174. Seal a simple button. 1-6 - sequence of operations.
Rice. 175. Seal the end of the cable with a turnip. 1-4 - sequence of operations.
Having cut off the mark on cable B, they once again tighten the running strands of cable A punched into it so that they fit more tightly and do not create unnecessary thickening, and then proceed to counter-punch the strands of cable B between the main strands of cable A.
With a short splice, three punches are made on each cable, cutting out at each subsequent part of the fibers in the strands - reducing their diameter by half.
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