home The value of output per 1 employee is one of the key production indicators used both for production planning and for assessing labor results and its effectiveness. In this case, output per worker can be studied and established different ways and imply different periods - shift, month, hour or other time periods. Knowing the formula for output per 1 employee, you can calculate it quite easily - however, different types
activities may require various calculations.
Output per 1 employee - what is it? At many enterprises, the most convenient mechanism for distributing tasks among employees is to assign a production rate. The production rate is the totality of work that an employee must perform with the available resources. working conditions . At the same time, mechanisms for assigning production standards can be applied to almost any category of employees, but the most effective and simple this decision
will be if it applies to workers employed in the production of similar goods. Output per worker, in turn, is an indicator that is used in many calculations - both to determine the productivity of the employee himself, and to determine the potential capabilities of the organization or its structural unit
It is necessary to distinguish production indicators per employee from production indicators per main worker or per employee. Thus, output per worker is an indicator applied to all personnel of the enterprise - both those involved in production directly or indirectly, and not. In this situation, service personnel are also taken into account. By output per main worker we mean the total output per employee employed directly in the final production process. Output per worker provides for participation in calculations namely production staff, but also indirectly related to production.
Since the concept of output per employee is not regulated by law, there may be different interpretations of it. For example, the indicator of output per 1 employee can be applied both to the entire company as a whole, and to individual structural divisions or specific employees to calculate their personal efficiency and labor productivity.
How to set output per 1 employee
It should be noted that output per 1 employee can be an indicator used for planning future economic indicators and labor standardization at the enterprise, as well as an indicator determined after the fact based on the results of a certain period. Regardless of the specific situation, determining output per worker involves two main steps:
In this way, a specific indicator of output per employee can be obtained by dividing the accounting period by the standard time. However, this is only general principle, because in practice, employees rarely engage exclusively in the same type of actions. At the same time, it is possible to set production standards per employee even in professions not related to production.
For some types of activities, legislation establishes approximate production standards. However, they are only recommended for use, and not mandatory - only certain exceptions can be made government agencies and companies, where the relevant requirements can be fixed by specific regulations and documents.
Output per 1 employee - formula for more complex situations
The general formula for output per 1 employee, described earlier, will look like this:
- B = FV/NV
V - production, FV - total time fund, NV - time standard for one unit of production.
If direct production requires certain preparation, then the employer should take into account the preparatory stage when developing production standards for 1 employee. The formula in this case looks like this:
- B = (VS – VP)/NV
WS – shift time, VP – preparation time, NV – standard time.
In cases where an employee, during his work, is engaged in a decision various tasks, the employer should take into account an additional coefficient when determining the production rate. For example, you should define the minimum unit of account - the simplest work transaction. When determining production standards, one should take into account the amount of time spent on the production of a particular product in relation to the minimum unit of account.
In general, the indicator of output per 1 worker is extremely important for HR specialists, because it is on its basis that employees can be attracted to or, on the contrary, encouraged. In addition, this indicator is also used in deeper economic studies within the enterprise.
For example, when looking for solutions to optimize labor, because an increase in output per employee will mean a general increase in work activities.
How to prevent delays in the commissioning of construction projects?
How to monitor the productivity of construction workers?
How to increase labor productivity and reduce construction time?
Problems of long-term construction
Sometimes the construction of facilities is delayed, and the commissioning of housing is delayed. It is believed that the main reasons for such situations are general economic instability in the country, a decline in the solvency of the population, and a decline in industrial production.
However, not everything can be attributed to the economic crisis. The determining factor in the timely delivery and commissioning of buildings in many cases is the organization of labor at construction sites. Hiring low-skilled personnel, defects and poor quality of work, sluggishness of employees of the supply and accounting departments, weak control over the execution of work by enterprise managers, heads of facilities and construction sites, incorrect calendar and operational planning, failures in the operation of transport and machinery, ineffective motivation labor - and this is not a complete list of reasons for low labor productivity on construction sites.
And the pace of construction largely determines its cost. This means that labor productivity requires close attention and constant monitoring.
Labor productivity in construction is characterized by indicators such as labor intensity and output per main worker.
Labor productivity indicators in construction
Actual indicators of labor productivity in construction in most cases are calculated in Form No. 2 - the estimate report is formed in the Grand Estimate program or in another similar program on the basis of the Acceptance Certificate for completed work (drawn up by site managers).
An act is an internal document of an organization and can be drawn up in any form. The main thing is that it contains all the information about the implementation of a certain stage of work in in kind on a specific object.
The act is checked and approved by representatives of the capital construction department (technical supervision).
An act is drawn up for each construction site when closing the reporting period after the completion of a certain stage of construction and installation work (each site performs a certain type of general construction work). Approximate list of areas:
- finishing works;
- masonry works;
- electrical installation work;
- low-current work;
- electrical repair work;
- special works and gas cutting;
- plumbing work and installation of plumbing systems;
- installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems;
- installation and production of metal structures;
- monolithic works, etc.
