New principles for organizing modern production
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | New principles for organizing modern production |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Technologies |
1. What do you understand by obsolescence of equipment and technology?
2. Do you think competing firms cooperate in the production of parts and assemblies?
3. Do you consider it a successful solution when the ordinary design of a unit uses “its own” parts, for example bolts, handles or wires?
We learned about new technologies mastered by modern production. But not only technologies change, the organization of production itself changes.
The concept of industrial society was introduced by the French philosopher K.A. Saint-Simon in the 19th century to designate a society in which the main type of economic activity is industrial production. Industrial society did not always exist. It replaced the pre-industrial one and existed in industrialized countries from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 60s of the 20th century.
A characteristic feature that predetermined the path of development of industrial society was a new way of organizing industrial production, called mass production; Sometimes this method of production is called Fordism - after Henry Ford, who first used it in 1913 at his automobile plant in Detroit. Integral elements of this method of production were rationalization, standardization and conveyorization of continuous (continuous) production.
When rationalizing production, each labor operation performed by a worker is broken down into its simplest actions. Next, the sequence of actions leading to the fastest execution of operations is determined, and then implemented into production. As a result, labor productivity increases significantly.
Standardization of parts and technological operations reduces the variety of labor actions, which reduces their completion time and also increases productivity.
The production conveyor allows us to further specialize technological operations, thereby increasing production productivity and reducing the cost of manufacturing products.
The idea of the conveyor belt is not owned by Ford. The first moving “dismantling” line was used at the very beginning of the 20th century by the American meat magnate G. Swift for cutting pork carcasses. Ford applied the idea in reverse - as it moved along the conveyor belt, the car's frame was "overgrown" with components.
The priority of the method of organizing mass production was the increase in labor productivity with economies of scale (i.e., the faster the product is produced, the lower its cost) and the production of the same type, standard products to the consumer.
At the same time, the sharp increase in labor productivity began to create certain problems for the economy: mass production of goods must be accompanied by equally massive consumption. Markets for consumer goods have become oversaturated with standardized products and consumer demand has begun to shift towards exclusive (original) products and made-to-order goods.
Faced with the problem of individualization of demand, most industrial companies have taken the path of introducing flexible production systems, the basis of which is multi-purpose computer numerical control equipment. The essence of the new method is as follows.
Unlike single-purpose equipment used in mass production, multi-purpose machines can be quickly reconfigured to produce new modifications and types of products. This allows you to take advantage of economies of scale without sacrificing the benefits of economies of scale (production volumes can remain very large). If we speak figuratively, a custom-made tailor's suit will be sewn at a garment factory - a mass production enterprise.
The widespread introduction of flexible production systems in modern industry has resulted in an assortment explosion in world markets. For example, 36 car models produced by the Japanese company Toyota in the mid-90s of the last century were available in four (!) modifications each.
However, we are faced with a new and important phenomenon in the development of the technosphere, called post-Fordism in the specialized literature. This method of organizing the production process involves reducing the number of components and standardizing them in such a way that allows them to be used not in one, as was previously the case, but in a whole range of products. With such an organization of production, it is possible to assemble several modifications of each model (for example, cars, computers, audio systems, etc.), combining components in different ways.
At the same time, relations between the parent company and its subcontractors (suppliers) are built on the basis of new rules - just on time and in exact sequence, which implies the delivery (must be from the other side of the world) of components to the assembly line of the assembly plant immediately at the moment when they become extremely important.
Numerous subcontractors supply the assembly line of the assembly plant not with individual parts, as in the period of late Fordism, but with finished units, and even in several versions (with full responsibility for their quality). This allows the assembly plant to produce a wide range of products, having, in comparison with enterprises of the old Fordist type, significantly smaller funds, fewer workers and fewer subcontractors.
Such an enterprise is connected not with the international, but with the global system of the world economy, as a result of which a comprehensive connection is established between the elements of the world economy (national economies and transnational corporations).
In the sphere of industrial production, globalization is expressed, in particular, in the fact that in many industries foreign branches completely “grow” into the economy of the recipient countries, and the products they produce lose their distinct national identity. For this reason, we more often see on product labeling not ʼʼMade inʼʼ, but ʼʼMade byʼʼ, i.e., the name of the transnational company is not indicated, rather than the country of manufacture. For example: today it is probably difficult to answer who the actual manufacturer of Voronezh-assembled televisions, Kaliningrad BMW cars or IBM computers is.
New principles of organizing modern production - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "New principles of organizing modern production" 2017, 2018.
The organization of the recruitment process is carried out on the basis of defined principles, ensuring. more efficient use of means of labor, objects of labor and labor itself. The purpose of these principles is to complete planned tasks on time. The production process must be organized rationally. The principles determine the efficiency of the production process. It is expressed in a high level of labor productivity, in minimum, other things being equal, levels of product costs and high quality.
