Improved new technological process of practical activities. The concept of “innovation”, “innovation”, “novelty” - basic properties

According to the definition given in the "Concept of Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000", innovation is the final result of innovation activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.

Innovation is the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services.

An innovation is considered accomplished if it is introduced into the market or into the production process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products and production organization. The production of such products is impossible using existing equipment or production methods used. It is worth noting the differences between the American and Japanese innovation systems: in the USA, 1/3 of all innovations are process innovations, and 2/3 are product innovations; in Japan the opposite is true.

Innovation is closely related to scientific and technological progress (STP), being its result. Scientific and technological progress is an essential factor in the production of products, ensuring, through the improvement of means of production and technologies based on the discovery by science of new patterns, phenomena and properties of the surrounding world, an increase in labor productivity.

There are basic innovations that implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and areas of technology; improving innovations, usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the diffusion and stable development phases of the scientific and technological cycle; pseudo-innovations (or rationalizing innovations), aimed at partially improving outdated generations of equipment and technologies and usually slowing down the technological process (they either have no effect on society or bring a negative effect).

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use. Unlike scientific and technological progress, the innovation process does not end with implementation, that is, the appearance on the market of a new product, service, or bringing a new technology to its design capacity. This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation is improved, becomes more effective, and acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new areas of application and markets for it, and consequently, new consumers who perceive this product, technology or service as new for themselves. Thus, this process is aimed at creating products, technologies or services required by the market and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it operates and develops.

The basis of the innovation process is the process of creating and mastering new equipment (technologies) (PSNT). Technology is a set of material factors of production (means and objects of labor) in which new human knowledge and skills are materialized. Technology is a set of techniques and methods for manufacturing and using technology and converting natural substances into products for industrial and household use.

Innovation activity is an activity aimed at using and commercializing the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve the technology of their production with subsequent implementation and effective sales in the domestic and foreign markets. Innovative activities related to capital investments in innovations are called innovation-investment activities.

Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

The varieties of main types of innovation activities include:

a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;

b) pre-production development, including modifications of the product and technological process, retraining of personnel for the use of new technologies and equipment;

c) marketing of new products/involving activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, adaptation of the product to different markets, advertising campaign;

d) acquisition of non-materialized technology from the outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trademarks, designs, models and technological content services;

e) acquisition of embodied technology - machines and equipment, in their technological content related to the introduction of product or process innovations;

f) production design, which includes the preparation of plans and drawings to determine production procedures and technical specifications.

The basis of innovative activity is scientific and technical activity (STA), closely related to the creation, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology. The concept of scientific and technical documentation was developed by UNESCO and serves as the basic category of international standards in statistics of science and technology.

a) scientific research and development;

b) scientific and technical education and training;

c) scientific and technical services.

When implementing scientific and technical documentation, the concept of “scale of scientific work” is important, which includes the following:

scientific (scientific and technical) direction is the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem in the development of this branch of science and technology. The solution to one or another scientific direction is possible through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;

scientific (scientific and technical) problem - part of a scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways of its implementation. A scientific problem can be solved in the form of a targeted scientific and technical program, which acts as a complex of works linked by resources, performers, and deadlines. The coordination of these works should be carried out by the parent scientific organizations;

a scientific topic is part of a problem that is solved, as a rule, within a scientific organization and acts as the main unit of the thematic plan in the financing, planning and accounting of work. The goal of the topic is to effectively solve a specific problem of researching patent or economic works, etc. Depending on its complexity, a topic can be divided into stages and substages.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing labor production, service, management, etc.

The process of creating, mastering and disseminating innovations is called innovation activity or the innovation process.

The result of innovative activity can also be called an innovative product.

State innovation policy - determination by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects.

Innovation potential (state, region, industry, organization)" is a set of various types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for carrying out innovative activities.

Establishing a specific range of aspects that characterize the essence of any concept is the starting point for formulating the goals, structure and scope of further research. Therefore, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts of “novelty” and “innovation”. Innovation is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to improve its efficiency. Innovations can take the form of: discoveries; inventions; patents; trademarks; rationalization proposals; documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production; organizational, production or other structure; know-how; concepts; scientific approaches or principles; document (standard, recommendations, methodology, instructions, etc.); results of marketing research, etc. Investing in the development of an innovation is half the battle. The main thing is to introduce innovation, to turn innovation into a form of innovation, i.e. complete the investment activity and obtain a positive result, then continue the diffusion of innovation. To develop an innovation, it is necessary to conduct marketing research, R&D, organizational and technological preparation of production, production and document the results.