Labor intensity: we calculate and analyze
Estimates-acts generated by the estimate department on the basis of acceptance certificates for completed work on construction sites indicate the volume of work performed in physical and value terms, taking into account the estimated standard cost of a unit of work, overhead costs and estimated profit.
In the upper field of the generated documents, the total estimated and normative labor intensity of construction and installation work is indicated (labor costs for the entire volume of construction and installation work performed according to the act).
The estimate itself indicates the estimated standard labor intensity (labor costs) of the work performed in the context of operations, types and subtypes of work for each unit of work (column 15) and for the volume performed (column 8). These constitute the total labor intensity of the work performed, specified in the act.
To analyze labor productivity construction organization Data on the total labor intensity of work and the cost of work performed under the act are mainly used.
This is due to the fact that during construction many types and subtypes of work are performed, which, among other things, are also divided into operations. In addition, the units of measurement for the volume of work can be different (square, cubic and linear meters, tons and kilograms, pieces, etc.). Therefore, analyzing labor intensity by operations, subtypes and types of work is quite labor-intensive.
However, if the construction schedule is significantly disrupted and the backlog is growing, it is necessary to accurately determine the cause and/or those responsible. In this case, it will be necessary not only to analyze the indicators of actual labor intensity for most nomenclature items of construction and installation work, but also to take timekeeping and photograph working time directly at the workplace.
Timing will also make it possible to find out how much the estimated normative labor intensity standards correspond to real and optimal labor costs.
Labor intensity of construction and installation work— this is the amount of labor costs per unit or volume of work in man-hours, man-days, etc.
The amount of labor costs for the volume of construction and installation works(TZO) is calculated as the sum of working time spent on the production of this type of work by each employee of the site (team, organization):
TZO = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + … + V n ,
where B 1 is the time worked by the first main worker, etc.
For example, in a brigade of monolithic workers there are 20 people. Each of them worked 184 hours in August pouring floor slabs (according to time sheets). The actual labor costs for the volume of work or labor intensity of work on the installation of floor slabs were:
184 hours × 20 people = 3680 man-hours
Estimated and normative labor intensity determined according to the State elemental estimate standards for construction work, approved by the Resolution of the State Construction Committee of Russia in 2001.
UESN are used to calculate the need for various resources (labor costs of construction workers, machinists, operating time construction machines and mechanisms, material resources) when performing construction and installation work and for drawing up estimates on their basis for the production of these works using resource and resource-index methods.
In our example, the estimated standard labor intensity consists of the sum of labor costs for positions 43, 44, 52, 54, 56, 58 gr. 15 of the estimate and amounts to 2696 man-hours.
Let's determine how much higher the actual labor costs are than the estimated normative ones:
3360 person-hours - 2696 person-hours = 664 person-hours.
Now let's figure out what the reason is and try to eliminate it.
It would seem that it is easy to calculate the actual labor intensity and carry out its elementary analysis. However, not all so simple. And first of all, because from the available documents (construction and installation work acceptance certificate and estimate report) it is impossible to identify either the volume or labor intensity of unfinished work of previous periods, completed and documented with an acceptance certificate in the reporting period. That is, the above calculation of actual labor intensity may be completely incorrect if there was a “work in progress” at the beginning of the reporting period.
How to solve this problem?
Construction site managers are required to keep production logs and note in them the start date of the work phase. In addition, the logs must keep records of the daily completion of shift tasks in physical terms in the context of work performed with distribution to site personnel (who, when and where did what work).
Thus, based on the log data, it is possible to determine the actual complexity of performing a particular stage of work. The period of work until the date of acceptance and closure, taking into account the “incomplete” of previous periods, must be indicated in the internal act of acceptance of construction and installation work:
Thus, the calculation and analysis of the actual labor intensity of the work will look different.
Actual labor intensity - 4168 man-hours.
The total excess of actual labor costs over the estimated standard labor costs:
4168 person-hours - 2696 person-hours = 1472 person-hours, or 54.5%. This size of deviation requires serious analysis.
Conclusion
Labor costs for the installation of floor slabs exceed the estimated normative labor intensity by 1,472 man-hours. This means that the deadline for the completion of the project only due to the increase in labor costs for the construction of floor slabs has been delayed by:
1472 person-hours / 20 people = 73.6 hours, i.e. more than 9 average shifts lasting 8 hours or more than 6 shifts of 12 hours each.
Shifted deadlines for the delivery of monolithic works mean a delay in the completion of masonry, finishing, roofing work and installation of internal networks of the house and other work. We need to find out the reason.
The labor intensity of monolithic work can be influenced primarily by the operation of the concrete pump and the quality of the concrete mixture, in particular:
1. Composition of the concrete mixture.
2. Diameter of the concrete pipe.
3. Operating capacity of the concrete pump.
4. Length of the concrete pipeline, floor of the facility under construction.
5. Weather conditions (low air temperature).
6. Concrete pump system.
7. Number of bends of concrete pipes.
8. The quality of installation of all concrete pump systems.
9. Violation of the operating conditions of the concrete pump.
The reason for the increase in labor intensity may be necessary technological breaks that are longer than those provided for in the estimate standards: the beginning and end of a shift, breaks in the delivery of concrete, lifting and transferring reinforcement to the installation site, checking and cleaning the formwork, etc. This is where timing and timing data can be useful. photographs of a working day at the monolithic works site.