The principle of specialization is a process of social division of labor. In industry, it is expressed in the creation of corresponding industries, in industries - enterprises, associations, scientific and technical complexes for the production of products. In the pre-production areas there are workshops, in the workshops there are sections, in the sections there are workplaces. The level of specialization at the enterprise depends on the volume of production of products of the same name.
Principle of standardization – promotes increased. level of specialization. Article refers to the procedure for establishing and applying rules in order to streamline any activity. The standards are applied in all areas of human activity. The standard limits the varieties and types of products for the same purpose, thereby increasing the production volume of identical products and increasing the number of technological technologies of the same name. operations.
Principle of proportionality – when all production departments of the enterprise work with the same productivity, ensuring. implementation of the production program provided for by the business plan within the established time frame. Achieving proportions is based on standards that determine the quantitative relationship between the elements of production:
Technological performance standards Equipment, time standards for performing technological operations, standards for inventories and material costs. and energy resources, etc.
Continuity principle – the production process must be organized in such a way that there are no breaks in it or they are minimal. In mechanical engineering, the implementation of this principle is associated with great difficulties and is fully achieved only when, during the production of a product, all technological operations are equal or multiple in duration to each other. The requirements of this principle are fully implemented on continuous production lines and in automated production.
The principle of rhythm – consists in ensuring the release in equal periods of time of one total or uniformly increasing quantity of products. Compliance with the rhythm of product release is a guarantee of completing the production program on time. The rhythm of work in the main production depends on the uniformity in accordance with the schedule of auxiliary and service production.
Direct flow principle – conclusion in ensuring the shortest path for the publication to pass through all stages and operations. It requires, if possible, eliminating the return movement of parts during processing, reducing the transport routes of parts, components, and assemblies. The rational arrangement of buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise and technological equipment in workshops and areas in accordance with the course of technological processes is the main way to comply with the requirements of the principle of direct flow.
Parallel principle – is to process products simultaneously, as much as possible, in parallel on several machines.
Principle of concentration – consists in concentrating operations on technologically homogeneous products at individual workplaces, sections, lines, and workshops. The basis for this is the commonality of manufacturing technology, which makes it possible to use the same type of equipment.
The principle of differentiation and combination – depending on the complexity of the product and the volume of its production, the production process can be carried out in any production department (workshop, section) or it can be dispersed across several departments.
Automatic principle – is to free the worker to the greatest extent from the costs of manual, low-productive labor when performing a technological operation (computers and robotics are used).
The principle of flexibility – lies in the need to ensure rapid readjustment of technological equipment in conditions of a frequently changing range of products. The requirement for flexibility is of particular importance in conditions of single and small-scale production. The implementation of this principle is carried out most effectively through the use of electronics and MP technology.
1. What do you understand by obsolescence of equipment and technology?
2. Do you think competing firms cooperate in the production of parts and assemblies?
3. Do you consider it a successful solution when the ordinary design of a unit uses “its own” parts, for example bolts, handles or wires?
We learned about new technologies mastered by modern production. But not only technologies change, the organization of production itself changes.
The concept of industrial society was introduced by the French philosopher K.A. Saint-Simon in the 19th century to designate a society in which the main type of economic activity is industrial production. Industrial society did not always exist. It replaced the pre-industrial one and existed in industrialized countries from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 60s of the 20th century.
A characteristic feature that predetermined the path of development of industrial society was a new way of organizing industrial production, called mass production; Sometimes this method of production is called Fordism - after Henry Ford, who first used it in 1913 at his automobile plant in Detroit. Integral elements of this method of production were rationalization, standardization and conveyorization of continuous (continuous) production.
When rationalizing production, each labor operation performed by a worker is broken down into its simplest actions. The sequence of actions leading to the fastest completion of operations is then determined and then implemented into production. As a result, labor productivity increases significantly.
Standardization of parts and technological operations reduces the variety of labor actions, which reduces their completion time and also increases productivity.
The production conveyor allows for further specialization of technological operations, thereby increasing production productivity and reducing the cost of manufacturing products.
The idea of the conveyor belt is not owned by Ford. The first moving “dismantling” line was used at the very beginning of the 20th century by the American meat magnate G. Swift for cutting pork carcasses. Ford applied the idea in reverse - as it moved along the conveyor belt, the car’s frame was “overgrown” with components.
The priority of the method of organizing mass production was the increase in labor productivity with economies of scale (i.e., the faster the product is produced, the lower its cost) and the production of the same type, standard products to the consumer.
However, the sharp increase in labor productivity began to create certain problems for the economy: mass production of goods must be accompanied by equally massive consumption. Markets for consumer goods have become oversaturated with standardized products and consumer demand has begun to shift towards exclusive (original) products and made-to-order goods.
