Darwin's theory of evolution presentation. Presentation on the topic "Charles Darwin and the doctrine of evolution"

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Introduction

Evolutionary theory as a discipline studies the general patterns and driving forces of the historical development of life. Large sections of evolutionary theory are the history of the emergence and development of evolutionary ideas, the concepts of micro- and macroevolution, phylogenetics. The goal of evolutionary theory is to identify patterns of development of the organic world for subsequent management of this process. Evolutionary theory solves problems arising from the need to understand the general laws of evolution, the causes and mechanisms of transformation of living things at all levels of its organization.

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Charles Robert Darwin (English CharlesRobertDarwin; February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) - English naturalist and traveler, was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors.

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Prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin's theory:

1) discoveries in biology (cellular structure of organisms, similarity of animal embryos, fossil organisms);

2) the work of geologist Charles Lyell on the evolution of the Earth’s surface under the influence of natural causes (t, wind, precipitation, etc.);

3) development of capitalism, agriculture, selection

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The history of the creation of evolutionary theory

The foundation for the creation of the theory of evolution was his observations during a trip around the world on the Beagle. He began developing the theory of evolution in 1837, and only twenty years later, at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London, Darwin read a report containing the main provisions of the theory of natural selection.

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Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin

1842 – work began on the book “The Origin of Species”

• 1858 - A. Wallace, while traveling in the Malay Archipelago, wrote an article “On the tendency of varieties to deviate unlimitedly from the original type,” which contained theoretical principles similar to Darwin’s.
• 1858 - Charles Darwin received his article from A.R. Wallace.
• 1859 - first edition of the book "Origin of Species"
• Alfred Wallace (1823-1913, England)
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882, England)

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1. Each type of organism is capable of unlimited reproduction. In this case, traits are passed on from parents to offspring (heredity)

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2. Descendants of the same parents are different (hereditary variability)

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3. Lack of vital resources leads to a struggle for existence

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Forms of the struggle for existence

• Intraspecific (between individuals of the same species)
• Interspecific (between individuals of different species)
• Combating unfavorable conditions (t, lack of water and food, etc.)

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection:

4. In the struggle for existence, the individuals most adapted to given conditions survive (natural selection)

The result is an increase in the adaptability of individuals to living conditions and the formation of new species

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Natural selection is the main guiding factor of evolution

• The result of natural selection
• Adaptations that ensure survival and reproduction of offspring
• Divergence is the gradual divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species

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The importance of artificial selection for the creation of Darwin's theory

• Artificial selection is the process of creating new breeds (varieties) through systematic selection and reproduction of individuals with traits valuable to humans
• From the analysis of enormous material on the creation of breeds and varieties, Darwin extracted the principle of artificial selection and, on its basis, created his evolutionary doctrine

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of artificial selection:

1. all breeds (varieties) of one species of organism have one common ancestor

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2. Breeds (varieties) were created by man by selecting among the offspring of those individuals who have a set of traits valuable to humans (artificial selection)

• Unconscious selection is selection in which the goal is not to create a new variety or breed. People preserve the best, in their opinion, individuals and destroy (cull) the worst (more milk-producing cows, better horses)
• Methodical selection is a selection carried out by a person according to a specific plan, with a specific purpose - creating a breed or variety

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3. The diversity of descendants is explained different combinations characteristics from parents and mutations (hereditary variability)

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4. individuals selected by humans for reproduction will pass on their characteristics to their descendants (heredity)

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The significance of Darwin's theory of evolution

Darwin was the first in the history of biology to develop the theory of evolution. This was of great methodological importance and made it possible not only to substantiate the idea of ​​organic evolution clearly and convincingly for contemporaries, but also to test the validity of the theory of evolution itself. This was a decisive phase in one of the greatest conceptual revolutions in natural science. The most important thing in this revolution was the replacement of the theological idea of ​​evolution as the idea of ​​primordial purposiveness with the model of natural selection.

Darwin's merit lies in the fact that he revealed the driving forces of organic evolution. Further development biology deepened and complemented his ideas, which served as the basis for modern Darwinism. In all biological disciplines leading place What is now occupied is the historical method of research, which makes it possible to study the specific paths of evolution of organisms and penetrate deeply into the essence of biological phenomena.

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Conclusion

Charles Darwin developed a harmonious and comprehensive concept of the formation of species, and laid the foundation for a strict scientific approach to the study of the problem of species and speciation.

Darwin suggested a coherent theory the emergence and development of new species and thereby established the evolutionary approach in biology. As a result, evolutionary thinking was formed not only in biology, but also in science as a whole. Evolutionary theory became the axis or synthetic center of development of biology and other scientific disciplines. This is its absolute significance for the development of science.

From its inception to the present day, Darwin's theory has caused a lot of controversy and disagreement. There are a variety of views regarding it - from widespread acceptance to complete denial. In particular, the problem of the qualitative uniqueness of the species and the qualitative features of the process of speciation, which has been in the center of attention since the time of Darwin, has not yet been solved.