If the reason for technological interruptions is considered objective and their duration is justified, this must be taken into account when analyzing labor intensity.
The reason for the increase in labor intensity of all types of construction and installation work may be:
- insufficient pace of work when everyone is present necessary conditions for work:
Low qualifications of workers and engineers;
Ineffective labor motivation system;
Low level of labor and production discipline of workers at the construction site;
- downtime caused by lack of materials due to malfunction of machines and mechanisms, irregular work of the supply department;
- poor organization of construction and installation work, lack of effective planning and control;
- staff turnover;
- lack of basic mechanization of construction work or its low level (the main workers at the site must be provided with modern mechanized construction tool);
- weather conditions (low air temperatures significantly slow down the pace of construction);
- poor technical equipment and use of outdated technologies.
Using this method When calculating the labor intensity of work, difficulties may arise in attributing data on man-hours worked, recorded on the site’s working time sheet, to one or another act of acceptance of work performed, if several acts are closed for the site per month and work of different nature is carried out during the month almost in parallel .
In order not to complicate the task and not to carry out unnecessary calculations, you can analyze the amount of labor intensity of work for several acceptance certificates for completed construction and installation work during the reporting period.
Output
One of the most important indicators of labor productivity in construction is production- the volume of construction and installation work performed over a certain period (hour, day, month, quarter, year), per one main worker. This is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity.
Output in construction can be determined in physical and monetary terms. In practice, to analyze labor productivity, the production indicator in value terms is most often used based on the total volume of construction and installation work according to the estimate-act of acceptance of work performed.
In general, based on the results of the work of the site and construction site, output is determined by the sum of all acceptance certificates for completed work.
To determine the output per worker or per man-hour in value terms, it is necessary to divide the volume of construction and installation work by the number of key personnel who performed this work, or by the number of man-hours worked.
By using comparative analysis Standard and actual production indicators can determine how productive a particular site or team worked, find out the reasons for low labor productivity and take measures to reduce construction time.
Let's consider an example of calculating planned and actual output and the procedure for its analysis.
Standard formula for calculating output:
B = O / H av/sp,
where B is output;
O - volume of work performed;
H average/sp - average number.
That is, to calculate output per employee, you need to know the number of personnel. The standard formula for calculating output includes the average headcount, into which the volume of construction and installation work performed should be divided.
However, one of the features of construction is the high level of staff turnover due to difficult working conditions and low wages.
Moreover, if construction company simultaneously builds several objects, it can “transfer” workers from one object to another (so that deadlines are met).
It is also necessary to take into account frequent absenteeism, going out drunk, injuries - all this is far from uncommon in our construction.
Therefore, calculation of output taking into account average number construction sites and the construction organization as a whole will not give the correct result.
How to correctly determine production?
In any construction organization, the output of workers must be taken into account in time sheets and production logs. Based on these data, it is possible to compile a daily summary of the output of construction workers to construction sites by construction site. And when calculating the number of workers, use the average daily number of workers to determine output.
Let's consider the differences in the results of calculating the average and average daily headcount in a construction organization.
The average headcount is calculated as follows:
H av/sp = (Number at the beginning of the period + Number at the end of the period) / 2.
Calculation of the average number of employees is in table. 1-3.
Table 1
Calculation of the average headcount for sites and facilities as of 08/01/2016
|
Day of the month |
Plot |
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|
Finishing works area |
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|
Masonry works area |
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|
Low current work area |
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|
Plumbing work area |
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|
Double-glazed window installation area |
||||
|
Monolithic works area |
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table 2
Headcount as of 08/31/2016
|
Day of the month |
Site name |
|||
|
Finishing works area |
||||
|
Masonry works area |
||||
|
Electrical installation work area |
||||
|
Low current work area |
||||
|
Electrical repair area |
||||
|
Special works and gas cutting area |
||||
|
Plumbing work area |
||||
|
Installation area for ventilation and air conditioning systems |
||||
|
Section for installation and production of metal structures |
||||
|
Double-glazed window installation area |
||||
|
Monolithic works area |
||||
|
Total man-days worked for all areas at two sites |
Table 3
Average headcount
|
Month |
Site name |
Average headcount for August |
||
|
Finishing works area |
||||
|
Masonry works area |
||||
|
Electrical installation work area |
||||
|
Low current work area |
||||
|
Electrical repair area |
||||
|
Special works and gas cutting area |
||||
|
Plumbing work area |
||||
|
Installation area for ventilation and air conditioning systems |
||||
|
Section for installation and production of metal structures |
||||
|
Double-glazed window installation area |
||||
|
Monolithic works area |
||||
|
Total man-days worked for all areas at two sites |
Table 4
Calculation of average daily number
|
Month |
Site name |
Total average daily number for two objects |
In total, the average daily number for the facility on the street. Zhuravleva, 46 |
In total, the average daily number for the facility on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44 |
|
Finishing works area |
||||
|
Masonry works area |
||||
|
Electrical installation work area |
||||
|
Low current work area |
||||
|
Electrical repair area |
||||
|
Special works and gas cutting area |
||||
|
Plumbing work area |
||||
|
Installation area for ventilation and air conditioning systems |
||||
|
Section for installation and production of metal structures |
||||
|
Double-glazed window installation area |
||||
|
Monolithic works area |
||||
|
Total man-days worked for all areas at two sites |
Table 5
Deviation of the actual average daily number from the list average
|
Month |
Site name |
Deviation for two objects |
Deviation for the object on the street. Zhuravleva, 46 |
Deviation for the object on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44 |
|
Finishing works area |
||||
|
Masonry works area |
||||
|
Electrical installation work area |
||||
|
Low current work area |
||||
|
Electrical repair area |
||||
|
Special works and gas cutting area |
||||
|
Plumbing work area |
||||
|
Installation area for ventilation and air conditioning systems |
||||
|
Section for installation and production of metal structures |
||||
|
Double-glazed window installation area |
||||
|
Monolithic works area |
||||
|
Total deviation |
Conclusion
The average headcount of a construction organization for August is 34 people greater than the estimated average daily headcount based on actual output. This suggests that calculating output based on the average number of employees will be incorrect.