Innovations can be developed both for one’s own needs (for implementation in one’s own production or for accumulation) and for sale.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. Without the use of innovation, it is almost impossible to create competitive products that have a high degree of knowledge intensity and novelty. Thus, in a market economy, innovation is an effective means of competition, as it leads to the creation of new needs, to a reduction in production costs, to an influx of investment, to an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, to the opening and capture of new markets, including including external ones.

All economic processes, like human life, take place in time, i.e. have a beginning, forward movement and ending. People's needs and attitudes change as they move from one stage of life to another. In the same way, any goods and services go through a series of stages, which together represent some kind of life cycle.

A cycle means a set of interrelated phenomena, processes, and works that form a complete circle of development over a period of time.

The life cycle of an innovation is a certain period of time during which the innovation has active life force and brings profit or other real benefits to the manufacturer and/or seller.

The concept of the innovation life cycle plays a fundamental role in planning the production of innovations and in organizing the innovation process. This role is as follows:

The concept of the life cycle of innovation forces an economic entity to analyze economic activity both from the perspective of the present time and from the point of view of the prospects for its development.

The concept of the innovation life cycle justifies the need for systematic work on planning the release of innovations, as well as on the acquisition of innovations.

The concept of the innovation life cycle is the basis for analysis and planning of innovation. When analyzing an innovation, it is possible to establish at what stage of the life cycle this innovation is located, what its immediate prospects are, when a sharp decline will begin and when it will end its existence.

Innovation

In the world economic literature, innovation is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real progress, embodied in new products and technologies.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature (see Table 1.1 for examples). For example, based on content or internal structure, innovations are distinguished as technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

For example, B. Twist defines innovation as the process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment. B. Santo believes that innovation is a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties, and if it is focused on economic benefit, profit, the emergence of innovation on the market can bring additional income. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by the entrepreneurial spirit.

Table 1.1 Definitions of the concept “innovation”