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References

1. A.V.Yablokov, B.M.Mednikov. Charles Darwin. Origin of species by natural selection. M., "Enlightenment", 1987.

2. Charles Darwin. Origin of species. M.-L., Selkhozizd, 1952, p. 14.

3. Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. M., "Enlightenment", 1993.

4. Charles Darwin. A naturalist's journey around the world on the Beagle. Translated from English, M., “Thought”, 19

Charles Robert Darwin “The more we understand the immutable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become to us.”

Charles Darwin English scientist naturalist and traveler One of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. In his theory, Darwin called natural selection and uncertain variability the main driving force of evolution. Darwin's ideas and discoveries form the foundation modern theory evolution and form the basis of biology

Biography: He studied theology at Cambridge University for three years. Upon graduation, he set off on a round-the-world voyage on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle. During his journey, Darwin visited the Cape Verde Islands, the coast of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania and the Cocos Islands and made large number observations. The results were presented in the works Diary of Research, Zoology of the Beagle Voyage, Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, etc.

Biography 1838 – was secretary of the Geological Society of London; married; the couple moved from London to Down (Kent), where they began to live permanently

Works of Darwin 1859 – “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” Darwin’s main work. Showed the variability of plant and animal species, their natural origin from earlier species. He argued that development is based on natural selection: the stronger survive and those who adapt to changed living conditions. Darwin's theory also explained the giraffe's spotting: those animals that blended in with the environment survived and gave birth, while the rest simply became prey for lions

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin: Any species of plants and animals in nature strives to reproduce in geometric progression. In nature, there is a continuous struggle for existence. In the struggle for existence, individuals with such a complex of characteristics and properties that allow them to compete most successfully survive and leave offspring with others Driving force species change is natural selection

Darwin's works 1868 - “Changes in domestic animals and cultivated plants” 1871 - “The origin of man and sexual selection” He put forward the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor, proved the relationship of man with apes, using data from comparative anatomy, embryology, and paleontology. At the same time, Darwin rightly believed that not a single living ape can be considered a direct ancestor of humans. For the most part, Darwin's theory was understood in a simplified and distorted way, as if man were descended directly from monkeys

Darwin's idea of ​​the origin of man from apes met with fierce rebuff from society. Caricatures appeared. Catholic priests even created a special academy to combat the teaching of evolution, which is called bestial philosophy.

Sources of information: Z_ROBERT.htmlhttp:// Z_ROBERT.html ds_spl.jpghttp://science.compulenta.ru/upload/iblock/9c7/_ _human_ape_han ds_spl.jpg bigreferat.com/rus/bigreferat html jpg %D0%BD,_ %D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0% B2%D0%B8 %D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7 jpg jpg

Biography of Charles Darwin - studies medicine in Edinburgh; gg. – studies medicine in Edinburgh; gg. – travel on the ship "Beagle"; gg. – travel on the ship "Beagle"; 1837–becomes a convinced evolutionist 1837–becomes a convinced evolutionist and begins to look for the driving factor of evolution; 1839 – publishes descriptions of the trip; 1839 – publishes descriptions of the trip; 1858 is the year of birth of evolutionary theory; 1858 is the year of birth of evolutionary theory; 1971 – “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection.” 1971 – “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection.”

A “struggle for existence” arises between individuals. The consequence of the struggle for existence is “natural selection.” The result of natural selection: - the adaptability of organisms to specific conditions of existence; - The diversity of species inhabiting the Earth.

The significance of Charles Darwin's teachings Revealed the driving forces of evolution; Revealed the driving forces of evolution; Explained the emergence of adaptation of living organisms to the external environment and its relative nature. Explained the emergence of adaptation of living organisms to the external environment and its relative nature.

“Evolution of the Organic World” - ? Embryological Paleontological Biogeographical Comparative anatomical. 3. 5. 6. Blind cave fish. 7. 8. Cassowary - Australian ostrich. Wing? Polymastia accessory pairs of mammary glands. Evolution. 12.

“Development of the plant world” - Plant. Spore plants. Seed plants. Development of flora on Earth. Lesson topic. Arrange in the right order: Mira. Evolution of the plant world. Gymnosperms. Mosses. Stages. Lesson objectives:

"Darwin's Theory of Evolution" - Formation of new species. The process of historical change is carried out from simple to complex in accordance with the principle of gradation. Answer: The driving forces of evolution have been identified. 5. Both favorable and adverse changes. The patterns of transformation of one organic form into another have been revealed.

“Evolution of Species” - Such speciation always proceeds rather slowly. Basic laws of biological evolution. Macroevolution. - formation of large systematic groups: types, classes, orders. Basic rules of evolution: Species criteria: Reproductive – genetic isolation of one species from others, even closely related ones.

"Darwin's Theory" - Forms of variability (according to Darwin). The mechanism of evolution (according to the theory of Charles Darwin). Caused by the influence external environment. Results of evolution. 1859 - “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.” For evolution, only hereditary (uncertain) variability matters. Hereditary variability.

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