Let's calculate the actual and estimated normative output per one operating site of monolithic works based on the number of actual output and the estimate report of monolithic works performed on the site on Pankrashchenko Street, 44 per month.
Actual output = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 17 people = 17,913.34 rubles/person.
Let us determine the estimated standard output (B norms) per hour:
In norms = TZO norms / P months,
where P months is the duration of the period in hours.
Normal = 2696 person-hours / 184 hours = 14.65 people.
184 hours is the standard working time in August 2016.
Hence B normal for the month = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 14.65 people = 20,786.8 rub./person.
So, the actual output for the month is lower than the estimated standard by 2873.46 rubles per person, or by 13.8%. Possible reasons the current situation are indicated above.
Note!
When calculating actual output, unfinished work of the previous period that was closed in the reporting month may not be taken into account. Such an analysis will not reveal discrepancies between the estimated normative and actual output per worker based on the average payroll or average daily number for the full period of work, taking into account the “incompleteness”.
In this case, you should calculate the output per person per day, since the number of days in the presence of unfinished work at the beginning of the reporting period and their closure in the reporting period will be greater than if there was no unfinished construction.
First, let's determine the actual output per worker per day:
RUB 3,045,206.8 / 17 people / 31 working days (from 07/22/2016 to 08/31/2016) = 5778.38 rubles/person. in a day.
Standard output per day:
RUB 3,045,206.8 / 14.65 people / 23 working days in August 2016 = 9037.56 rubles/person. in a day.
As we can see, the actual output per person-day is lower than the estimated standard by 3259.18 rubles per person, or 36%.
To control labor productivity, you can calculate the actual (V h/fact) and standard (V h/norm) output per person-hour:
In h/fact = O/TZO fact,
In h/norm = O / TZO norm.
This indicator will be correct if there are unfinished works at the beginning of the reporting month, included in the report of completed works of the reporting month.
In our example:
HF/actual = 3,045,206.8 rub. / 4168 person-hour = 730.62 rub./person-hour.
HF/norm = 3,045,206.8 rub. / 2696 person-hour = 1129.53 rub./person-hour.
As we can see, the actual output per man-hour is lower than the estimated standard by 398.91 rubles per person, or by 35.3%, i.e. more than a third.
The discrepancy between the actual production and the estimated and normative ones indicates a high probability that the deadline for commissioning the facility will be missed, unless, of course, timely effective measures are taken to increase labor productivity.
conclusions
Calculations have shown that to control labor productivity in construction, it is advisable to use three indicators:
- labor intensity of work in man-hours (actual and estimated normative indicators are compared and over time);
- output per person per day (actual and estimated normative indicators are compared and over time);
- output per man-hour (actual and estimated normative indicators are compared and over time).
Missed deadlines for putting a facility into operation can be fraught with a significant increase in the costs of maintaining the facility (lighting, heating, security, remuneration of management and other personnel, interest on loans, etc.). In addition, unfinished construction has a negative impact on the image of the enterprise.
In order to comply with construction schedules and calendar plans, it is necessary to identify weak links in time general process construction. A good tool for solving this problem is monitoring labor productivity, but only on the condition that all indicators are calculated correctly.
L. I. Kiyutsen,
Head of PEO Mayak Corporation LLC
Labor productivity for a year or month for an enterprise is calculated using the formula: PT=V/P, where
- PT – average annual or average monthly output;
- B – revenue;
- P – average number of employees per year or month.