Definition
Innovation is a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties.	Santo B. Innovation as a means..., 1990, p. 24.
Innovation usually means an object introduced into production as a result of research or a discovery made, which is qualitatively different from its previous analogue.	Utkin E.A., Morozova N.I., Morozova G.I. Innovation management..., 1996, p. 10.
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea in any area of human activity that helps satisfy existing needs in the market and brings economic benefits.	Bezdudny F.F., Smirnova G.A., Nechaeva O.D. The essence of the concept..., 1998, p. 8.
Innovation is the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the production process, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other fields of activity.	Suvorova A.L. Innovation management, 1999, p. 15.
Innovation is the result of activities aimed at updating, transforming previous activities, leading to the replacement of some elements with others, or the addition of new ones to existing ones.	Kokurin D.I. Innovation activity, 2001, p. 10.
Innovation (innovation) is the result of the practical or scientific and technical development of an innovation.	Avsyannikov N.M. Innovation management, 2002, p. 12.
Innovation means an object introduced into production as a result of scientific research or a discovery made, qualitatively different from its previous analogue.	Medynsky V.G. Innovation management, 2002, p. 5.
Innovation is understood as the final result of scientific research or discovery, qualitatively different from its predecessor and introduced into production. The concept of innovation applies to all innovations in organizational, production and other areas of activity, to any improvements that reduce costs.	Minnikhanov R.N., Alekseev V.V., Faizrakhmanov D.I., Sagdiev M.A. Innovative management..., 2003, p. 13.
Innovation is the process of development, development, exploitation and exhaustion of the production, economic and social potential that underlies the innovation.	Morozov Yu.P., Gavrilov A.I., Gorodkov A.G. Innovation management, 2003, p. 17.
Innovation as a result of the creative process in the form of created (or introduced) new use values, the use of which requires the individuals or organizations using them to change the usual stereotypes of activity and skills. The concept of innovation extends to a new product or service, a method of its production, innovation in organizational, financial, research and other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or creates conditions for such savings.	Zavlin P.N. Fundamentals of innovative management..., 2004, p. 6.
Innovation is a new or improved product (product, work, service), a method (technology) of its production or use, innovation or improvement in the organization and (or) economics of production, and (or) sales of products, providing economic benefits, creating conditions for such benefits or improving the consumer properties of products (goods, work, services).	Kulagin A.S. A little about the term..., 2004, p. 58.
Innovation is the creation of new or improved technologies, types of products or services, as well as decisions of a production, administrative, financial, legal, commercial or other nature, resulting in a positive effect for the business entities involved as a result of their implementation and subsequent practical application.	Stepanenko D.M. Classification of innovations..., 2004, p. 77.
The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation or novelty, and can be used along with them.	Avrashkov L.Ya. Innovation management, 2005, p. 5.
Innovation is the end result of introducing an innovation with the aim of changing the object of management and obtaining economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect.	Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation management, 2005, p. 15.
Innovations in relation to the agro-industrial complex are new technologies, new equipment, new varieties of plants, new breeds of animals, new fertilizers and plant and animal protection products, new methods of prevention and treatment of animals, new forms of organization, financing and lending of production, new approaches to preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc.	Shaitan B.I. Innovations in the agro-industrial complex..., 2005, p. 207.
Innovation is the involvement in economic circulation of the results of intellectual activity containing new, including scientific, knowledge in order to satisfy social needs and (or) make a profit.	Volynkina N.V. Legal essence..., 2006, p. 13.
In accordance with international standards (the Frascati Manual - a new edition of the document adopted by the OECD in 1993 in the Italian city of Frascati), innovation is defined as the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process , used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.	Statistics of science..., 1996, p. 30-31.
Innovation (novelty) is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.	Concept of innovation..., 1998.
Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization and management, based on the use of achievements of science and best practices, as well as the use of these innovations in a wide variety of fields and areas of activity.	Raizberg B.A. Lozovsky L.Sh. Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic..., 1999, p. 136.
Innovation: 1. Innovation, innovation. 2. A set of measures aimed at introducing new equipment, technologies, inventions, etc. into the economy; modernization.	Big Explanatory..., 2003, p. 393.
Innovation is an innovation in the production and non-production spheres, in the field of economic, social, legal relations, science, culture, education, healthcare, in the field of public finance, in business finance, in the budget process, in banking, in the financial market, in insurance etc.	Financial and credit..., 2004, p. 367.
Innovation - obtaining greater economic results through the introduction of innovations; the essence of a progressive strategy for the development of state organization as opposed to the bureaucratic type of development.	Rumyantseva E.E. New economic..., 2005, p. 162.

Currently, in relation to technological innovation, the concepts established in International Standards in Statistics of Science, Technology and Innovation. International standards in statistics of science, technology and innovation - recommendations of international organizations in the field of statistics of science and innovation, providing their systematic description in a market economy.

In accordance with these standards, innovation is the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services.

Thus:

innovation is a consequence of innovative activity;
the specific content of innovation consists of changes;
The main function of innovation activity is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

the use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale);
introduction of products with new properties;
use of new raw materials;
changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
emergence of new markets.

These provisions were formulated by J. Schumpeter back in 1911. Later in the 30s, he introduced the concept of “innovation”, interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transport means, markets and forms of organization in industry .

A number of sources view innovation as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

According to modern concepts, three properties are equally important for innovation:: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility (the ability to satisfy market demand and bring profit to the manufacturer). The absence of any of them has a negative impact on the innovation process.

Innovation process

The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.

There are three logical forms of the innovation process:

simple intra-organizational (natural);
simple inter-organizational (commodity);
extended.

Simple innovation process involves the creation and use of an innovation within the same organization; the innovation in this case does not directly take a commodity form.

At simple inter-organizational innovation process innovation acts as an object of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.

Finally, extended innovation process is manifested in the creation of more and more new innovation manufacturers, breaking the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured product.

In the conditions of the commodity innovation process, there are at least two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovation. If the innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.

As the innovation process transforms into a commodity process, two phases are distinguished:

1. Creation and distribution

Creating an Innovation- successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and sales, organization of commercial production (the beneficial effect of the innovation has not yet been realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are being created).