Faced with the problem of individualization of demand, most industrial companies have taken the path of introducing flexible production systems, the basis of which is multi-purpose computer numerical control equipment. The essence of the new method is as follows.
Unlike single-purpose equipment used in mass production, multi-purpose machines can be quickly reconfigured to produce new modifications and types of products. This allows you to take advantage of economies of scale without sacrificing the benefits of economies of scale (production volumes can remain very large). Speaking figuratively, a tailor's suit made to order will be sewn at a garment factory - a mass production enterprise.
The widespread introduction of flexible production systems in modern industry has resulted in an assortment “explosion” in world markets. For example, 36 car models produced by the Japanese company Toyota in the mid-90s of the last century were available in four (!) modifications each.
Thus, we are faced with a new and important phenomenon in the development of the technosphere, called post-Fordism in the specialized literature. This method of organizing the production process involves reducing the number of components and standardizing them in such a way that allows them to be used not in one, as was previously the case, but in a whole range of products. With such an organization of production, it is possible to assemble several modifications of each model (for example, cars, computers, audio systems, etc.), combining components in different ways.
At the same time, relations between the parent company and its subcontractors (suppliers) are built on the basis of new rules - just on time and in an exact sequence, which implies the delivery (maybe from the other side of the world) of components to the assembly line of the assembly plant immediately at the moment when there is a need for them.
Numerous subcontractors supply the assembly line of the assembly plant not with individual parts, as in the period of late Fordism, but with finished units, and even in several versions (with full responsibility for their quality). This allows the assembly plant to produce a wide range of products, having, in comparison with enterprises of the old Fordist type, significantly smaller funds, fewer workers and fewer subcontractors.
Such an enterprise is connected not with the international, but with the global system of the world economy, as a result of which a comprehensive connection is established between the elements of the world economy (national economies and transnational corporations).
In the sphere of industrial production, globalization is expressed, in particular, in the fact that in many industries foreign branches completely “grow into” the economy of the recipient countries, and the products they produce lose their distinct national identity. Therefore, we more often see on product labeling not “Made in”, but “Made by”, i.e., the name of a transnational company is indicated rather than the country of manufacture. For example: today it is probably difficult to answer who the actual manufacturer of Voronezh-assembled televisions, Kaliningrad BMW cars or IBM computers is.
Organization of production at the enterprise Topic 6
- The production process and principles of its organization
- Types of production and their technical and economic characteristics
- Production structure of the enterprise
- Production cycle and its structure
- Production organization methods
Industrial production- this is a complex process of transforming raw materials, semi-finished materials and other items of labor into finished products that meet the needs of the market.
Production process- this is the totality of all actions of people and tools necessary at a given enterprise for the manufacture of products
- Phase - a set of works, the implementation of which characterizes the completion of a certain part of the technological process and is associated with the transition of the subject of labor from one qualitative state to another.
- Operation - part of the technological process performed at one workplace (machine, stand, unit, etc.), consisting of a series of actions on each object of labor or group of jointly processed objects
Operations also differ depending on the means of labor used:
- manual
- machine-manual
- machine
- automated
№ p/p
Principles of organizing the production process
Principle of proportionality
Principle of differentiation
Combination principle
Principle of concentration
The principle of specialization
The principle of universalization
Principle of standardization
Parallel principle
Direct flow principle
Continuity principle
The principle of rhythm
Automatic principle
The principle of compliance of the forms of the production process with its technical and economic content
2. Types of production and their technical and economic characteristics
Type of production – the totality of its organizational, technical and economic features.
The type of production is determined by the following factors:
The range of manufactured products;
Volume of issue;
The degree of constant range of manufactured products;
The nature of workload.
№ p/p
Factors
Type of production
Range of manufactured products
single
Constancy of nomenclature
serial
massive
Absent
Issue volume
Limited
Assigning operations to workstations
Absent
Equipment used
Partial
Tools and equipment used
Universal
Universal
Universal + special (partially)
Worker qualifications
Universal + special
Product cost
Mostly special
Mostly special
Production specialization of workshops and areas
Technological
Mostly low
Mixed
Subject
Production structure of the enterprise- this is a set of production units of an enterprise (shops, services) that are part of it, and the forms of connections between them.
The production structure depends from
- type of product and its nomenclature,
- type of production and forms of its specialization,
- on the characteristics of technological processes.
3. Production structure of the enterprise
- Shop- this is the main structural production unit of an enterprise, administratively separate and specializing in the production of a specific part or product or in the performance of technologically homogeneous or identical-purpose work.
- Plot is a group of jobs united according to certain characteristics.
3. Production structure of the enterprise
The enterprise consists of the following divisions:
- Main workshops
- Auxiliary workshops
- Service shops
- Production farms
The main production workshops (in mechanical engineering, instrument making) are divided into:
- - for procurement;
- - processing;
- - assembly.