For example: in a year the entire enterprise earns 10,670,000 rubles. As already indicated, 60 people work. Thus: PT=10,670,000/60=177,833.3 rubles. It turns out that in one year of work, each employee brings in an average of 177,833.3 rubles in profit. Average daily calculation You can calculate the average daily or average hourly output using the following formula: PFC=W/T, where
- T – total working time spent on production in hours or days;
- B – revenue.
For example, the company manufactured 10,657 machines in 30 days. Thus, the average daily output is equal to: PFC=10657/30=255. 2 machines per day.
Formula for average annual output per worker
Formula for calculating output per worker Availability of resources Quantity is of great importance busy people at the enterprise. When analyzing security labor resources the actual number is compared with the planned number and indicators for the previous period for each group of workers.
A positive trend is one in which average annual output grows against the backdrop of a change (decrease) in the number of any of the groups of employed employees. The reduction of support personnel is achieved by increasing the level of specialization of those involved in setting up and repairing equipment, increasing mechanization and improving labor. The number of personnel is determined according to industry standards and the rational use of working time necessary to perform certain functions: 1.
Workers: H = Labor intensity: (Annual working hours * Standard compliance rate).2.
Average annual output per worker
Labor intensity Labor intensity is the time spent on producing a unit of product: Tr = FRVi / FRVo, where:
- FRVi – time to create the final product;
- FRVo – general fund working hours.
Average annual production is the inverse indicator of labor intensity:
- T = Time spent / Volume of production.
- T = Number of personnel / Volume of production.
To calculate the productivity of one employee, in the above formula you need to put one in the numerator. Average annual output per worker is the inverse indicator of labor intensity.
It not only reflects the performance of a particular employee, but also makes it possible to draw up a plan for the next year. By reducing labor intensity, labor productivity increases.
This is achieved through the introduction of scientific and technological progress, mechanization, automation, revision of production standards, etc.
Methods for calculating labor productivity
When calculating daily output, days worked by a person do not include all-day downtime and absenteeism. It depends on the average hourly output and the degree of use of the working day: Vdn = Hour × Psm, where Psm is the average actual duration of the working day (shift).
Note that if labor costs are measured by the average number of workers, then we obtain an indicator of average monthly (average quarterly, average annual) production output per one average worker (depending on the time period to which the volume of production and the number of workers relate - month, quarter, year): Average monthly output depends on the average daily output and on the number of days worked on average by one average worker: Vmes = Vd × Tf Vmes = Hour × Tf × Psm, where Tf is the average actual duration of the working period, days.
Calculation of output per worker formula
Important
The more stable it is, the more attention is paid to the development of production, and therefore the higher the productivity.
- The general economic situation of both the enterprise and the state, the world as a whole. Loans, debts - all this can also reduce productivity.
- Making changes to the production structure.
Info
For example, previously one employee performed 2 or 3 operations, then a separate employee was hired to perform each operation.
As you know, every manager tries to make his own additions to the production process.
We calculate output in construction: 3 key indicators
The main planned and accounting indicators of labor productivity at industrial enterprises are the volume of production in physical or value terms per employee of industrial production personnel (per man-day or man-hour worked) and the labor intensity of a unit of production or work. Labor intensity (Tr) represents the cost of living labor to produce a unit of output.
Attention
The labor intensity indicator has a number of advantages over the output indicator. It establishes a direct relationship between production volume and labor costs and is determined by the formula: Tr = T / OP, where T is the time spent on the production of all products, standard hours or man-hours; OP - volume of products produced in physical terms.
Labor productivity, output and labor intensity
- production volume (O);
- production structure (C);
- specific labor intensity of products (LC);
- salary per person-hour (OT).
FZP lane = O * S * UT * OT. Before analyzing each of the factors, it is necessary to carry out intermediate calculations. Namely: define the FZP variable:
- according to plan: FZP pl = O * S * OT;
- according to plan, taking into account the given production volume: FZP conv. 1 = FZP pl * K;
- according to the plan, calculated with the actual production volume and structure: FZP conv. 2 = O * UT * OT;
- actual with specific labor intensity and a given level of remuneration: FZP cond. 3 = Of * UTF * OFF.
Then you need to multiply each of the obtained values by the absolute and relative deviation.
Calculate output per worker
Calculated as follows: R=N/V, where
- V – quantity of manufactured product;
- N – average number of employees.
Both formulas can be used to calculate the productivity of one employee. Let's look at a specific example: In 5 days confectionary shop made 550 cakes.
There are 4 confectioners working in the workshop. The output is equal to:
- В=V/T=550/4=137.5 – the number of cakes made by one pastry chef per week;
- В=V/N=550/5=110 – the number of cakes made within one day.
Labor intensity is equal to: R=N/V= 4/550=0.0073 – indicates the amount of effort that the pastry chef puts into making one cake. Formulas for calculating productivity Let's consider the basic formulas for calculating labor productivity for each situation.
How to calculate output per worker per shift
An increase in labor productivity is ensured not by the stroke of a pen, but by organizational and technical measures. And only on the basis of this data can we carry out staff reductions and determine the results that we can get.
Here everything is turned upside down. But we need an “A” from the teacher... Solution: Let’s determine the planned number. To do this (for some reason), let’s take the fact of the third quarter (see.