Diffusion of innovation- this is the redistribution of a socially beneficial effect between the producers of an innovation, as well as between producers and consumers (this is an information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to practically use this information, etc. )

2. Diffusion of innovation

Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time (in other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application).

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the corresponding socio-economic environment, an essential element of which is competing technologies.

Innovation management

Innovation management- a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovation processes, innovation activities, organizational structures and their personnel engaged in these activities.

Innovative activity (R&D and implementation of their results in production) is one of the main areas of activity of any organization. The R&D sphere is directly related to marketing, and this connection is two-way. R&D departments must rely in their activities on marketing research of needs and market conditions, and, therefore, they must work on the instructions of marketing services. On the other hand, tracking trends in the scientific and technical process, forecasting and the actual development of new products require R&D departments to set tasks for marketing services to conduct an appropriate assessment of the market potential of new products.

The task of R&D is to create new products (or services) that will form the basis of the organization's production activities in the future. When conducting R&D, production culture, traditions, organization, infrastructure, technological level, human resources, etc. must be taken into account. But perhaps the most important circumstance is that R&D, as an activity oriented towards the future, is closely related and mutually determines the strategic management of the company. Strategy becomes reality only through the development of a specific product or process. R&D expenditures are an investment in the future of the organization, but at the same time they are associated with high uncertainty and risk.

All of the above gives reason to conclude that in most cases, R&D management (forecasting, planning, project evaluation, organization and integrated management, monitoring the progress of R&D) is a strategically more important task than the actual execution of R&D (it is more important to determine the right direction of movement than to focus on concrete steps in this direction).

Thus, R&D and their management (innovation management) are closely related to the theory and practice of general management, marketing, production management, logistics, strategic management, and financial management of an enterprise.

Experts identify the following main functions of innovation management:

constant adjustment of innovation goals and programs depending on market conditions and changes in the external environment;
focus on achieving the planned final result of the organization's innovative activities;
use of a modern information base for multivariate calculations when making management decisions;
changing the functions of strategic management and planning (from current to long-term);
the use of all the main factors for changing and improving the organization’s innovative activities;
involving in the management of the entire scientific, technical and production potential of the organization;
implementation of management based on anticipating changes and making flexible decisions;
ensuring the innovation process in each segment of the organization’s work;
Conducting an in-depth economic analysis of each management decision.

Innovation managers have to solve a whole complex management tasks:

determining the goals of strategic management of the organization’s development;
identifying priority tasks, determining the priority and sequence of their solution;
change management in the organization;
preparation of a system of measures for the development and development of new types of products;
assessment of necessary resources and search for sources of their provision;
ensuring strict control over the implementation of tasks in the field of innovation;
ensuring the competitiveness of the organization in conditions of fierce competition;
achieving maximum profit in specific business conditions;
advance preparation of necessary innovations;
improving the organizational structure of the organization in accordance with changing requirements;
ensuring the effective work of each employee and the team as a whole;
the ability to take risks within reasonable limits and at the same time be able to minimize the impact of risk situations on the financial position of the organization.

The specificity of innovation as an object of management presupposes the special nature of the activity of an innovation manager. In addition to the general requirements (creativity, analytical skills, etc.), he must be a true professional, know the production and technological field of innovation; state of the innovative product market, investment market; organizing innovative activities to develop and develop new types of products and provide new types of services; financial and economic analysis of innovation, production and investment activities; basics of labor relations and staff motivation; legal regulation and types of state support for innovation activities. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation and adoption of management decisions, as well as control at each stage of its passage. The ultimate goal of innovation management is to increase the efficiency of resource use and ensure the rational functioning of innovation entities.

The word “innovation” is translated into Russian as “novelty”, “innovation”, “innovation”. In management, innovation is understood as an innovation that has been mastered in production and has found its consumer. A more detailed definition: Innovation is the final result of innovation activities, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved process used in organizational activities, a new approach to social problems.

Here you should pay attention to the broad interpretation of the concept of innovation - it can be a new product, a new technological process, a new structure and management system of an organization, a new culture, new information, etc.

Under innovation in the 19th century. understood primarily the introduction of elements of one culture into another. In the 20th century innovations were considered technical improvements. J. Schumpeter understood the role of innovation as a means to overcome economic downturns at the beginning of the century. He pointed out that the source of profits can be not only price manipulation and cost reduction, but also a change in manufactured products.