3. Production structure of the enterprise
Workshops and sections are created according to the principle of specialization:
- - technological;
- - subject;
- - subject-closed;
- - mixed.
- Production cycle - this is a calendar period of time during which a material, workpiece or other processed item goes through all the operations of the production process or a certain part of it and is transformed into a finished product.
It is expressed in calendar days,
with low labor intensity of the product - in hours.
Composition and structure of working time
Working hours
Work process time
Break times
Independent of personnel
Personnel dependent
Unproductive work
Productive work
Preparatory and final time
Unforeseen
Provided
Workplace service time
Operational
Basics
Organizational services
Maintenance
Auxiliary time
4. Production cycle and its structure
Production cycle T ts :
T c = T vrp + T vrp,
where T vrp is the work process time
T vpr - time of breaks
4. Production cycle and its structure
During the working period, technological operations are performed
T vrp = T shk + T k + T tr + T e
T shk - piece-calculation time;
Tk - time of control operations;
T tr - time of transportation of objects of labor;
T e - time of natural processes (aging, relaxation, natural drying, sedimentation of suspensions in liquids, etc.).
4. Production cycle and its structure
The sum of the times for piece work, control operations, and transportation is called operational time (T def ):
T def = T shk + T To + T tr
4. Production cycle and its structure
T shk = T op + T pz + T en + T oto
T op - operational time;
T pz - preparatory and final time when processing a new batch of parts;
T en - time for rest and natural needs of workers;
T oto - time for organizational and maintenance (receipt and delivery of tools, cleaning the workplace, lubrication of equipment, etc.).
4. Production cycle and its structure
Operating time:
T op = T os + T v
T OS - main time
T V - auxiliary time
Auxiliary time:
T in = T y + T z + T ok
T u - time for installing and removing a part (assembly unit) from the equipment;
T s - time of fastening and unfastening the part in the device;
Tok - time of operational control of the worker (with equipment stopping) during the operation
4. Production cycle and its structure
Break time (T vpr ) is due to:
- T rt - labor regime
- T mo - interoperational tracking of parts
- T r - time of breaks for overhaul maintenance and equipment inspections
- Torg - time of breaks associated with shortcomings in the organization of production
T vpr = T mo + T rt + T r + T org
4. Production cycle and its structure
Interoperative follow-up time(T mo) :
T mo = T steam + T cool + T kp
T pairs - partition breaks
So - waiting breaks
T kp - picking breaks
4. Production cycle and its structure
In general, the production cycle is expressed by the formula
T c = T def + T e + T mo + T rt + T r + T org
4. Production cycle and its structure
The main directions for reducing the production cycle are
improvement of technology
use of more productive equipment, tools, technological equipment
automation of production processes and application of flexible integrated processes
organization of continuous production
flexibility (multifunctionality) of personnel
specialization and cooperation
production
many other factors affecting production cycle times
Method 1 - Non-flow production
Signs:
they process objects of labor of different design and manufacturing technology, which move along complex routes during processing, creating long breaks between operations
workplaces are placed in the same type of technological groups without connection with the sequence of operations
5. Methods of organizing production
Non-line production used:
in single production
in serial production
takes two forms
carried out in the form single-technological(processed objects of labor are not repeated)
batch-technological method
subject-group method
5. Methods of organizing production
n- the number of objects of labor processed on this equipment;
t- standard time for processing objects of labor;
T- planned operating time of a piece of equipment for the year;
Kv.n.- coefficient of fulfillment of time standards
5. Methods of organizing production
Flow production is characterized by the following main features:
- specialization of each workplace to perform a certain operation;
- coordinated and rhythmic execution of all operations based on a single calculated pace of work;
- placement of workplaces in strict accordance with the sequence of the technological process;
- transfer of processed material or products from operation to operation with minimal interruptions using a conveyor (conveyor)
5. Methods of organizing production
- production line– a number of interconnected workstations located in the sequence of execution of the technological process and united by a common productivity standard for all (it is determined by the leading flow machine)
5. Methods of organizing production
Production flows can be classified according to a number of criteria:
- according to the number of lines - into single-line and
multi-line;
- in terms of production coverage - by
local and end-to-end;
- according to the method of maintaining the rhythm - with free and
regulated rhythms;
- by degree of specialization - multi-subject and
single-subject;
- according to the degree of process continuity - discontinuous and
continuous
5. Methods of organizing production
1 parameter:
tact (rhythm) of the production line (r) - the time interval between the release of two finished products or batches of finished products, one after the other:
- T- planned line operating time for the billing period, min.;
- P- volume of production for the same period in physical terms
5. Methods of organizing production
2nd parameter:
number of jobs (N) is calculated for each operation:
- tts- duration of the working cycle
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