Labor productivity characterizes the efficiency, effectiveness of labor costs and is determined by the amount of store products produced per unit of working time, or labor costs per unit of products produced or work performed.
There is a distinction between the productivity of living and the productivity of social (aggregate) labor. Living labor productivity determined by the cost of working time in each individual production, and productivity of social (total) labor - costs of living and materialized (past) labor.
Productivity of social (aggregate) labor in relation to everything national economy calculated as national income per person employed in material production sectors.
At enterprises, labor productivity is defined as the cost efficiency of living labor only and is calculated through indicators production And labor intensity products, between which there is an inversely proportional relationship.
Output(B) is the amount of products produced per unit of working time or per one average employee or a worker for a certain period (hour, shift, month, quarter, year). It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of produced products (OP) to the working time spent on the production of these products (T) or to the average number of employees or workers (H):
V = OP / T or V = OP / H
Hourly (H) and daily (D) output per worker is determined similarly:
In h = OP month / T hour; In days = OP month / T days
where OP month is the volume of production for the month (quarter, year);
T hour, T day - the number of man-hours, man-days (working time) worked by all workers per month (quarter, year).
When calculating hourly output, man-hours worked do not include intra-shift downtime, so it most accurately characterizes the level of productivity of human labor.
When calculating daily output, all-day downtime and absenteeism are not included in man-days worked.
The volume of products produced can be expressed in natural, cost And labor units of measurement. Accordingly, there are three methods for determining production: natural (conditionally natural), cost And according to normal working hours.
Annual labor productivity ( annual output per worker) is the main planning and accounting indicator for enterprises.
Labor intensity(Tr) represents the cost of living labor to produce a unit of output. It establishes a direct relationship between production volume and labor costs and is determined by the formula
Tr = T/OP
where T is the time spent on the production of all products, standard hours, man-hours;
OP - volume of products produced in physical terms.
There are technological labor intensity, production maintenance labor intensity, production labor intensity, production management labor intensity and total labor intensity.
Technological complexity (T tech) reflects the labor costs of the main production workers - piece workers (T sd) and temporary workers (T pov):
T tech = T sd + T rev
Labor intensity of production maintenance (T obsl) is the totality of the costs of auxiliary work shops of the main production (T main) and all workers of auxiliary shops and services engaged in servicing production (T vsp):
T obsl = T main + T aux
Production labor intensity (T pr) includes the labor costs of all workers, both main and auxiliary:
T pr = T techn + T obsl
Labor intensity of production management (T y) represents the costs of employees (managers, specialists and actual employees) employed both in the main and auxiliary shops (T sl.pr), and in general plant services of the enterprise (T sl.zav):
T y = T next + T next
Included full labor intensity (T full) reflects the labor costs of all categories of industrial production personnel of the enterprise:
T full = T technical + T obsl + T u
Depending on the nature and purpose of labor costs, each of the indicated labor intensity indicators can be design, perspective, normative, planned And actual.
12. Labor productivity planning, output and labor intensity.
Establishing the level of labor productivity for a specific period of time for an enterprise and individual industries is necessary to determine possible results production activities, its feasibility in general.
Planning for increasing labor productivity is based on two indicators: average annual output per average employee (worker) and labor intensity of products .
Knowing the relationship between output and the volume of output (work, services) and labor costs for this output, let us consider the impact of each of them on output.
The increase in production volume occurs under the influence of changes (increases) in output and the number of employees.
Determination of the increase in production due to growth in output, when the volume of output and the number of workers grow simultaneously, and the growth rate (growth) of the number of workers is lower than the growth rate (growth) of production, is carried out using the formulas:
Where Q 1 ≈ growth rate of production volume %, H 1 ≈ growth rate of PPP numbers, %; ═ - rate of growth of the number of PPP, %; ═≈ growth rate of production volume, %.
The distribution of the increase in output due to growth in output and number can be calculated in absolute values using the formulas:
where ═ and ═≈ increase in production due to the growth, respectively, of production and the number of production staff, rub.; IN fact and IN pl(base) - respectively, actual and planned output per employee (base year), rub.; H fact and H pl(base)═ ≈, respectively, actual and planned (base) number of employees, people.
Initial number of industrial production personnel ( H I), necessary to complete the planned amount of work, provided that output is maintained in the base period, is calculated using the formulas:
a) with direct counting
Where Q pl ≈ volume of production according to plan, rub.; IN bases ≈ output per worker in the base period, rub.;
b) with a constant structure of production volume
c) in the presence of structural changes
Where H base ≈ number of employees in the base period, people; ═≈ production growth index; CH i - number of employees i-th structural unit; ═- production growth index i th structural unit.
Labor planning is carried out for individual operations, products, works, and then the labor intensity of the entire production program is calculated as the sum of the products of the labor intensity of each product (work, service) and the planned output of this product (work, service).
Planning of the labor intensity of the product and the entire production program is carried out in accordance with its structure.