In his work “The Theory of Economic Development,” Schumpeter wrote: “By enterprise we understand the implementation of new combinations, as well as what these combinations are embodied in: factories, etc. We call entrepreneurs economic entities whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and who act as its active element.”

The concept of “implementation of new combinations” covers, according to Schumpeter, the following five cases: 1. The production of a new, that is, a good not yet known to consumers, or the creation of a new quality of a particular good.

2. The introduction of a new production method (method) unknown to this industry, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery and which may even involve a different method of commercial use of the relevant product.

3. Development of a new sales market, that is, a market in which a given industry of this country has not yet been represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not.

4. Obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, equally regardless of whether this source existed before or was simply not taken into account, or was considered inaccessible, or had yet to be created.

5. Conducting appropriate reorganization, for example, securing a monopoly position (through the creation of a trust) or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

If we consider innovation as an end result, then it must have its beginning, a source somewhere, and this beginning is some kind of idea, plan, invention. From this idea to its implementation there is a long path containing many stages and actions. This path is called the innovation process.

It is necessary to highlight the characteristic properties of innovation that distinguish it from simple innovation:

Scientific and technical novelty;

Manufacturing applicability;

Commercial feasibility.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, two points stand out:

“materialization” of innovation – from an idea to its implementation in a product, service, technology; “commercialization” of innovation – turning it into a source of income.

Innovative activities of firms are a much more effective means of competition than all traditional methods. With it, other methods can no longer play a significant role. In the second half of the 20th century. a boom of innovation began in all spheres of society. In 1979, the US Congress passed the National Science and Technology Innovation Act, which stated that innovation is central to the economic, environmental and social prosperity of the United States. The innovative strategy was designed to reduce the trade deficit, win competition in the world market, and stabilize the dollar exchange rate. In Germany, it was also confirmed at the state level that innovation is the main means of combating all social ills. Thus, what in 1940-50. was the strategy of individual firms in 1970-80. becomes the strategy of entire nations, the state policy of developed countries.

At the same time, the science of innovation was developing. It meant a departure from the understanding of the market as a free game of supply and demand. Now it was necessary to seize the initiative from the market, manage the market, provoke the emergence of the needs of the mass buyer, offer him something that he had not yet had time to think about. This strategy created the “consumer society.”

The classification of innovations allows us to systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the company system. The methodology for systematically describing innovation is based on international standards, recommendations for the practical application of which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and called the “Oslo Manual”.

There are several approaches to classifying innovations.

1 Classification by object of innovation, location, degree of novelty.

1. Depending on the type of object, innovations are divided into:

Subject innovations are new material resources, raw materials, semi-finished products, components, products. Innovation in the form of a new product is decisive and is called product innovation. Such innovation aims to satisfy new needs or existing needs, but in a different way;

Process innovations are new services, production processes, methods of organizing production, organizational structures, management systems. In this class of innovations, innovation in the field of production processes is decisive; it is also called technological innovation. This innovation is aimed at improving product quality, increasing labor productivity and increasing production volumes.

2. Based on their place in the enterprise system, innovations are divided into:

Innovations at the entrance of the enterprise - new material resources, raw materials, information;

Innovations within the enterprise system are new semi-finished products, technological processes, information technologies, and organizational structure. The economic effect of such innovation remains within the enterprise;

Innovations at the output of an enterprise are new products, services, technologies and information intended for sale (know-how). The economic effect of such innovation is received by the consumer.

3. Depending on the degree of novelty, innovations are distinguished:

Radical (basic) - for example, a new product based on a pioneer invention;

Improving - for example, a new product based on an invention that improves on a pioneer invention;

Modification (private) - for example, a new product based on an improvement proposal.

An invention is a new and significantly different “technical” solution to a practical problem in any area of the economic, socio-cultural or defense sphere. A pioneer invention is an outstanding invention that was not preceded by prototypes (analogs) in world practice; they are based on discoveries.

Discovery is the establishment of previously unknown, objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world, introducing fundamental changes in the level of knowledge.

A rational proposal is a “technical” solution that is relatively new, for example, new to a given industry, or to a given market, or to a given organization.

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