Total labor intensity of the production program ( T full) or output of products (works, services) includes the sum of all costs ( T those + T obs + T control) for the production of each product (work) and their total volume.
Labor intensity can be normative, actual and planned.
Standard labor intensity is calculated on the basis of current labor standards and standards: time standards, production standards, service standards, number standards. Standard labor intensity is calculated to determine the total amount of labor costs both for the manufacture of individual products and for the implementation of the entire production program. The standard labor intensity of the annual production program is calculated using the formula:
where ═≈ total labor intensity of production unit i th product (work, service); ═≈ planned production quantity i-those products (works, services) in natural units during the year (if the calculation is carried out for another calendar period, for example a month or a quarter, then the labor intensity of the production program is calculated for the month or quarter, respectively); p ≈ number of items of products (works, services).
Actual labor intensity is the total labor costs for the volume of work (services) performed. It is calculated to monitor execution planned tasks, analysis, identification of reserves for reducing labor costs for the planning period.
Planned labor intensity is calculated for newly mastered and manufactured products. For the products being mastered, the planned labor intensity will be equal to its standard value. For manufactured products, it will differ from the standard by the amount of reduction in labor costs in the current period due to the implementation of technical and organizational measures. Calculation of the reduction in the labor intensity of the production program in the planning period, taking into account the timing of the implementation of organizational and technical measures, is carried out using the formula:
where ═and ═≈ total labor intensity i-th product (work, service) before and after the implementation of organizational and technical measures to reduce it; ═≈ output volume i-th product (work, service) in natural units in the planning period; K c.d ≈ coefficient showing the duration of measures (months per year) to reduce labor intensity i th product (work, service).
Taking into account the general reduction in labor intensity, the increase in labor productivity in workshops and in the enterprise as a whole is calculated.
13. The socio-economic essence of remuneration and the basis of its organization.
Salary– a system of relations related to ensuring the establishment and implementation by the employer of payments to employees for their work in accordance with laws, other regulations, collective agreements, agreements, local regulations and employment contracts. The central element of this system of relations is wage, which acts as a remuneration for work depending on the employee’s qualifications, complexity, quantity, quality and conditions of the work performed, as well as compensation and incentive payments.
Wages are based on the price of labor as a factor of production, which is reduced to its marginal productivity. According to marginal productivity theory, a worker must produce a product that replaces his wages Therefore, wages are directly dependent on the employee’s labor efficiency.
Wages perform three main functions: reproduction; motivational; regulating
Reproductive function provides the employee with a volume of consumption of material goods and services at a level sufficient for the normal reproduction of the labor force and increasing intellectual potential in accordance with changing technical and social factors production.
Motivational function is the ability to encourage an employee to be active and improve labor efficiency. This purpose is served by establishing the amount of earnings depending on the labor results achieved by the employee. The implementation of this function is carried out by the management of the enterprise through specific remuneration systems.
Regulatory function plays the role of balancing the interests of workers and employers. It acts as a regulator of demand for the company’s products and services, as well as labor in the job market. The basis for implementing the regulatory function is to differentiate wages by groups of workers, by priority of activities or other characteristics. Thus, a certain policy is developed to establish the level of wages for various categories of workers in specific production conditions.
Currently, none of the functions of wages are fully realized. This is due, first of all, to the underdevelopment of the Russian labor market.
The amount of wages determines not only the amount of money the employee will have, but also what he can buy with this money. That is, the purchasing power of money is determined by the ratio of nominal and real wages.
Nominal wages- this is the entire accrued amount of the employee’s wages, regardless of taxes and mandatory payments.
Available salary- this is the accrued amount of wages minus income tax and mandatory payments.
Real wage- the amount of material goods and services that can be purchased with a nominal wage, i.e. the purchasing power of a nominal wage.
The organization of wages at the enterprise includes:
establishing reasonable labor standards (time standards, production standards, service standards, personnel standards, controllability standards);
development of a tariff system;
determination of forms and systems of remuneration.
Labor standards serve as the basis for establishing optimal proportions between certain types labor, they are necessary for an objective quantitative assessment of labor costs to perform specific work.
The tariff system of remuneration is a set of standards that provide the opportunity to differentiate and regulate wages of various groups and categories of workers depending on quality characteristics their labor. The tariff system includes the following elements: tariff schedule, tariff rate, tariff and qualification directory.
Tariff schedule- a scale of categories, each of which is assigned its own coefficient of remuneration. Tariff rate - the amount of wages for various groups of workers per unit of work time. It can be hourly, daily or monthly. The starting tariff rate is the first category, which determines the level of payment for the simplest work. Tariff and qualification reference book - collection regulatory documents containing qualification characteristics workers.
In a centralized economy tariff system remuneration was one of the main elements of the organization of wages. At present, when enterprises independently build their policy in the field of remuneration, it must be transformed into a system of standards that are purely advisory in nature. In this capacity, they can be used in enterprises of any form of ownership.
Currently, tariff-free remuneration systems have become widespread. They reflect the trend away from guaranteed rates and attempt to link wages to the demand for goods (services) of the enterprise.
In general, the enterprise’s policy in the field of remuneration should be determined the following factors:
financial position enterprise, determined by the results of its economic activity;
the level of unemployment in the region among workers in relevant professions;
level government regulation in the field of wages;
the level of salaries paid by competitors;
influence of trade unions and employers' associations
Output in value terms depends on the structure of the work and its material consumption.
For example: The labor costs for making 1 m 3 of precast RC floor panels are almost the same, but the estimated cost of 1 m 3 of assembled precast RC floors is 20 times more than the cost of 1 m 3 of excavation work. Hence, the output in value (monetary) terms for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete will be the same number of times greater than for excavation work.
Task 1.5.1.
(production of 1 plasterer per month);
(daily output of 1 worker).
Labor productivity growth Pt is determined by the formula:
where Vo is production (in physical terms) in the reporting year;
Vb - production in the base (previous) year.
Task 1.5.2.
A team of structure installers, which in the previous (base) year achieved a natural output of 3.4 m 3 of assembled reinforced concrete per shift per worker, plans to increase output to 3.8 m 3 for the next year. Determine the increase in labor productivity.
Output in value terms- a universal indicator that allows you to compare the work of organizations performing a wide variety of types of work.
Production in physical terms is the most visual and reliable indicator of the level of labor productivity. However, it is not suitable for assessing the level of labor productivity in the entire organization if it performs several types of work.
As an additional indicator of labor productivity, the indicator of worker compliance with production standards Vn,%, is used, according to the formula
where Tn is the standard time to complete the task, man-days;
Tf - actual time spent, person-days.
Due to increased labor productivity, labor costs are reduced:
From formula (1.1.5) we derive the formula for reducing labor costs:
where B is the growth of labor productivity, %;
T - reduction of labor costs, %.
The increase in the volume of work, in%, as a result of increased labor productivity is determined by the formula
where Ср - volume of construction and installation work in the settlement (planned) period, rub.;
Sat - the same, in the base period, rub.;
Нр - number of workers in the calculation (planned) period, people;
Nb - the same, in the base period, people.
Along with the cost and natural methods of determining the level of labor productivity in construction, a method of calculation based on standard time is also used - the so-called labor (standard) method. In this case, the volume of construction and installation work performed is measured in standard hours, standard labor intensity is determined on the basis of current standards (ENiR, etc.).
The level of labor productivity is calculated as the ratio of standard labor costs (i.e., the number of standard man-hours) to actual costs for the same amount of work.
Changes in labor productivity indicators using this method are determined by comparing them for the analyzed (reporting) and base periods.
Problem 1.5.3.
Problem 1.5.4.
In the construction organization, in the planned year, labor productivity growth has been determined by 10% compared to what was achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 93,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percentage and man-days.
Problem 1.5.5.
A specialized team of 27 plasterers completed work in the amount of 11,246 m2 of plastered surfaces within a month (22 working days). Determine production in physical terms (per shift, per month).
Problem 1.5.6.
A team of structure installers, which in the previous (base) year achieved a natural output of 3.4 m 3 of assembled reinforced concrete per shift per worker, plans to increase output to 3.8 m 3 for the next year.
Determine the increase in labor productivity.
Problem 1.5.7.
In the base year 2000, the level of labor productivity in the installation team was 114%, and in the reporting year 2001 - 119%. Determine the increase in labor productivity.
Problem 1.5.8.
In the construction organization, in the planned year, labor productivity growth has been determined by 8% compared to what was achieved in the base year. Labor costs for the completed volume of construction and installation work in the base year amounted to 78,000 man-days. Determine the planned reduction in labor costs in percentage and man-days.
Problem 1.5.9.
Determine the percentage increase in construction and installation work for two general construction trusts as a result of an increase in labor productivity in the reporting year compared to the base year.
The initial data is given in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5.
Tests for topic 1.5.:
1. Labor productivity is:
a) a set of professions and positions;
b) correspondence of characteristics of workers and workplaces;
c) an indicator of the efficiency of the use of workers’ labor, which is determined by the amount of products or work produced per unit of working time;
d) placement of workers and assigning each of them certain job functions.
2. Labor intensity is:
a) labor cooperation, selection of optimal forms labor activity;
b) bringing people together within production organization by interest;
c) an indicator of the efficiency of the use of workers' labor, which is determined by the amount of products or work produced per unit of working time.
d) is the labor cost to produce a unit of output.
3. Production is:
a) the standard number of workers to complete a shift task;
b) the amount of products produced per unit of time by 1 worker or worker;
c) maintaining friendly contacts between team members;
d) an indicator of the efficiency of the use of workers' labor, which is determined by the amount of products or work produced per unit of working time.
4. Output is measured:
a) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.;
b) in cost units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;
c) in km and m;
d) in person-hours, person-days.
5. Labor intensity is measured:
a) in cost units: rubles, thousand rubles, million rubles;
b) in km and m;
c) in person-hours, person-days;
d) in natural units of measurement: m 2, m 3, kg, t, pcs. etc.
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